JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

ISSN 2029–7955 / eISSN 2029–7947

2017 Volume 41(4): 296–304

doi:10.3846/20297955.2017.1411847

Resilient design and resilient city: toward a better living

ALGAE AND BUILDING FAÇADE REVISITED. A STUDY OF

FAÇADE SYSTEM FOR INFILL DESIGN
Widjaja MARTOKUSUMOa, M. Donny KOERNIAWANb, Heru W. POERBOc,
Nissa A. ARDIANId, Susan H. KRISANTIe

Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development,

Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia
E-mails: [email protected] (corresponding author); [email protected]; [email protected];
a
[email protected]; e [email protected]

Received 26 August 2017; accepted 21 November 2017

Abstract. Buildings account for around 30 percent of the world’s total energy consumption and a similar percentage of the world’s
greenhouse gas emissions the main cause of climate change. The building sector is a major energy consumer, and empirical rese-
arch reveals that carbon-dioxide emissions from the building sector exceed those of the industry and transport sectors. Contextual
juxtaposition has commonly been applied in designing a new building in the historic district. In the realm of design, such philo-
sophy-based design approach requires objective measurements. When new glass building considered, the question on greenhouse
gas emissions becomes significant. To minimize energy consumption and reduce sun glare, brise-soleil and horizontal fixed shading
devices have been used as elements of building’s façade. Nowadays, algae as part of building façade system have been used in cre-
ating a healthier indoor environment. This paper is written based on an on-going architectural design-based research on the use
and role of algae as part of the building façade system. The new building of ITB Innovation Park is used as an infill project. With
the help of modelling and extensive literature survey, this research will investigate how far the building (façade) design is affected
by considerations on energy consumption pattern and environmental condition.
Keywords: algae, building façade system, contextual juxtaposition, historic district, ITB Innovation Park.

Introduction In the realm of design, the discourse on surround-

As one argues, buildings account for around 30 per- ing new building in the historic setting has been im-
cent of the world’s total energy consumption and a portant for decades (Schmidt 2008). Without a doubt,
similar percentage of the world’s greenhouse gas emis- there has always been a fear that the sense of place and
sions as the main cause of climate change (Wen et al. identity of a historic area might be ignored or negatively
2007). The building sector is a major energy consumer, affected if new buildings are added (Riza, Doratli 2015).
and when embodied energy is considered, empirical Furthermore, recently there has been a more increasing
research reveals that carbon-dioxide emissions from awareness of historic preservation and a shift toward
the building sector exceed those of the industry and area-based conservation (Tiesdell et al. 1997). All of
transport sectors (U.S. EIA 2017). The construction those have been accompanied by a growing awareness
and operation of a building contributes importantly of the need to be able to design new buildings (infill)
to resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions that are well-matched with historic buildings. Thus,
(Kim 2013). There is a significant challenge for build- the notion of “fitness” among new and old building is
ing design, construction industries and building own- extensively discussed between experts and scholars,
ers to be able to provide healthy indoor environments such as architects, planners, designers, theorists, histo-
without depleting non-renewable energy resources and rians, critics, and preservationists (Riza, Doratli 2015).
contributing to air pollution and global warming. Together with that, the notion of “contextualism” has
become a permanent subject in the architectural liter-

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http://www.tandfonline.com/ttpa
Journal of Architecture and Urbanism , 2017, 41(4): 296–304 297

ature (Sotoudeh, Abdullah 2013). Harmony with the ban farming) (Stone 2012). Algae integrated building
context is the main concern of any integration into a envelopes are not a new concept in the architecture field
historic setting. Nevertheless, the integration “does not (Kim 2013). Several architects and designers have used
require a slavish adherence” to the architectural style of algae in their conceptual buildings or in art installa-
the existing context (Carmona et al. 2010). Following tions. The HOK’s first place winning scheme for the
this, the new building should be “differentiated” from 2011 IDEAS competition showed an algae photo-bio-
the existing historic fabric, but “compatible” with the reactor tube attached to the top surface of the opaque
historic materials, features, size, scale, and proportion building envelopes of the GSA federal building in Los
(Weeks, Grimmer 1995). They both also noted that Angeles. In addition to this project, their recent con-
massing or envelope of the new building may contrib- cept design of the net energy zero Battery Park project
ute to protect the integrity of the property and its en- in San Francisco incorporated algae photo-bioreactor
vironment (Orbașli 2008; Wells 2010). panels to grow algae and reduce CO2 . Furthermore,
As part of heritage conservation strategy, contex- the BIQ house in Hamburg, Germany belongs to the
tual juxtaposition has commonly been applied in de- world’s first algae façade integrated building, and it is
signing a new building in the historic urban quarter also enclosed with algae panels as the shading device.
(Riza, Doratli 2015; Wohlleben, Meier 2003). In the The primary objective of this research is to carry
realm of architectural design, such philosophy-based out a study of a comparison of three different building
design approach may require objective measurements. façade systems, i.e. the use of brise-soleil, transparent
When new glass building is considered, the question with horizontal fixed shading device and algae pho-
of greenhouse gas emissions becomes significant (Kim to-bioreactor. This paper will discuss the preliminary
2013). To minimize energy consumption and reduce performance assessment of those façade systems in
sun glare, the way that building façade is designed will relation to indoor temperature and total energy use.
be important. Some precedents show the use of brise-
soleil and solar fixed shutters/shading device as an in- Method
tegrated building façade element. This paper is written based on an ongoing research
To create healthier indoor environment, nowadays project on building façade system. The building façade
algae as part of building façade system has recently system deals with the ITB Innovation Park project,
been introduced and used, especially when the façade is a new building (infill) project in the historic urban
dominated by a transparent surface. The use of algae – quarter. The new building is located close to ITB cam-
as part of the building façade system – produces neither pus on Jalan Ganesha, which has been designated as
waste nor pollution. On the contrary, algae can produce a historic district in Bandung. Regarding the design
fast-growing biomass that can be harvested daily (ur- approach, contextual juxtaposition has been chosen as

Fig. 1. The design of ITB Innovation Park on Jalan Ganesha

298 W. Martokusumo et al. Algae and building façade revisited. A study of façade system for infill design

the strategy for the new building to create a harmony alternative. In the Open Studio-Energy Plus software,
between the old and the new building. Nevertheless, Singapore weather data will be used as the basis for
such philosophy-based design approach may require the simulation since there is still a lack of Indonesia
objective measurements (Yeang 2008, 2006). weather data. Through this simulation model, the data
When new glass building is considered, the ques- of inside temperature and total consumed energy will
tion of greenhouse gas emissions becomes significant. also be measured and digitally recorded.
To minimize energy consumption and reduce the sun’s Following the computer simulation for building
glare, the way that building façade is designed will be façade with brise-soleil and fixed horizontal shading
important. The building has a north-south orientation, device, some experiments of algae photo-bioreactor
with the transparent/glass façade on its west and east were performed in stages as follows: 1) temperature
sides (see Fig. 1). The experiments will primary be sim- measurement, 2) illuminance test and 3) calculation
ulated in a simplified model (e.g. Fig. 2). Three types of of the amount of oxygen (O2) release. Temperature
building façade will be compared and evaluated. The measurement is needed to indicate the temperature
first building façade uses the brise-soleil (see Fig. 3a), differences (∆ T) between indoor and outdoor temper-
the second uses horizontal fixed shading device (see ature. The temperature differences for the brise-soleil
Fig. 3b), and the third alternative employs the algae and horizontal shading device are calculated through
photo-bioreactor (see Fig. 4a, Fig. 4b). The experiment computer simulation. For direct measurement of al-
on algae photo-bioreactor will be simulated in a direct gae the data were digitally collected through two data
experiment, while the first two are based on computer loggers, which were installed inside and outside of the
simulation. Through computational modeling (Open simplified model of photo-bioreactor. The photo-bio-
Studio-Energy Plus/OS-EP software), the two alterna- reactor itself was filled with algae (chlorella) with its
tives of building façades, i.e. brise-soleil and horizontal medium and nutrient. The experiment had lasted for
shading device will be tested, except for the third façade 24 hours.

Fig. 2. Simplified model of ITB Innovation Park with two types of shading devices

Fig. 3. Section on the left shows the application of brise-soleil and on the right, the horizontal fix
device in the building façade
Journal of Architecture and Urbanism , 2017, 41(4): 296–304 299

Fig. 4a. The model of algae photo-bioreactor Fig.  4b. The application of algae photo-bioreactor in the
building façade

Illuminance test is generally conducted to gain the As mentioned, indoor temperature and total energy
amount of luminous flux per unit area. Through di- use in the building will be the focus of the experiment.
rect measurement data illuminance is recorded, and After having the result of the third type, the algae pho-
furthermore compared and analyzed according to the to-bioreactor, and the result of the computer simula-
standards (SNI 2001). For office work the minimum tion models will be assessed and evaluated. The use
requirement is 350 lux (SNI 2001), while another type of photo-bioreactor will hypothetically reduce the sun
of activity, such fine drawing workshop requires up to exposures and influence the indoor temperature (solar
750 lux. In relation to that, the measurement of the in- heat gain). In the final stage, the result of those temper-
door irradiance value could contribute to increase the ature and illuminance measurements will be analyzed
ability of algae photo-bioreactor in reducing solar heat in regard to the total amount of energy consumption.
gain. Furthermore, that will have a significant impact Based upon data interpretation, the simulation results
on the use of energy. Following this, it can thus confirm could give considerations and suggestions in the realm
the ability of the algae photo-bioreactor and property of architectural design; how far the building (façade)
material to absorb the solar radiation. design is affected by considerations, such as energy
Oakley has done a comprehensive monitoring of consumption pattern, environmental condition and
photosynthetic performance CO2 and O2 flux, as well energy cooling cost.
as photosynthetic electron transport in microalgae of
aquatic organisms (Oakley et al. 2012). The measure- Building façade analysis
ment of oxygen (O2) release in this experiment was car- For the computer simulation, several thermal zones
ried out after Saltveit study (Saltveit 2016). However, are applied in the building, which has been designated
due time limitation, the microalgae culture (chlorel- according to its function. The use of air conditioning
la) was observed for 16 hours only. The O2 release was in this experiment is required to measure the amount
monitored and measured through respirometer in the of total energy (in Giga Joules) in the building with
photosynthesis process. The eosin used in the meas- OS-EP software. For this experiment, the third and
urement plays as an indicator of oxygen amount (speed fourth floors of the building were covered by shad-
of O2 rate) produced by the photosynthesis process. In ing device. These two floors, which accommodate the
particular, the chlorella can significantly contribute main facilities (co-working spaces and rental offices),
to the air purification process. By the photosynthe- will be tested and selected as the focus of calculation.
sis of algae, CO2 is required and then O2 is released. The analysis of the three building façade systems will
Rosenberg’s studies revealed that functional-form, be described as follows:
taxonomic group, to which a species belongs, and the The simulation device of algae photo-bioreactor will
nutrient provided, do not affect the photosynthetic be used to measure the indoor temperature and solar
quotient (PQ) (Rosenberg et al. 1995). Thus, the in- radiation. The device has been constructed and mod-
crease of oxygen will definitely increase the indoor air ified in accordance with Figure 4a. Chlorella algae are
quality regardless of the type of algae, which will be used in this experiment because of its character, which
grown in the photo-bioreactor. could grow tougher in many conditions such as un-
300 W. Martokusumo et al. Algae and building façade revisited. A study of façade system for infill design

foreseen weather or unstable medium. The algae with building design from the algae pond in the basement
sterilized water medium contain NaNO3, K2HPO4, and to the algae photo-bioreactor panels in level three and
MgSO4 as their food were planted in a glass box that is four in the building façade could be seen in Figure 6.
connected to a black box as seen in Figure 5a. As men-
tioned, data loggers to measure and record the indoor Result and discussions
temperature, as well as solar radiation, were installed Temperature difference (∆T)
inside the black box. This algae photo-bioreactor model Based on yearly average temperature from computer
is now placed on the rooftop and is facing west, so it simulation, for the case brise-soleil as secondary skins,
could represent the actual building design (see Fig. 5b). temperature differences (∆T) between indoor and out-
This experiment would take four weeks to investigate door temperature was recorded ca. 3.412 °C. Meanwhile,
how the algae photo-bioreactor could perform in the the use of horizontal fixed shading device had the
real condition of Bandung weather. The scheme in the amount of temperature difference (∆T) ca. 3.52 °C.

Fig. 5a. The algae consume oxygen produced by Fig.  5b. The application of algae photo-bioreactor in the
aerator in the photo-bioreactor building façade

Fig. 6. The model of photo-bioreactor scheme in ITB Innovation Park

Journal of Architecture and Urbanism , 2017, 41(4): 296–304 301

The measurement took place on 12 September 2017, Illuminance test (lux)

and lasted for 24 hours. The result was resumed on 13 The direct measurement (data logger) was done from
September 2017 at the same time. The simplified model 06.22 a.m. till 05.52 p.m. in the interior of the simpli-
measurement result showed that the maximum indoor fied model, and the average of the indoor illuminance
temperature occurred at 1.22 p.m. of 42.1 °C while the of 1,049.176 lux was digitally recorded. Thus, according
minimum was occurred at 4.52 a.m. and 5.52 a.m. of to SNI 2001, the amount meets the requirement of il-
19.6 °C. The average of temperature difference s (∆ T) luminance for an office building.
between indoor and outdoor within 24 hours at that Figure 8 shows that there is a significant difference
time was 6.447 °C. The chart also clearly shows that in of illuminance between outdoor and indoor. However,
certain times (between 4.22 p.m. until 6.22 a.m.) the this figure does not show the result of the night time
outside temperature were lower than the interior of the since there was no sunlight. The highest illuminance in
model. In contrary, after 6.52 a.m. when the outside the outdoor was at 11.52 a.m. of 110,800 lux while the
temperature was higher, the indoor temperature re- indoor was at 3.22 p.m. of 5,189 lux. However, when the
vealed lower numbers (see Fig. 7). This result indicates outdoor illuminance recorded by the data logger out-
that the algae photo-bioreactor model could decrease side the model, it does not mean that the indoor would
the indoor temperature when the outside temperature be the highest as well, because it depends on the materi-
was higher. Besides that, it was assumed that the model al and opening position of the building. In this model,
could increase the indoor temperature when the out- the glass aquarium contained water and algae was fac-
door temperature were low by releasing heat from the ing west side, so when the sun is almost set (after 3 p.m.)
algae photo-bioreactor panel that was exposed by the in the west, the illuminance in the indoor model would
solar radiation in the daytime. be higher. Although the algae photo-bioreactor model
Thus, if one compares the temperature difference of could reduce more than 90% of daylight, the amount
the three alternatives of building façade, such as brise- of illuminance in the indoor still comply the standard
soleil, horizontal fixed shading device and algae pho- of daylight requirements for an office building. As for
to-bioreactor, it can be concluded that photo-bioreactor irradiance, the trends are almost the same as illumi-
has the highest temperature difference, i.e. 6.447 °C. nance. More than 99% of the solar radiation could be
Meanwhile, the temperature differences based on com- blocked by the algae photo-bioreactor. The average of
puter simulation were recorded as follows, brise-soleil solar radiation inside the model was 0.009 W/m2 while
of 3.412 °C, horizontal fixed shading device of 3.52 °C. the outdoor in daytime was 12.164 W/m2. The maxi-
Given this findings, the use of energy cooling for pho- mum solar radiation that fenestrated into the building
to-bioreactor is significantly lesser that the other two was at 3.22 p.m. with 0.06 W/m2.
building façade systems. The measurement of the indoor irradiance value
could also contribute to increasing the ability of al-

70

52,5
Temperature 0C

35

17,5

0
17:22’04

20:22’04

21:22’04

00:22’04

01:22’04

03:22’04

04:22’04

05:22’04

07:22’04

08:22’04

09:22’04

10:22’04

11:22’04

12:22’04

13:22’04

14:22’04

15:22’04

16:22’04
16:22’04

18:22’04

19:22’04

22:22’04

23:22’04

02:22’04

06:22'04

Times
Outdoor Indoor

Fig. 7. Temperature measurement

302 W. Martokusumo et al. Algae and building façade revisited. A study of façade system for infill design

120000 110800
107000
105400
100000
96780 95640
89860 91340
90000 82370
73930
66820
62730 61190
58360
Lux

60000
41610 41410

31580
25330
30000
17180 17990

7800 7841
3937 948,4 5862 3581 5189 2860 1717
399,6 238 79,74 17,04 84,72 215,3 274,4 307,2 383,3 386 369,4 371 391,8 425,6 491 538,5 770,8 1420 2067 2126 1526
0
16:22’04

07:22’04

10:22’04

11:22’04

12:22’04

13:22’04

14:22’04

15:22’04

16:22’04
06:22'04
17:22’04

08:22’04

09:22’04
Times

Outdoor Indoor

Fig. 8. Illuminance measurement

gae photo-bioreactor in reducing the solar heat gain. in which by the photosynthesis, CO2 is required and
Furthermore, that will have a significant impact on the then O2 is released (cf. Rosenberg et al. 1995). Thus, as
use of energy. Following this, it can thus confirm the previously stated, the increase of oxygen will definitely
ability of the photo-bioreactor (algae) and property ma- increase the indoor air quality (cf. Fig. 9).
terial to absorb the solar radiation. Given the circum-
stances above, the use of secondary skin, i.e. brise-soleil, Total energy use analysis
horizontal fixed shading device and photo-bioreactor, Based on the simulations, the result shows that the
as part of building façade system might influence the amount of cooling energy (district cooling) for whole
performance of the building façade. building with horizontal fixed shading device is
1,009.80 GJ, and it is lesser compared to the building
Oxygen release with brise-soleil (1,020.16 GJ). This result (cf. Fig. 10)
According to the measurement process, it was identi- proves that the passive architecture design such as
fied two results of O2 production, the highest amount shading devices or secondary skins could help the
was yielded at T12 between 07.00–08.00 a.m., while the building in hot and humid climate to reduce the
lowest harvest took place at T6 between 01.00–02.00 cooling energy. As measured, the photo-bioreactor
a.m. The decreasing amount of oxygen was influenced has the significant/highest temperature difference,
by the lack of sunlight intensity (cf. Oakley et al. 2012). i.e. 6.447 °C. Meanwhile, the temperature differences
Based upon 16 hours observation, it was recorded that based on computer simulation were recorded as fol-
the production of oxygen release ca. 4.83 ml/hour/l lows, brise-soleil of 3.412 °C, horizontal fixed shading
microalgae culture (chlorella). The microalgae culture device of 3.52 °C. With these findings, the consump-
can significantly contribute to the purification process, tion of energy cooling (district cooling) for the build-

Fig. 9. The experiment to calculate Oxygen production from algae by using respirometer
Journal of Architecture and Urbanism , 2017, 41(4): 296–304 303

1027.5

Total Energy (Giga Joules)

1020.16
1020

1012.5 1009.89

1005

997.5

Facade with Brise-soleil Facade with Horizontal shading device

Fig. 10. District cooling for whole building

ing with algae photo-bioreactor will be less, comparing building simulation can be verified, once the building
to the use of brise-soleil and horizontal fixed shading is constructed completely by the end 2018.
device. Following this, the use of algae photo-bioreac- Nevertheless, the calculation of temperature differ-
tor as secondary skin, which will be mounted on the ences through computer simulation is strongly depend-
west façade, will not only contribute to in reducing ent on the accountability of the collected data, and some
solar heat gain but also protects the critical building assumptions in regard to the calculation of daily temper-
façade from the sun exposure. ature. Moreover, since there is no available local/Bandung
weather data, the simulation with OS-EP software is still
Concluding remarks dependent to Singapore weather data. The lack of such
The ITB Innovation Park project reveals some evidenc- a data must be anticipated in order to conduct further
es on considerations in designing building façade. The research on energy performance assessment.
building is uniquely located, in an infill of a specific
urban setting that is associated with existing histor- Acknowledgements
ic urban quarter. Based upon the investigation of the Special thanks and appreciations are dedicated to Dr
glass façades of the building with the east-west ori- Gede Suantika and Reskha Handayani, S.T. (Microbial
entation, a special treatment is needed, especially in Biotechnology Research Group), School of Life Sciences
reducing the sun exposure. To some extent, this will and Technology for his supports and thoughtful re-
highlight one of the design approaches in the historic marks on algae photo-bioreactor, and Suhendri, MSc
urban area, i.e. contextual juxtaposition. from the Building Technology Research Group, School
The use of secondary skins, such as brise-soleil, of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development,
horizontal fixed shading device and algae photo-bi- Institut Teknologi Bandung for his supports on the
oreactor as part of building façade system may con- computer simulation, calculation and modeling.
tribute significantly both to the design approach and
its associations with choice of building material, and Funding
the supply of alternative potential energy. Ultimately, The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to
the evidences may be used as justification for environ- ITB for the financial support grant. The research pro-
mentally friendly principles for architectural design. ject has been funded through the ITB P3MI (Program
The simulation results show that the use of algae Penelitian Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Inovasi), which
photo-bioreactor has yielded significant temperature had been allocated by Institut Teknologi Bandung.
difference (∆T). From the findings, it can be concluded,
that the use of algae photo-bioreactor on the critical References
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Indonesian Standard. mental Engineering, 2015. He is Urban Microclimate Modeling
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ences of experts and residents: issue of replication and dif- Urban and Building Energy simulation, development of venti-
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Technical Preservation Services. Available from Internet: obtained Sarjana/Insinyur degree in architecture from ITB in
http://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/four-treatments/treat- 1988, and Master of Urban and Regional Planning from the
ment-guidelines.pdf. University of Hawaii, USA in 1992. In 2001 he was awarded a
Doktor-Ingenieur from Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany. His
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research interest includes Urban design and urbanism; transit
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Williams University. Available from Internet: http://docs.
rwu.edu/saahp_fp/22.
Wen, H.; Chiang, M. S.; Shapiro, R. A.; Clifford, M. L. 2007. NISSA A. ARDIANI
Building energy efficiency, why green buildings are key to
Asia’s future. Environmental policy and industry in China. is currently an academic and research assistant in Architecture
Asia Business Council, Hongkong. Design and Research Group, at the School of Architecture,
Wohlleben,  M.; Meier, H.  R.  2003. Nachhaltigkeit und Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD), Institut Teknologi
Denkmalpflege Beiträge zu einer Kultur der Umsicht. Zurich: Bandung (ITB). She got her Bachelor’s degree in Architecture
Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich (in German). from Institut Teknologi Bandung in 2011, and obtained her
Master’s Degree in Sustainable Building Technology from
Yeang, K. 2008. Biofuel from algae, architectural design [on- University of Nottingham at 2015. Research interests: Sustain-
line], [cited 26 May 2017]. Wiley Online Library. Available able building technology application in hot and humid climate
from Internet: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/
region, Building Performance Simulation, Passive Design
ad.689/abstract
Architecture, and Building Retrofit.
Yeang. K. 2006. Ecodesign: a manual for ecological design.
London: John Willey and Son, Ltd.
SUSAN H. KRISANTI
is currently an academic assistant at School of Architecture,
WIDJAJA MARTOKUSUMO Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD), Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB). Assisting Tutor for Master in Landscape Archi-
(1966) is professor in Architecture and Urban Heritage Con- tecture Program (ITB). Bachelor in Architecture from ITB in
servation, and currently is dean of the School of Architecture, 2011. She was graduated Master in Landscape Architecture from
Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD) Institut Teknologi Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) 2016. Research
Bandung (ITB). In 1999 he was awarded a Doktor-Ingenieur Interest: Sustainable Urban Landscape Design.