Canoe
Canoe
Canoe
Canoes are now widely used for competition and pleasure, such as A B.N. Morris Canoe Company
racing, whitewater, touring and camping, freestyle and general wood-and-canvas canoe built
recreation. Canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. approximately 1912
The intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape, length, and
construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made
of bark on a wood frame,[3] but construction materials evolved to
canvas on a wood frame, then to aluminum. Most modern canoes
are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass or
those incorporating kevlar, or graphite.
Contents
Birchbark canoe at Abbe Museum in
History Bar Harbor, Maine
Dugouts
Bark canoes
Australia
Americas
Skin canoes
Modern canoes
Hull design
Modern materials and construction
Plastic
Fiber reinforced composites Bark canoe in Australia, Howitt 1904
Aluminum
In culture
Types
Sprint
Slalom and wildwater
Marathon
Touring
Freestyle A family riding a canoe in the
Western Region of Ghana
Square-stern canoe
Canoe launches
Gallery
See also
References
External links
History
The word canoe came into English from the Spanish/Portuguese
word canoa. They in turn had adopted the word from the
Arawakan languages of the Caribbean for a dugout canoe,
kanawa.[1]
Dugouts
Frances Anne Hopkins: Shooting
Many peoples made dugout canoes, by carving out a single piece the Rapids (Quebec) (1879),
of wood; either a whole trunk, or a slab of trunk from particularly Voyageur canoe.
large trees.[4][5]
Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for
different purposes, from western red-cedar (Thuja plicata) or yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis), depending on availability.[4] Different styles were required for ocean-going vessels
versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of
Washington State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, for river travel that could slide over a
logjam without needing to be potaged. The Kootenai of British Columbia province made sturgeon-
nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake.[15] In
recent years First Nations in British Columbia and Washington State have been revitalizing the ocean-
going canoe tradition. Beginning in the 1980s, the Heiltsuk and Haida were early leaders in this
movement. The paddle to Expo 86 in Vancouver by the Heiltsuk, and the 1989 Paddle to Seattle were
early instances of this. In 1993 a large number of canoes paddled from up and down the coast to Bella
Bella in its first canoe festival – 'Qatuwas.[16] The revitalization continued – and Tribal Journeys
began with trips to various communities held in most years.
Australian Aboriginal people made canoes from hollowed out tree trunks, as well as from tree bark.[17]
The indigenous people of the Amazon commonly used Hymenaea (Fabaceae) trees.
Bark canoes
Australia
Some Australian Aboriginal peoples made bark canoes.[17] They could only be made from the bark of
certain trees (usually red gum or box gum) and during summer. After cutting the outline of the
required size and shape, a digging stick was used to cut through the bark to the hardwood, and the
bark was then slowly prised out using numerous smaller sticks. The slab of bark was held in place by
branches or hand-woven rope, and after separation from the tree, lowered to the ground and small
fires lit on the inside of the bark. This would cause the bark to dry out and curl upwards, after which
the ends could be pulled together and stitched with hemp and plugged with mud. It was then allowed
to mature, with frequent applications of grease and ochre. The remaining tree was later dubbed a
canoe tree by Europeans.[18] Because of the porosity of the bark, they did not last too long (about two
years[18]), and were mainly used for fishing or crossing rivers or lakes rather than long journeys. They
were usually propelled by punting with a long stick.[19] Another type of bark canoe was made out of a
type of stringybark gum known as Messmate stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua), where the bark was
pleated and tied at each end, with a framework of cross-ties and ribs. This type was known as a
pleated or tied bark canoe. Bark strips could also be sewn together to make larger canoes, known as
sewn bark canoes.[20]
Americas
Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes. They were usually skinned with birch
bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length
of 4.3 m (14 ft) and weight of 23 kg (50 lb), the canoes were light enough to be portaged, yet could
carry a lot of cargo, even in shallow water. Although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily
repaired.[21] Their performance qualities were soon recognized by early European settler colonials,
and canoes played a key role in the exploration of North America,[22] with Samuel de Champlain
canoeing as far as the Georgian Bay in 1615.
In 1603 a canoe was brought to Sir Robert Cecil's house in London and rowed on the Thames by
Virginian Indians from Tsenacommacah.[23] In 1643 David Pietersz. de Vries recorded a Mohawk
canoe in Dutch possession at Rensselaerswyck capable of transporting 225 bushels of maize.[24][25]
René de Bréhant de Galinée, a French missionary who explored the Great Lakes in 1669, declared:
"The convenience of these canoes is great in these waters, full of cataracts or waterfalls, and rapids
through which it is impossible to take any boat. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage
upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good; and then you put your canoe back
into the water, and embark again.[26] American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that
the bark canoe was "the most beautiful and light model of all the water crafts that ever were
invented".[27]
Skin canoes
Skin canoes are constructed using animal skins stretched over a framework. Examples include the
kayak and umiak.
Modern canoes
Although canoes were once primarily a means of transport, with Stretching canvas on a
industrialization they became popular as recreational or sporting canoe
watercraft. John MacGregor popularized canoeing through his books,
and in 1866 founded the Royal Canoe Club in London and in 1880 the
American Canoe Association. The Canadian Canoe Association was founded in 1900, and the British
Canoe Union in 1936.
Sprint canoe was a demonstration sport at the 1924 Paris Olympics and became an Olympic discipline
at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.[35] The International Canoe Federation was formed in 1946 and is the
umbrella organization of all national canoe organizations worldwide.
Hull design
Hull design must meet different, often conflicting, requirements
for speed, carrying capacity, maneuverability, and stability[36] The
canoe's hull speed can be calculated using the principles of ship
resistance and propulsion.
Plastic
Modern canoes are generally constructed by layering a fiber material inside a "female" mold.
Fiberglass is the most common material used in manufacturing canoes.[45] Fiberglass is not
expensive, can be molded to any shape, and is easy to repair.[37] Kevlar is popular with paddlers
looking for a light, durable boat that will not be taken in whitewater. Fiberglass and Kevlar are strong
but lack rigidity. Carbon fiber is used in racing canoes to create a very light, rigid construction usually
combined with Kevlar for durability. Boats are built by draping the cloth in a mold, then impregnating
it with a liquid resin. Optionally, a vacuum process can be used to remove excess resin to reduce
weight.
With stitch and glue, plywood panels are stitched together to form a hull shape, and the seams are
reinforced with fiber reinforced composites and varnished.
A cedar strip canoe is essentially a composite canoe with a cedar core. Usually fiberglass is used to
reinforce the canoe since it is clear and allows a view of the cedar.
Aluminum
Before the invention of fiberglass, this was the standard choice for whitewater canoeing. It is good
value and very strong by weight.[37] This material was once more popular but is being replaced by
modern lighter materials. "It is tough, durable, and will take being dragged over the bottom very
well", as it has no gel or polymer outer coating which would make it subject to abrasion. The hull does
not degrade from long term exposure to sunlight, and "extremes of hot and cold do not affect the
material". It can dent, is difficult to repair, is noisy, can get stuck on underwater objects, and requires
buoyancy chambers to assist in keeping the canoe afloat in a capsize.[46]
In culture
In Canada, the canoe has been a theme in history and folklore, and
is a symbol of Canadian identity.[47] From 1935 to 1986 the
Canadian silver dollar depicted a canoe with the Northern Lights
in the background.
In John Steinbeck's novella The Pearl set in Mexico, the main character's canoe is a means of making
a living that has been passed down for generations and represents a link to cultural tradition.[48]
The Māori, indigenous Polynesian people arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe (called
waka) voyages. Canoe traditions are important to the identity of Māori. Whakapapa (genealogical
links) back to the crew of founding canoes served to establish the origins of tribes, and defined tribal
boundaries and relationships.[49]
Types
Modern canoe types are usually categorized by the intended use. Many modern canoe designs are
hybrids (a combination of two or more designs, meant for multiple uses). The purpose of the canoe
will also often determine the materials used. Most canoes are designed for either one person (solo) or
two people (tandem), but some are designed for more than two people.
Sprint
Sprint canoe is also known as flatwater racing. The paddler kneels
on one knee, and uses a single-blade paddle.[50] Canoes have no
rudder, so the boat must be steered by the athlete's paddle using a
j-stroke. Canoes may be entirely open or be partly covered. The
minimum length of the opening on a C1 is 280 cm (110 in). Boats
are long and streamlined with a narrow beam, which makes them
very unstable. A C4 can be up to 9 m (30 ft) long and weigh 30 kg
(66 lb).[51] ICF classes include C1 (solo), C2 (crew of two), and C4
(crew of four). Race distances at the 2012 Olympic Games were Women's C2
200 and 1000 meters.
In ICF wildwater canoeing athletes paddle a course of class III to IV whitewater (using the
International Scale of River Difficulty), passing over waves, holes and rocks of a natural riverbed in
events lasting either 20–30 minutes ("Classic" races) or 2–3 minutes ("Sprint" races). Categories are
C1 and C2, for both women and men. C1s must have a minimum weight and width of 12 kg (26 lb) and
0.7 m (2 ft 4 in), and a maximum length of 4.3 m (14 ft). C2s must have a minimum weight and width
of 18 kg (40 lb) and 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in), and a maximum length of 5 metres (16 ft). Rudders are
prohibited. The canoes are decked boats which must be propelled by single bladed paddles and inside
which the paddler kneels.[54]
Marathon
Marathons are long-distance races which may include portages. Under ICF rules minimum canoe
weight is 10 and 14 kg (22 and 31 lb) for C1 and C2 respectively. Other rules can vary by race, for
example in the Classique Internationale de Canots de la Mauricie athletes race in C2s, with a
maximum length of 5.6 m (18 ft 6 in), minimum width of 69 cm (27 in) at 8 cm (3 in) from the bottom
of the centre of the craft, minimum height of 38 cm (15 in) at the bow and 25 cm (10 in) at the centre
and stern.[55] The Texas Water Safari, at 422 km (262 mi), includes an open class, the only rule being
the vessel must be human-powered, and although novel setups have been tried, the fastest so far has
been the six-man canoe.[56]
Touring
A "touring" or "tripping" canoe is a boat for traveling on lakes and or rivers with capacity for camping
gear. Tripping canoes such as the Chestnut Prospector and Old Town Tripper derivates are touring
canoes for wilderness trips. They are typically made of heavier and tougher materials and designed
with the ability to carry large amounts of gear while being maneuverable enough for rivers with some
whitewater. Prospector is now a generic name for derivates of the Chestnut model, a popular type of
wilderness tripping canoe marked by a shallow arch hull with a relatively large amount of rocker,
giving a nice balance for wilderness tripping over lakes and rivers with some rapids.
A touring canoe is sometimes covered with a greatly extended deck, forming a "cockpit" for the
paddlers. A cockpit has the advantage that the gunwales can be made lower and narrower so the
paddler can reach the water more easily.
Freestyle
Square-stern canoe
A square-stern canoe is an asymmetrical canoe with a squared-off stern for the mounting of an
outboard motor, and is meant for lake travel or fishing. Since mounting a rudder on the square stern
is very easy, such canoes often are adapted for sailing.
Canoe launches
A canoe launch is a place for launching canoes, similar to a boat launch which is often for launching
larger watercraft. Canoe launches are frequently on river banks or beaches. Canoe launches may be
designated on maps of places such as parks or nature reserves.[57][58][59][60][61]
Gallery
See also
Umiak Canadian Canoe Museum
Outrigger Kennebec Boat and Canoe Company
Waka (canoe) E.H. Gerrish Canoe Company
Adirondack guideboat – resembles a canoe Thompson Brothers Boat Manufacturing
Canoe paddle strokes Company
Carleton Canoe Company
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External links
Media related to Canoes at Wikimedia Commons