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Module 3 STS

1. The document defines science as a systematic body of knowledge based on experimentation and facts that aims to understand nature. It provides definitions of science from various perspectives. 2. It distinguishes between scientific and superstitious beliefs, noting that scientific beliefs are based on natural laws while superstitious beliefs are not. Some superstitions may have scientific explanations. 3. The scientific method is described as involving observation, developing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and conclusions. Key steps include making observations, stating the problem, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, data analysis, and drawing conclusions.

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Jasmin T. Tacio
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58 views

Module 3 STS

1. The document defines science as a systematic body of knowledge based on experimentation and facts that aims to understand nature. It provides definitions of science from various perspectives. 2. It distinguishes between scientific and superstitious beliefs, noting that scientific beliefs are based on natural laws while superstitious beliefs are not. Some superstitions may have scientific explanations. 3. The scientific method is described as involving observation, developing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and conclusions. Key steps include making observations, stating the problem, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, data analysis, and drawing conclusions.

Uploaded by

Jasmin T. Tacio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

D life more and more


UNIT 2 : NATURE OF SCIENCE
Module 3

LESSON LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
A. Analize the definition of science ;
B. Demonstrate the steps of scientific method;
C. To compare scientific from superstitious;
D. Characterize the different scientific attitudes and of a scientist.

TOPICS:
1. Definition of science
2. Definition of important terms
3. Deference between scientific and superstitious
4. Scientific method
5. Scientific attitude

TOPIC PRESENTATION
DEFINITIONS OF SCIENCE
- comes from the Latin name Scientia, which means to know or “Scire” meaning to
know
- systematized body of knowledge based on experimentation, research, and facts
- is about ideas, it an organized body of knowledge gained from careful study,
observation, or experimentation
- science is dynamic – it grows with time as we discover ways of applying scientific
principles for our benefit
- According to McGinn (1991),there are four meanings of Science:

1. As a knowledge
- the organized, well- founded body of knowledge of natural phenomena
- there are three generally recognized ways to obtain knowledge:
a. Intuition – a “mental flash” which is not always reliable;
b. Authorities – who may differ and contradict one another; and
c. Scientific method – basic tool used by scientists in the search for knowledge.

2. As a field of systematic inquiry into nature


- the particular field or domain or systematic inquiry in which such knowledge is
sought

3. As a form of human cultural activity


- a distinct form of human activity in which scientists are engaged

4. As a total societal enterprise


- The summation of knowledge, people, skills, organization, facilities, techniques,
physical resources, methods and technology, which is devoted to the study and
understanding of the natural world

SUPERSTITIOUS OR SCIENTIFIC
- Among terms used to describe beliefs and practices in our local communities are superstitious
and scientific.
- Some belief, practices and ways of thinking of many people, not only in the rural areas but also
in the cities, are not in accord with the laws of nature. They are unscientific and are called superstitious.

CECILIA K. POGONGAN
SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

- If a belief or practice is superstitious, it is definitely unscientific. However, some superstitions


have scientific explanations.

*superstitious - practice founded on illogical or irrational feelings.


*scientific practice/belief – is in accord with the laws of nature

IMPORTANT TERMS:

1. Fact – refers to knowledge or information based on real occurrence.


2. Concept – pertaining to general idea derived or inferred from specific instances or occurrence
3. Principle – refers to a rule or law concerning the functioning of natural phenomena or
mechanical process
4. Scientific Law – it is the verbal or mathematical statement that relates series of observations that
have been verified again and again resulting from persistent observations
5. Scientific Theory – it is referring to a hypothesis extensively tested and able to describe a model.
It is questioned and tested by new experiments. It is an idea in science with at least some
evidence or observations supporting it, useful in making predictions

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

- is a process used to find answer to questions about the things around us


- it involves the application of scientific knowledge and problem-solving skills

1. Observation
- Researchers make observations around them to spot problem areas and then, they
identify the specific problem they want to study.

a. Indirect Observation – observation made on something you cannot see or measure


“Second hand”
b. Direct – an observation made on something you can see or measure “first hand”.
2. Statement of the Problem.
- Ask a question about an observation. It is a question that the application of current
knowledge and technology can answer.
3. Formulation of hypothesis
- A hypothesis is an investigative tool that helps clarify ideas and state relationships so
they can be tested. It is derived from the preliminary data that have been gathered.
4. Testing of hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a tentative idea or educational guess
- some hypothesis can be tested by making observations
- the common way to test hypothesis is experimentation
5. Experimentation
- this is the stage where the hypothesis is tested
- the researcher see to it that the experiment is a fair test
- A “ fair test” happens when only one factor or variable is changed and all other
conditions are kept the same
Experimental variable
-the real test variable in an experiment
Control variable
-part of an experiment treated “normally” which is used to compare experimental
results
6. Gathering data
- the use of all available resources to learn as much about the problem as possible
Experimentation
- this is the stage where the hypothesis is tested
- the researcher see to it that the experiment is a fair test
- a “ fair test” happens when only one factor or variable is changed and all other
conditions are kept the same
- An experiment that makes use of a scientific method has variables and controls
- Has two variables: the independent or manipulated variable and the dependent or
responding variable
7. Analysis of data

CECILIA K. POGONGAN
SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

-
the analysis and interpretation of data gathered from the experiment allow the
researchers to list the findings of their study
8. Drawing Conclusion/ Generalization
- based on the finding of the experiment, the researchers draw a generalization about
the problem being investigated
a. Deductive Method – conclusion from general to specific
b. Inductive Method – conclusion from specific to general

9. Verifying the validity of the generalization


- This means that, under the same conditions, they should be able to draw a similar
generalization.

METHODS OF DISCOVERY

1. Serendipity
- It’s a discovery by chance. It is the effect by which one accidentally discovers
something fortunate, especially while looking for something else entirely. Sometimes
not all important discoveries we made are according to plan; favourable accidents
happen. But it takes a prepared mind to get insights from an accident. But it takes a
prepared mind to get insights from an accident.

2. Discovery Based on Intuition


-this is a rational or mental processing of previous information.
-examples: mass-energy relationship or the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein

ATTITUDES AND VALUES OF A SCIENTIST


-refers to scientific outlook, how they see situation, and happenings and how they feel about
them.
1. Curiosity
- must have keen observation of things and events in the environment
- a curious person has the desire to learn
2. Logic and system
- He uses step by step experimental method and keeps accurate records

3. Open mindedness
- He has readiness or willingness to change ideas or principles when necessary
4. Intellectual honesty
- He acknowledges contribution of others to one’s success
5. Hard work
- He works industriously and has willingness to continue study despite problems or
obstacle
6. Creativity
- the ability to use the imagination to develop new ideas or things
- always try to seek, inquire and discover
7. Resourcefulness
– the ability to use of available materials and equipment; this quality also enables a
person to find substitutes for unavailable or expensive materials

8. Humility
- ability to accept criticisms and suggestions from others; willingness to accept one’s
weaknesses and limitation

9. Responsibility
– refers to the willingness to be accountable for one’s conduct and decision
10. Persistence and Determination
– the ability to sustain interest in the midst of setbacks; the ability to set aside personal
convenience
11. Skepticism
- develop the doubting attitude unless presented with reliable data
12. Critical mindedness and Rationality
- consistent with or based on reason, possesses disciplined intellectual criticism that
combines research, knowledge of historical context, and balanced judgement

CECILIA K. POGONGAN
SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

CECILIA K. POGONGAN

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