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Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference 8CH0/02
Chemistry
 

Advanced Subsidiary
PAPER 2: Core Organic and Physical Chemistry

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, Data Booklet, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• ability
For the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
to structure your answer logically, showing the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P70809RA0128*
P70809RA
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd.

Q:1/1/1/1/1/

Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 This question is about reaction kinetics.

(a) Maxwell‑Boltzmann distributions of the molecular energies of particles in a gas
are shown at two different temperatures.
The activation energy for the reaction, Ea , is labelled.

T1

T2 T1 < T2

Number of molecules
with energy, E

Ea
Energy, E

(i) The activation energy is the minimum energy required

(1)
A for a reaction to take place when reactant molecules collide

B for reactant molecules to collide

C for all collisions to result in a reaction

D for the particles to collide with the appropriate orientation

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*P70809RA0228* 


(ii) Explain, with reference to the gaseous particles, the differences in the
two distributions.
(2)

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(iii) Which of the following is not an explanation of why increasing the

temperature increases the rate of a reaction?
(1)
A the area under the curve to the right of Ea is larger at a
higher temperature

B a greater percentage of collisions are successful at a

higher temperature

C molecules move faster and collide more often at a

higher temperature

D there are more collisions, all of which are successful, at a

higher temperature

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 *P70809RA0328* Turn over

(b) Reaction profiles can be used to show the effect of the addition of a catalyst on
the energy changes during the course of a reaction.
(i) Draw fully labelled reaction profiles for the reaction both with and without a
catalyst for an exothermic reaction.
(4)

Energy

Reaction progress

(ii) State how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

(1)

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(c) A heterogeneous catalyst is often added to a reaction between gases.

A heterogeneous catalyst
(1)
A increases the rate without taking part in the reaction

B increases the yield of the reaction at equilibrium

C is in the same phase as the reaction mixture

D is often a porous material, so increasing the surface area

(Total for Question 1 = 10 marks)

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*P70809RA0428* 


2 Plastic products often have a symbol on them. Two of the symbols are shown.

3 4
v LDPE

The symbols are used to sort the plastic products into groups of specific types of
plastic when they are thrown away.
(a) Some plastic products can be cleaned and used again.
Give two other uses of waste plastic.
(2)

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(b) The V on the symbol with the number 3 stands for vinyl or vinyl chloride.
The V is sometimes replaced by PVC, standing for polyvinyl chloride.
State the link between vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.
(1)

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 *P70809RA0528* Turn over

(c) LDPE stands for low density poly(ethene).
Which of the diagrams shows exactly three repeat units of poly(ethene)?
(1)

H H

A C C

H H
n

H H H

B C C C

H H H

H H H H H H

C C C C C C C

H H H H H H

H H H H H H

D C C C C C C

H H n H H n H H n

(Total for Question 2 = 4 marks)

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*P70809RA0628* 


3 Decane, C10H22 , is an alkane present in petrol and kerosene.

It has the displayed formula

H H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C C C C C C H

H H H H H H H H H H

The enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcH , of decane can be estimated using

mean bond enthalpy values and the equation shown.

C10H22(l) + 15.5O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 11H2O(l)

(a) (i) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of decane, using the
mean bond enthalpy values in the table.
(3)

Mean bond enthalpy

Bond
/ kJ mol−1

C C 347

C H 413

O O 498

C O 805

O H 464

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 *P70809RA0728* Turn over

(ii) A data book value for the enthalpy change of combustion of decane
is  −6 778 kJ mol−1 .
Give two reasons for the difference between your answer to (a)(i) and
this value.
(2)

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(b) Catalytic converters in cars remove unwanted substances such as

nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide and unreacted hydrocarbons from the
exhaust fumes.
The formula of the nitrogen monoxide free radical can be written as NO•
(i) Which is true for the NO• free radical ?
(1)
A NO• is formed during thermal decomposition of LiNO3

B NO• has a total of 15 protons, 15 neutrons and 16 electrons

C NO• is a species with an unpaired electron

D NO• is formed by heterolytic fission

(ii) It has been suggested that unreacted hydrocarbons and nitrogen monoxide

are removed in a catalytic converter by reacting them together.
The reaction between decane and nitrogen monoxide produces
carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen as the only products.
Complete the balanced equation for this reaction.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C10H22 + ................ NO →

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*P70809RA0828* 


(iii) Give a possible reason why this reaction might not proceed according to the
equation in (b)(ii).
(1)

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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 *P70809RA0928* Turn over

4 A thermometric titration is a method for finding the end‑point of a titration between
aqueous solutions of ammonia and ethanoic acid.
A thermometric titration was carried out using the following steps:
• the temperatures of the aqueous ammonia and ethanoic acid solutions were
measured and found to be 20.1 °C
• 30 cm3 of the aqueous ammonia was placed in a polystyrene cup
• a 10 cm3 portion of an ethanoic acid solution, concentration 1.10 mol dm−3 , was
added to the polystyrene cup, the mixture stirred and the temperature measured
• further 10 cm3 portions of ethanoic acid solution were added, the mixture stirred,
and the temperature measured immediately after each addition, until a total of
80 cm3 had been added.

(a) Results for this experiment are shown in the table.

Volume of
ethanoic acid added 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
/ cm3
Temperature
20.1 21.8 23.5 25.1 26.4 25.8 24.9 24.1 23.3
/ °C

(i) Plot the results using the axes provided.

Include two straight lines of best fit, extrapolated until they meet.
(2)

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*P70809RA01028* 


27

26

25
Temperature / °C

24

23

22

21

20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Volume of added ethanoic acid solution / cm3

(ii) Determine the maximum temperature rise from your graph.

(1)

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(iii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanoic acid, with a concentration of

1.10 mol dm−3 , added at the end‑point of the reaction.
(2)

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 *P70809RA01128* Turn over

(iv) The reaction that occurs is

NH3(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) → NH4+(aq) + CH3COO−(aq)

Calculate the enthalpy change per mole for this reaction.

Include a sign and units in your answer.
[Assume:
specific heat capacity of the solution at the end‑point = 4.18 J g−1 °C−1
1.00 cm3 of the solution at the end‑point has a mass of 1.00 g]
(3)

(b) (i) The temperature of the reaction mixture initially increased because the
reaction is
(1)
A endothermic so energy is absorbed by the water

B endothermic so energy is released by the water

C exothermic so energy is absorbed by the water

D exothermic so energy is released by the water

(ii) Give the main reason why, after the end‑point was reached, the temperature
of the solution decreased.
(1)

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(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

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*P70809RA01228* 


5 Chloroalkanes can be formed from both alkenes and alkanes.

(a) Ethene can be converted into chloroethane.
(i) Identify, by name or formula, the reagent for this conversion.
(1)

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(ii) Draw the mechanism for the conversion of ethene into chloroethane.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(4)

13
 *P70809RA01328* Turn over

(b) Ethane can also be converted into chloroethane.
(i) Give the reagent and condition required to convert ethane into chloroethane.
(1)
Reagent

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Condition

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(ii) What is the mechanism and type of reaction by which ethane is converted
into chloroethane?
(1)
A electrophilic addition

B free radical addition

C free radical substitution

D nucleophilic substitution

(iii) Further reactions of chloroethane result in the formation of small amounts of

the isomers 1,1‑dichloroethane and 1,2‑dichloroethane.
Write equations to show the formation of these products.
Curly arrows are not required.
(3)

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*P70809RA01428* 


(iv) The mass spectra of the two isomers of dichloroethane are shown.

100 100

80 80

60 60
Relative Relative
intensity intensity
40 40

20 20

0 0
60 80 100 60 80 100
m / z m / z
Spectrum A Spectrum B

Deduce the molecular formulae of the species responsible for

the molecular ion peaks at m / z 98, 100 and 102.
The molecular formulae for the species producing these peaks are the same in
both spectra.
(2)

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 *P70809RA01528* Turn over

(v) State why in both spectra the peaks at 98, 100 and 102 have different
relative intensities.
(1)

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(vi) Explain how the presence of the peaks at 83, 85 and 87 in Spectrum B allows
the identification of the isomer responsible for this spectrum.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 15 marks)

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*P70809RA01628* 


BLANK PAGE

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6 The preparation of 2‑chloro‑2‑methylpropane, (CH3)3CCl, involves the reaction
of concentrated hydrochloric acid with 2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol, (CH3)3COH,
a tertiary alcohol.

(CH3)3COH + HCl → (CH3)3CCl + H2O

(a) Primary alcohols react very slowly with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
State a different reagent for the chlorination of primary alcohols.
(1)

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(b) In an experiment, 12.0 g of 2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol was shaken with excess

concentrated hydrochloric acid in a separating funnel.
After about 15 minutes, the product formed as a separate layer.
Data:

Boiling temperature  Density 

Substance
/ °C / g cm−3

2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol 82 0.79

2‑chloro‑2‑methylpropane 51 0.84

water 100 1.00

Draw a diagram of the separating funnel after 15 minutes, labelling the layer
containing 2‑chloro‑2‑methylpropane.
(2)

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*P70809RA01828* 


(c) After separation, the organic layer was shaken with

sodium hydrogencarbonate solution. Fizzing was observed.
(i) Identify, by name or formula, the gas that was given off.
(1)

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Give the formula of the ion that reacted with the hydrogencarbonate ion to
(ii)
form the gas.
(1)

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(iii) Describe how to dry the organic layer to prepare it for distillation.
Include the name of a suitable drying agent.
(2)

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(d) The dried 2‑chloro‑2‑methylpropane was transferred to the distillation apparatus.

(i) State the appropriate temperature range over which to collect the product.
(1)

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*(ii) A diagram of the distillation apparatus is shown.

thermometer
water to sink

pear‑shaped
flask

reaction mixture

heat using water from tap pear‑shaped

water bath flask

ice‑water mixture

Discuss the improvements that should be made to the set‑up of the

apparatus. Include the likely effect of the errors identified on the yield or
purity of the product.
Assume the apparatus is suitably clamped.
(6)

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21
 *P70809RA02128* Turn over

(e) 11.6 cm3 of 2‑chloro‑2‑methylpropane was collected from
12.0 g of 2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol.
Calculate the percentage yield using the data in the table.
(4)

Density  Molar mass 

Substance
/g cm−3 / g mol−1

2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol 0.79 74

2‑chloro‑2‑methylpropane 0.84 92.5

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*P70809RA02228* 


(f ) Infrared spectroscopy can be used to determine the purity of a substance.

(i) State how infrared spectroscopy could be used to show that no
2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol was present in the distillate.
(1)

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(ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a chemical test
rather than infrared spectroscopy to determine whether any of the
2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol remained.
(2)

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(Total for Question 6 = 21 marks)

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 *P70809RA02328* Turn over

7 Nitrogen monoxide and chlorine gases react together to form a single product,
nitrosyl chloride, NOCl.
Below 100 °C the yield of NOCl is almost 100 %, but as the temperature rises the yield
of NOCl decreases as the equilibrium position shifts to the left.

2NO(g) + Cl2(g)  2NOCl(g)      ∆rH  = −75.6 kJ mol−1

(a) A 1 dm3 reaction vessel, initially containing 2 mol of NO and 1 mol of Cl2 ,
was allowed to come to equilibrium at 225 °C to produce 1.82 mol of NOCl.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of NO and Cl2 at equilibrium.
(2)

Moles of NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........................

Moles of Cl2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................

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*P70809RA02428* 


(ii) Sketch three lines showing the change in concentration over time of the three
components of the reaction using the axes given.
You should assume that the reaction reaches equilibrium at time Teq.
(3)

2.00

1.50
Concentration 
/ mol dm−3
1.00

0.50

0.00
Teq
Time

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(iii) The expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc , for this reaction is
(1)
2[NOCl ]
A Kc =
2[NO ][ Cl2 ]

B Kc =
[NOCl]2
[NO]2 [Cl2 ]
2[NO ][ Cl2 ]
C Kc =
2[NOCl ]

D Kc =
[NO]2 [Cl2 ]
[NOCl]2

(iv) Give the reason why the equilibrium yield of NOCl decreases when the
temperature changes from 25 °C to 225 °C.
The enthalpy change for the reaction at 25 °C is −75.6 kJ mol−1 .
(1)

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*P70809RA02628* 


(b) (i) Complete the Hess cycle to enable you to calculate the enthalpy change of
formation, ∆fH 298 , of NOCl.
Include state symbols.
(2)

2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆fH 298 , of NOCl given the data

2NO(g) + Cl2(g)  2NOCl(g)     ∆rH 298  = −75.6 kJ mol−1

enthalpy change of formation of NO, ∆fH 298 , = +90.3 kJ mol−1

(2)

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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*P70809RA02828* 