Atomic Structure and the 460-470 BC ❖ Aristotle thought that “atoms” of

Subatomic Particles water are smooth round balls and

that of fire have sharp edges.
The structure of atom ❖ The idea
ATOM – the basic unit of matter. NOT THE Leucippus was
SMALLEST. being expanded
by Democritus
From the Greek idea 2000 years ago
to present, different models for this
structure have been proposed. Each the
best for its time. Let us learn how the model
had to be changed with new observations or ❖ He gave
experiments. the name “ATOMOS” (Greek word
for uncut) which means “indivisible
400 BC ” to these tiny particles.
1774
Antoine
❖ At that Lavoisier’s
time, Aristotle experiments and
developed a measurements
theory that all led to the Law of
matter consisted Conservation of
of four elements Mass which states
Leucippus, a Greek philosopher, asked his namely, fire, that matter
pupil Democritus while they are strolling earth, air, and cannot be created
along the beach of Aegean Sea. water. nor destroyed
before and after the reaction.
GREEK IDEA: ❖ These four elements are related
based on “four principles of matter”,
“If you were asked to split a glass of these are the hot, the moist, dry and
water into smaller drops until they become cold.
too small to see, would you ever reach that
point at which a tiny drop could no longer
be separated into smaller droplets?”
1799
 Joseph Proust 1. All matter consists of tiny particles
developed the called atoms
Law of Definite
2. An atom cannot be created, divided,
Proportion which
destroyed, or converted to any other
states that
type of atom
different sample s
of the same 3. Atoms of a particular element have
compound always identical properties. Atoms of
contain its different elements have different
Thomson’s Model
constituent properties
(Plum-Pudding Model)
elements in the same proportion by mass.
4. Atoms of different elements
1808 combine in simple whole-number
ratios to produce compounds (stable
aggregates of atoms)
5. Chemical change involves joining,
separating, or rearranging atoms
• He developed an atomic model in
1897 which electrons were stuck into a
❖ Electrons were the first subatomic positively charged sphere like
particles to be discovered using the chocolate chips in cookie dough.
cathode ray tube. • Other call this “PLUM PUDDING”
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - the first ❖ In 1897, 1909
experimentally based theory of atomic an English
structure of the atom. physicist Joseph
John Thomson Ernest Rutherford is
discovered that known for his
atoms were not alpha-scattering
just simple solid experiment.
spheres.

Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory Cathode Ray Experiment

 Bohr’s model has been known as the
“The Cathode Ray Tube” PLANETARY MODEL because it compares
Gold Foil Experiments
electrons, the planets and the nucleus, the
sun.
Erwin Schrödinger
❖ This model
describes the
probability that an
electron can be found
1. Most alpha particles pass through Models of the Atom in a given region of
the gold foil indicating that the space at a given time.
atoms is mostly empty space.
❖ This model no longer tells us where
2. Some of the electron is; it only tells us where
the alpha it might be.
particles
❖ Introduced “wave mechanics” as a
are
mathematical model.
deflected (a) Thomson (b) Rutherford
and some Cloud Model
1913
even
directly bounce back to the source. The Bohr Atom
Discovery of Proton In 1913, Niels Bohr’s modified Rutherford’s
model of atom. Bohr
❖ Protons were
proposed that each
the next particle to be
electron in an atom has
discovered.
fixed amount of energy
The illustration in the that keeps them moving
next slide shows the around the nucleus
apparatus used by a within a specific region
German scientist He called this region “energy level”.
Eugen Goldstein that revealed the
Energy levels surround the nucleus in rays
presence of positive particles in an
or shells, just like the layers of an atom
atom.
 ❖ Thomson concluded that the
cathode rays were very light, negatively
2.1 . Composition of the Atom
charged particles he then called
❖ Atom - the basic structural unit of an “corpuscles.”
element
❖ He concluded that an atom is
❖ The fundamental unit of an element divisible, disproving the idea that the
that retains the chemical properties atom is indivisible.
of that element
❖ These negatively charged
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons corpuscles are what we now call
electrons.
❖ Atoms consist of three primary
1920 particles. Electron, Proton, and ❖ The electron has a mass of 9.110
-28
Neutron. x 10 grams. This mass is 1/1837 the
Werner Heisenberg mass of a hydrogen atom.
❖ Nucleus - small, dense, positively
❖ In the 1920’s, charged region in the center of the ❖ The exact size of an electron has
Werner Heisenberg put atom not been determined, but its diameter
forth his uncertainty is believed to be less than 10-12 cm.
principle, which states ❖ protons - positively charged
that, at a given instance, particles Proton
it is impossible to ❖ neutrons - uncharged ❖ Eugen Goldstein (1850-1930), a
determine the velocity and position particles German scientist was the first to
of the electrons. observe the existence of protons. In
Electron 1886, he conducted an experiment
❖ It is only possible to calculate the
probability of finding an electron ❖ In 1879, a British physicist, using a modified cathode ray tube
within a given space. Joseph John Thomson, performed made from a metal disk filled with
several experiments using the cathode holes.
Quantum Mechanical Model ray tube.
❖ He did not only observe the stream
❖ He noticed that the mass of the of electrons emitted by the cathode,
cathode rays was over 1000 times but also the positive rays behind the
lighter than the hydrogen atom and cathode.
their mass was the same despite the
❖ However, Joseph John Thomson was
source of the atom. the one who discovered the nature
 of the proton. He calculated its mass
to be about 1837 times that of an
Characteristics of Atomic Particles Atomic Calculations
electron and showed that the proton
is a particle. ❖ Electrons are negatively charged ❖ mass number = number of
particles located outside of the protons + number of neutrons
❖ Its sign is opposite to the charge of
nucleus of an atom ❖ number of neutrons = mass
the electron.
number - number of protons
❖ Protons and electrons have charges
❖ The relative mass of proton is 1.673 ❖ Atomic number = number of
that are equal in magnitude but
x 10 -24 protons = number of electrons
opposite in sign
Neutron Ions and Charges
❖ A neutral atom that has no electrical
❖ In 1932, James Chadwick discovered charge has the same number of ❖ Ions - electrically charged particles
the third major subatomic particle – protons and electrons that result from a gain or loss of one
the neutron. or more electrons by the parent
❖ Electrons move very rapidly in a
atom
❖ This particle bears neither a positive relatively large volume of space
nor a negative charge, and has a while the nucleus is small and dense ❖ Cation - positively charged
relative mass of about1.675 x 10 -24
Symbolic Representation of an Element ❖ results from the loss of
grams which is slightly greater than
electrons
that of a proton.
❖ 23Na 🡪 23Na+ + 1e-
❖ Anion - negatively charged
❖ results from the gain of
electrons

❖ Atomic number (Z) - the number of ❖ 19

F + 1e- 🡪 19F-
protons in the atom
❖ Mass number (A) - sum of the
number of protons and neutrons
 Compute for the average atomic
mass of Sb.
ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC MASS
❖ The atomic mass, measured in 2. Carbon has two stable isotopes,
atomic mass unit (amu), of a
carbon-12 and carbon-13. Carbon-12 is
particular element is based on the
more abundant than carbon-13.
contributions of the existing isotopes
Carbon-12 contributes 98.90% mass of
of that particular element. Thus, it is the whole carbon atoms while
commonly referred to as weighted carbon-13 contributes 1.10%. If the
average atomic mass. atomic weight of cabon-12 is 12.0000
amu and carbon-13 has an atomic
❖ Isotopes are atoms of the same
weight of 13.0034 amu, compute for the
element that have the same atomic average atomic mass of carbon.
number but differ in the mass
number.

❖ To determine the atomic mass of an

element, you need to know the existing
isotopes, their masses, and the percentage
abundance. This formula is given below.

Examples of Isotopes

EXAMPLE:
1. Antimony (Sb) which is used in
ceramics, paints, and enamels has
two stable isotopes. The atomic
masses of Sb-123 (42.70%) and
Sb-121 (57.30%) are 122.9042 amu
and 120.9038 amu, respectively.