SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE
Quarter 1 | Week 5

Colligative Properties of
Nonelectrolytes and Electrolyte
Solutions

SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-118); and Describe laboratory procedures in determining
concentration of solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119)
 General Chemistry 2 – SHS
Self-Learning Package
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolytes and Electrolyte Solutions
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

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Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque, Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque, Lilibeth E. Larupay
Zaldy M. Tondo

SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-118); and Describe laboratory procedures in determining
concentration of solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119)
 Introductory Message
Welcome!

The Self-Learning Package for Senior High School is developed to guide you
our dear learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum.

The Self-Learning Package aims to guide our learners in accomplishing activi-

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Quarter 1| Lesson 1
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Good luck and God bless.

SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-118); and Describe laboratory procedures in determining
concentration of solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119)
 SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Colligative Properties of
Nonelectrolytes and Electrolyte
Solutions
Learning Competency:
Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-118)
Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of
solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119)
 Ready to Launch!

In your previous module, you have learned how concentration of solute

affect some properties of solution such as vapor pressure, boiling point, freez-
ing point, and osmotic pressure. These colligative properties depend only up-
on the total concentration of solute species, regardless of their identities.
In the laboratory, freezing point or boiling point data can be used to de-
termine the molar mass of an unknown solute. Since we know the relation-
ship between a decrease in freezing point and the concentration of solute, if
we dissolve a known mass of our unknown solute into a known amount of
solvent, we can calculate the molar mass of the solute.

Aim at the Target!

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. calculate molar mass from colligative property data; and
2. describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of
solutions.

Try This!
Directions: Fill in the missing words. Choose the correct answer inside
the box. Write the answer in your answer sheet.

Indicator equivalence point primary standard

Titrant analyte titration

1. Titration involves the gradual addition of a solution (________________) of

known concentration to a known volume of a second solution
(_______________) until the (__________________________ is attained.
2. The end point is indicated by a color change of the (_________________).
3. Based on the balanced equation for the neutralization,
HC2H3O2 + NaOH —> H2O + NaC2H3O2, when the number of moles of
acetic acid equals the number of moles of sodium hydroxide, the ____________)
is attained.
 Keep This in Mind!

• Osmotic pressure and changes in freezing point, boiling point, and vapor
pressure are directly proportional to the concentration of solute present.
Consequently, we can use a measurement of one of these properties to de-
termine the molar mass of the solute from the measurements.
 Determination of a Molar Mass from a Freezing Point Depression
• Sample Problem: A solution of 4.00 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in 55.0
g of benzene is found to freeze at 2.32 °C. What is the molar mass of this
compound?
Given: 4.00g solution
55.0g benzene (C6H6), Freezing point 2.32 0C
Unknown: molar mass of compound

Solution: We can solve this problem using the following steps.

• Step 1. Determine the change in freezing point from the observed freezing
point and the freezing point of pure benzene. Refer to the table below.
Table 1.Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Constants for Several Solvents
ΔTf = 5.5 °C - 2.32 °C = 3.2 °C
• Step 2. Determine the molal concentration from K f, the freezing point de-
pression constant for benzene (Table 1), and ΔTf
ΔTf = Kf m
m = ΔTf = 3.2°C = 0.63 m
Kf 5.12 °C m -1

• Step 3. Determine the number of moles of compound in the solution from

the molal concentration and the mass of solvent used to make the solu-
tion.
• Moles of solute = 0.62 mol solute × 0.0550 kg solvent = 0.034 mol
1.00 kg solvent
• Step 4. Determine the molar mass from the mass of the solute and the
number of moles in that mass.
Molar mass = 4.00 g = 1.2 × 102 g/mol
0.034 mol
 Determination of a Molar Mass from a Boiling Point Elevation
• Sample Problem: 97.30 g of a mystery compound is added to 500.0 g of water,
raising its boiling point to 100.78 degrees C. What is the molecular mass of
the mystery compound?
Given: 97.30g of mystery compound
500.0g water , boiling point 100.78 0C
Unknown: molecular mass of mystery compound
Solution: We can solve this problem using the following steps.
Step 1: Subtract the boiling point of water from this new boiling point:
ΔTb = 100.78 0C—100.000C = 0.780C
Step 2: Plug this value and a Kb of 0.512 into the equation for boiling point eleva-
tion and solve for molality:
m = ΔTb = 0.7878 0C = 1.5 m
Kb 0.5120C m-1
Step 3: Take this molality value and multiply it by the given mass of the solvent,
water, in kilograms:
• Moles of solute = 1.5 mol solute× 0.5000 kg H2O= 0.75 mol
1.00 kg H2O
Step 4: Divide the number of grams of the mystery solute by the number of
moles, giving you the molecular mass of the compound:
97.30g = 130g/mol
0.75 mol
• The molecular mass of the mystery compound is 130 g/mol.

 Laboratory Procedures in Determining Concentration of Solutions

Making a Solution with a Solid Solute.
Step 1: Calculate Mass of solute needed for desired volume
Step 2: Quantitatively Transfer Mass to Volumetric Flask (the flask with the de-
sired volume of solution)
Step 3: Dilute to volume with solvent, ensuring that all of the solid has dissolved.

Figure 1. Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration Using a Solid Solute

• Figure 1, illustrates the procedure for a solution of cobalt(II) chloride di-
hydrate in ethanol.
 Sample Problem for Figure 1
• The solution in Figure 1 contains 10.0 g of cobalt(II) chloride dihydrate,
CoCl2·2H2O, in enough ethanol to make exactly 500 mL of solution.
What is the molar concentration of CoCl2·2H2O?
• Given: mass of solute 10.0g CoCl2·2H2O
volume of solution 500mL or .500L
Unknown: concentration (M)
• Solution:
• To find the number of moles of CoCl2·2H2O, divide the mass of the com-
pound by its molar mass. Calculate the molarity of the solution by divid-
ing the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters.
• The molar mass of CoCl2·2H2O is 165.87 g/mol. Therefore
moles CoCl2·2H2O = 10.0g = 0.0603 mol CoCl2·2H2O
165.87g/mol
M Cl2·2H2O = 0.0603mol = 0.121M CoCl2·2H2O
0.500L

Making a Solution with a Stock Concentrated Solution (Dilution).

• When preparing solution, don't always start with a solid solute and dilute
with solvent to create a solution of a certain molarity.
• Many stockroom reagents already come as concentrated solutions which
can easily be diluted to a desired concentration by adding solvent. This is
analogous to diluting a sweet drink by adding more water.
• You did not remove the sugar, but the drink becomes less sweet (less
concentrated or more dilute) when you add more solvent. Adding a sol-
vent does not change the moles of solute (n), so
• nnitial = nfinal
ni = nf
MiVi = MfVf
• Step 1: Calculate initial volume of stock
Step 2: Transfer to volumetric flask with a volumetric pipette
Step 3: Dilute to Volume
 Figure 2. Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration by Diluting a
Stock Solution. (a) A volume (Vs) containing the desired moles of solute (Ms)
is measured from a stock solution of known concentration. (b) The meas-
ured volume of stock solution is transferred to a second volumetric flask. (c)
The measured volume in the second flask is then diluted with solvent up to
the volumetric mark [(Vs)(Ms) = (Vd)(Md)].
• where the subscripts s and d indicate the stock and dilute solutions,
respectively.
 Sample Problem
• What volume of a 3.00 M glucose stock solution is necessary to prepare
2500 mL of the D5W (5% dextrose in water) solution of .310M glucose?
Given: volume and molarity of dilute solution
Unknown: volume of stock solution
Solution: A. Calculate the number of moles of glucose contained in the indi-
cated volume of dilute solution by multiplying the volume of the solution by
its molarity. mol glucose = 2500 mL x 1L x .310 mol = 0.775mol
1000 mL 1L
B. To determine the volume of stock solution needed, divide the num-
ber of moles of glucose by the molarity of the stock solution.
Vof stock soln= 0.775 mol glucose x 1L =0.258 L or 258mL
3.00 mol glucose
• We could also have solved this problem in a single step by solving
for Vs and substituting the appropriate values:
VsMs = VdMd
• Vs= VdMd = (2.500L)(0.310M) = 0.258L
Ms 3.00M
Acid-base Titration
 Standard Solution—A solution whose concentration or strength has been cor-
rectly established. This can be prepared by the accurate weighing of a pure solute
and dissolving to the correct final volume of the solution. However, this is seldom
done except in such cases where the desired chemicals can be obtained in very
pure form. In most cases, the concentration of the solution is determined by the
standardization process.
This is done by measuring the volume of the solution that will react with either a
known weight of a pure substance or a primary standard, or a
known volume of a standard solution.
 Acid-Base Titration
• Titration is the process of determining the volume of a standard solution that will
react completely with a given weight or volume of a sample.
• Acid-base titration can be used to determine the concentration of an acid or base
by measuring the amount of a solution with a known concentration (titrant) that
reacts completely with a solution of unknown concentration (analyte). The point at
which this occurs is called the equivalence point or the end point of titration, and
this is determined by the use of an indicator which changes color at the desired
point.
• To be certain of the concentration of the known solution, that solution must first
be compared with a solution of a primary standard.
• A primary standard is a highly purified solid compound used to check the con-
centration of the known solution in a titration. The known solution is prepared
first, and its volume is adjusted to give roughly the desired
concentration. The concentration is then determined more precisely by
titrating the solution with a carefully measured quantity of a solution of
the primary standard.
• Figure 3-17 shows the proper method for carrying out an acid-base titration. To
be sure you have an accurate value, you should repeat the titration until you have
three results that agree within 0.05 mL. This procedure would be used to deter-
mine the unknown concentration of an acid using a
standardized base solution.
3

• First set up two clean burets as shown. Decide

which of the burets will be used for the acid and
which for the base. Rinse the acid buret three
times with the acid to be used in the titration.
Repeat this procedure for the base buret with the
base solution to be used.
•
4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11
 12 13 14

15 16 17

Sample Problem
Titration reveals that 11.6 mL of 3.0 M sulfuric acid are required to neu-
tralize the sodium hydroxide in 25.00 mL of NaOH solution. What is the molar-
ity of the NaOH solution?
Given: volume H2SO4—11.6mL or 0.0116L H2SO4
M H2SO4 - 3.0 M
volume NaOH—25.00mL or 0.025 L NaOH
Unknown—M NaOH
Solution:
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
mol H2SO4 = 0.0116L H2SO4 x 3.0 mol = 0.0348 mol H2SO4
L
mol NaOH = 0.0348 mol H2SO4 x 2mol NaOH = 0.0696 mol NaOH
1 mol H2SO4
M NaOH = 0.0696 mol NaOH = 2.8 M NaOH
0.025 L
Abstraction and Generalization
• Titration is the process of determining the volume of one solution re-
quired to react quantitatively with a given volume of another in which one
solution is added to the other, a small amount at a time until just suffi-
cient has been added to complete the reaction.
• Molarity is one way to express the concentration of a solution in moles of
solute present in one (1) liter, L, of solution. It can be used to convert be-
tween moles of solutes and volumes of their solutions.
Application
Directions: Solve the problem below. Write the answer in your answer
sheet.
1. The molarity of a hydrochloric acid solution can be determined by
titrating a known volume of the solution with a sodium hydroxide solution of
known concentration. If 14.7 mL of 0.102 M NaOH is required to titrate
25.00 mL of a hydrochloric acid, HCl, solution, what is the molarity of the
hydrochloric acid?

Reflect

Titration can be used in different ways. Laboratory medicine use titra-

tion to determine unknown concentrations of chemicals of interest in blood
and urine. Pharmacists use titration in the development of new pharmaceuti-
cals. It may also be used to determine the amount of a certain chemicals in
food. Titration can also be used to determine fat content, water content, and
concentrations of vitamins. Can you think of other applications of titration?

Reinforcement & Enrichment

Steps in Determining the molarity of unknown concentration

Using Titration Data

1. Start with the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction, and
determine the chemically equivalent amounts of the acid and base.
2. Determine the moles of acid (or base) from the known solution used
during the titration.
3. Determine the moles of solute of the unknown solution used during
the titration.
4. Determine the molarity of the unknown solution.
 Assess Your Learning

Directions: Solve the problem below. Do this in your answer sheet.

In a titration, 27.4 mL of 0.0154 M Ba(OH)2 is added to a 20.0
mL sample of HCl solution of unknown concentration. What is
the molarity of the acid solution?
Ba(OH)2 + HCl → BaCl2 + H2O (unbalanced)

References & Photo Credits

Barrameda, M.C.B., Jusayan, S.R., Macale, A.M, Sabularse, V.S. (2016).

Teaching Guide for Senior High School in General Chemistry
2.Commision on Higher Education. pp. 193-199
Davis, R.E., Metcalfe, H. C., Williams, J.E., Castka, J.F. (2002). Modern
Chemistry. Austen, Texas. Holt, Rhinehart, Winston. pp.497-503
https://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/calculate-
molecular-masses-using-boiling-and-freezing-points-of-solvents/
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/11-4-colligative-properties/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/
Chemistry_2000%3A_Chemistry_for_Engineers_(Sinex)/Unit_4%
3A_Nomenclature_and_Reactions/Chapter_12%
3A_Aqueous_Reactions/Chapter_12.1%3A_Preparing_Solutions
https://www.thoughtco.com/acids-and-bases-titration-example-problem-
609598
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%
3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%
3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.13%3A_Titrations

4.22 × 10-2 M HCl

Assess Your Learning
0.0579 M HCl
Application
3. Equivalence point
2. Indicator
equivalence point
1. Titrant; analyte;
Try This
Answer Key