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SB Answer Key - Speak Out PreIntermediate
Original Title: SB Answer Key - speak out PreIntermediate
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 DNLAPNA@CNLO >.>  p>37―>3:

N  > Gmw bnly 3 Qgm 5 Qgnt/Qgjeg 9 Qgnt 0 Qg`l
6 Qg`r` 1 Qgjeg 7 Gmw
C  > `) 3 c) 5 g) 9  ) 0 e) 6 i) 1 n) 7 a)
E > Gmw bueg im`s tgjs emst=
3  Im ymu gnv`/ Gnv` ymu amt nly crmtg`rs mr sjst`rs=
5  Qgnt tjb` im`s tg` ﬎db stnrt=
9  Gmw mf`l im ymu pdny  mmtcndd=
0  Qgm js ymur l`w t`neg`r =
6  Im ymu wnlt tm emb` nli gnv` n pjzzn=
1  Qgy iml‚t ymu djo` arnbbnr=
7  Qg`r` iji ymu am ml gmdjiny dnst y`nr=

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3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@    NLUQ@S O@Z >

0C C
> Gmw bnly p`mpd` nr` jl ymur nbjdy= r`audnr8 djo`i, i`eji`i, trj`i
3 Gmw mf`l im ymu s`` ymur pnr`lts= jrr`audnr8 w`lt, `dd, amt, snji
5 Im ymu `lhmy sp`lijla tjb` wjtg ymur nbjdy= l`antjv`8 ijil‚t
9 Qg`l wns ymur dnst nbjdy e`d`crntjml= qu`stjml8 Iji
0 Qgm im ymu djv` wjtg= sgmrt nlsw`r8 ijil‚t
6 Gmw mf`l im ymu `nt mut wjtg rj`lis=
1 Qg`r` im`s ymur c`st rj`li djv`= 0C
/i/8 sbjd`i, stuij`i
E /t/8 wmro`i, stmpp`i, wndo`i, tndo`i, g`dp`i
U`` @x 0C ncmv`. /ɨi/8 wnlt`i, l``i`i, i`eji`i

U[@NOJLA
 DNLAPNA@CNLO >.3  p>37―>3:
6N 
N  3 snw 5 amt 9 ol`w 0 `bnjd`i 6 `dd 1 i`eji`i
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
7 nso`i : nrrjv`i >; snji >> amt
Gmdjinys 
C  >  tnuagt 3 iji, armw up 5 b`t 9 ijil‚t a`t ml
Gmw dmla im ymu usunddy am ml gmdjiny mr=
0 d`f, amt 6 djv`i, ijil‚t s`` 1 Iji, `lhmy 7 ijil‚t gnv`
Qgm im ymu usunddy am wjtg=/Qgm im ymu djo` amjla wjtg=
: ﬎ljsg`i >; stuij`i
Qgnt im ymu djo` imjla=
Qg`r` im ymu djo` amjla=
Qg`r` im ymu wnlt tm am ml ymur l`xt gmdjiny= 6N 
Q``o`li  > snw 3 w`lt 5 stny`i 9 w`lt 0 emmo`i 6 sp`lt
Qgnt im ymu usunddy im/djo` imjla nt tg` w``o`li=
Qg`r` im ymu (djo` tm) am= C
Im ymu `v`r/usunddy/mf`l (gnv` tm) wmro mr stuiy= > Qg`l iji ymu dnst s`` ymur c`st rj`li=
Qgnt tjb` im ymu usunddy a`t up= 3 Qg`l iji ymu dnst am tm n w`iijla=
5 Qg`l iji ymu dnst stny up ndd ljagt=
9 Qg`l iji ymu dnst am ml gmdjiny=
0 Qg`l iji ymu dnst emmo n b`nd (mr (smb`) rj`lis/smb`ml`)=
>.3 YSP@ DMV@ 6 Qg`l iji ymu dnst sp`li tg` iny wjtg ymur sjst`r/crmtg`r/ 
cmyrj`li/`te.=
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sg` ijil‚t s`` jt nli put jt jl g`r bmutg. tryjla tm gnv` n emlv`rsntjml wjtg smb`ml`.
Utmry 38 Yg`y w`lt ml n ijv` nli tg` bnl prmpms`i tm tg` wmbnl
uli`rwnt`r. FPLEYJML BNOJLA EMLV@SUNYJML
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put jt ml ZmuYuc`. 5N 
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C sp`no`rs smuli jlt`r`st`i.
> jl n r`stnurnlt
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5 @aypt > [d`ns`i 3 dmv` 5 rmb 9 dmv`dy 0 MO 6 t`rrjcd` 1 smml
9 Ug` snji y`s.
0 G` bni` n twm-bjlut` ZmuYuc` vji`m m gjb prmpmsjla nli s`lt 9
g`r n djlo. Utui`lt N qu`stjmls/Utui`lt C nlsw`rs
6 Ug` bni` n vji`m m g`rs`d snyjla y`s. > N8 Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo=
C8 J‚i dmv` nl mrnla` huje`, pd`ns`.
E 3 N8 Iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt=
> Utmry > 3 Utmry 3 5 Utmry 5 9 Utmry 3 0 Utmry 5 6 Utmry > C8 Z`s, jt wns crjddjnlt.
5 N8 Lje` iny, jsl‚t jt=
ASNBBNS [NUY UJB[D@ C8 Z`s, jt‚s dmv`dy.
9 N8 Im ymu wmro g`r`=
9N  C8 Lm, J‚b n stui`lt.
> w`r` (J) 3 ijil‚t sny (J), anv` (J) 5 b`t (J)
9 sbjd`i (S) 0 nee`pt`i (S), ijil‚t t`dd (J) 6 trj`i (J)

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3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@    NLUQ@S O@Z >

Utui`lt C qu`stjmls/Utui`lt N nlsw`rs C

> C8 Ygjs js by rj`li, [`t`. J‚v` olmwl _lnb`R mr …
N8 Gj, [`t`. [d`ns`i tm b``t ymu. Q` b`t …
3 C8 Iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li= Q` a`t ml r`nddy w`dd _c`enus` …R …
N8 Z`s, tgnlos. J ijil‚t im bueg.
Q`‚v` amt dmts m tgjlas jl embbml …
5 C8 Qg`r` `xnetdy nr` ymu rmb=
Yg` mldy prmcd`b wjtg _lnb`R js …
N8 J‚b rmb Ymd`im, l`nr Bnirji.
G`/Ug`‚s n ar`nt p`rsml.
9 C8 J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r.
N8 Z`s, s`` ymu smml.
wrjt`cneo  n embp`tjtjml `ltry
 DNLAPNA@CNLO >.5  p>37―>3: 1N 
N  3  Gj. [d`ns`i tm olmw b``t ymu. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
5  Im Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo= Ug` js ndwnys tg`r` mr b`.
9  Qg`r` `xnetdy  im ymu emb` rmb= Ug` gns g`dp`i b` tgrmuag smb` ijſteudt tjb`s.
0  Iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li= Q` olmw `v`rytgjla tg`r` js tm olmw ncmut `neg mtg`r.
6  J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r. J enl tndo tm Hudj` ncmut nlytgjla.
C  >  [d`ns`i tm b``t ymu. Ug` wjdd c` n rj`li mr`v`r.
3  J wmudi dmv` n em﬋``.
5  Um, wgnt im ymu im=
9 
0
J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r.
Qg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb=
>.0 DMMOCNEO
6  U`` ymu smml.
FS@@ YJB@
>N 
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Um, wmudi ymu djo` n irjlo, Sneg`d= ^P@UYJML FMSBU
Um, wg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb= 3
Emlv`rsntjml 3  Gmw mdi nr` ymu=
Um, iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li= Qg`r` w`r` ymu cmrl=
Um, iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt= Nr` ymu bnrrj`i=
Qgnt js ymur niir`ss=
Qgnt js ymur t`d`pgml` lubc`r=
>.9 UMB@ML@ U[@EJND Gnv` ymu amt n bmcjd` pgml` lubc`r=
Qgnt js ymur `bnjd niir`ss=
Qgnt im ymu im=
IVI [S@VJ@Q Im ymu gnv`/Gnv` ymu amt nly gmccj`s=
>C
5N 
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
> Bjrnlin ndwnys pnljes wg`l g`r cmyrj`li snys ‗J dmv` ymu‚ nli
dmv`8 Gnv` ymu amt n ajrdrj`li/cmyrj`li= Qg`l iji ymu b``t=
im`sl‚t olmw wgnt tm sny.
gmb`8 Qg`r` im ymu djv`=
3 Ug` bjagt c` ule`rtnjl m g`r ``djlas nli/mr jt bjagt c`
fnbjdy8 Gmw bnly p`mpd` nr` tg`r` jl ymur nbjdy= Gnv` ymu amt nly
smb`tgjla tm im wjtg g`r mdi rj`li, Anry.
egjdir`l=
wmro8 Qg`r` im ymu wmro= Im ymu `lhmy ymur hmc=
IVI VJ@Q fmmi8 Im ymu djo` emmojla= Im ymu `nt hulo mmi=
3N  gmdjinys8 Qg`r` im ymu usunddy am ml gmdjiny=
Ug` enl‚t sny ‗J dmv` ymu‚ tm Bjo` c`enus` sg`‚s jl dmv` wjtg Anry. Ug`
l``is tm wmro mut gmw tm `li g`r r`dntjmlsgjp wjtg Bjo`. S@DNYJMLUGJ[U
C 9C
3 n) 5 `) 9 c) 0 i) 6 ) J b`t Dnydn nt n bnro`t. Ug` wns s`ddjla cr`ni. Q` stnrt`i egnttjla
nli amt ml w`dd. Nt tg` tjb` J ijil‚t gnv` n ajrdrj`li, sm J nso`i g`r ml
5C n int`. Q` w`lt tm n dmend cno`ry! Q` smml `dd jl dmv` nli J prmpms`i
> Bjo` ― tm Bjrnlin tm g`r nf`r n bmltg. J gji tg` rjla jl n pj`e` m eno`. Fmrtulnt`dy,
3 tg` bnl ― tm Bjrnlin sg` nee`pt`i, nli sg` ijil‚t `nt tg` rjla! Jt wns n ammi wny tm a`t
5 Ut`vj` ― tm Bjrnlin `lana`i. N w``o dnt`r w`  amt bnrrj`i.
9 Bjrnlin ― tm g`r rj`lis (Ut`vj` nli tg` bnl)
0 Anry ― tm Bjrnlin [NUY UJB[D@
6 Bjrnlin ― tm Ut`vj`
0N 
sp`nomut  n sp`ejnd p`rsml >  Qg`r` iji ymu am=
3 Qgy iji ymu am tg`r`=
5 Iji ymu stny jl n gmt`d=
6N 
9 Qgnt iji ymu im iurjla tg` iny=
> Yg`y b`t nt segmmd.
0 Iji ymu am mut jl tg` `v`ljlas=
3 Yg`y a`t ml r`nddy w`dd? tg`y‚v` amt dmts m tgjlas jl embbml? tg`
6 Qns tg` w`ntg`r gmt=
sp`no`r tgjlos sg` enl r`dy ml Bjeg`dd` nli tgnt Bjeg`dd` js n ar`nt
1 Qgnt dnlauna` iji ymu sp`no=
p`rsml? tg`y gnv` n r`nd dnuag tma`tg`r.
7 Iji ymu bno` nly l`w rj`lis=
5 Ug`‚s n cjt embp`tjtjv`.

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 5

3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@    NLUQ@S O@Z >

BNOJLA EMLV@SUNYJML Emlv`rsntjml 0

N8 Iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li=
1N  C8 Z`s, jt wns MO. J ijil‚t im bueg.
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8  Emlv`rsntjml 6
Emlv`rsntjml > N8 Iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt=
N8 Gj, (lnb`). Lje` iny, jsl‚t jt= C8 Z`s, jt wns t`rrjcd`.
C8 Z`s, jt‚s dmv`dy. Emlv`rsntjml 1
Emlv`rsntjml 3 N8 Q` dmst 5―;.
N8 Ygjs js by rj`li (lnb`). C8 Mg lm! J‚b smrry tm g`nr tgnt.
C8 Gj. [d`ns`i tm b``t ymu. Emlv`rsntjml 7
Emlv`rsntjml 5 N8 J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r.
N8 Um, im ymu wmro g`r`= C8 Z`s, s`` ymu smml.
C8 Lm, J‚b n stui`lt.
Emlv`rsntjml 9
N8 Qg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb=
C8 J‚b rmb S`nijla.

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 9

3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@  NLUQ@S O@Z

3.> YG@ EMB[NLZ 9 P= QSJYJLA UYNSYJLA/@LIJLA NL @BNJD

VMENCPDNSZ QMSO
3N 
> embpnly 3 eustmb`r 5 cmlus 9 m﬎e` 0 `bpdmy``
:N 
Fmrbnd8 I`nr Ujr, I`nr Ir Crye`, J nb wrjtjla ncmut, S`anrijla,
C`st wjsg`s, J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu, C`st r`anris,
Zmurs sjle`r`dy
3
w
6 tnso 1 cmss 7 stn : sndnry >; `bpdmy`r Jlfmrbnd8 Gj, G`ddm, I`nr Ndd, Gj `v`ryml`, Jt‚s ncmut, U`` ymu smml,
Cy` mr lmw, Up`no smml, Yno` enr`, Eg``rs, Dmv`
DJUY@LJLA C

 m
Ug` i`sjals npps.
9N 
N Zngmm `bpdmy``s gnv` n r`` cus rji` tm wmro.

r 
E
C Zngmm `bpdmy``s wnteg ﬎dbs tma`tg`r mle` n bmltg. Bmi`d nlsw`r8 

o 
E [mltjffi`x prmvji`s n lnp rmmb mr jts `bpdmy``s.
I`nr Br Cndjo,
I Nt ml` embpnly, tg` cmss  wrjt`s tgnlo-ymu lmt`s tm `bpdmy``s.
By lnb` js [ntrjejn Amlznd`z. J nb rmb V`l`zu`dn, cut J nb djvjla
C jl Dmliml nt tg` bmb`lt.
Nt Zngmm tg`r`‚s n i`ltjst nli n gnjrir`ss`r nt tg` mſte`. Nt J nb wrjtjla ncmut ymur niv`rtjs`b`lt mr wmro `xp`rj`le`.
Ammad` duleg js r`` nli ymu enl a`t n eg`np bnssna` nt tg` J nb tw`lty y`nrs mdi nli J nb stuiyjla jliustrjnd i`sjal nt tg`
mſte`. Nt nlmtg`r embpnly tg` stn﬋ im`s n hmc swnp twm inys n Smynd Emdd`a` m Nrt jl Dmliml.
y`nr. Emudi ymu s`li b` smb` jlmrbntjml ncmut ymur wmro `xp`rj`le`
prmarnbb`=
0N 
> egmmsjla n EI 3 stuiyjla 5 eg`eojla `bnjds J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu.
Zmurs sjle`r`dy,
C [ntrjejn Amlznd`z
> Yg` `bpdmy``s nt tg` busje sgmp a`t r`` em﬋`` nt Ojlom‚s.
Yg` `bpdmy``s nt Ojlom‚s a`t ml` r`` EI n w``o rmb tg`
busje sgmp.
3 Jt pnys mr `bpdmy``s tm im emurs`s. 3.3 N SJUOZ CPUJL@UU
5 C`enus` tg` embpnly gns ffi`xjcd` gmurs.
VMENCPDNSZ HMCU
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY UJB[D@ NLI EMLYJLPMPU
>C
6N  N nsgjml i`sjal`r C r`seu` wmro`r E bmtmreyed` emurj`r
> n) 3 c) 5 n) 9 c) I snd`s r`p @ JY emlsudtnlt F mr`jal emrr`spmli`lt
A p`rsmlnd trnjl`r
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 DNLAPNA@CNLO 3.>  p>5;―>5> p`rsmlnd trnjl`r, r`seu` wmro`r, bmtmreyed` emurj`r
N  > jsl‚t 3 ‚s wmrojla 5 ‚b pdnyjla 9 im, olmw
0 nr`, w`nrjla 6 iml‚t `nt 1 ‚b wnjtjla
 [GMYMCNLO   p>03
C  >  Hmgl wmros jl snd`s nli g` js amjla am`s tm tg` mſte`
`v`ry iny nt 7n.b. > > [ 3 J 5 @ 9 A 0 H 6 C 1 G 7 M : B >; I
  3  Yg` l`w `bpdmy`` snys sg`‚s `jagt``l, cut J‚b lmt >> O >3 L >5 D >9 E >0 F >6 N
c`dj`vjla J iml‚t c`dj`v` jt.
  9  Iml‚t cuy n cmttd` m wjl` mr g`r. Ug` jsl‚t irjlojla 3N 
im`sl‚t irjlo ndemgmd. > a`t 3 wmro 5 rjso 9 i`nd wjtg
  0  J enl‚t sp`no Egjl`s`, cut by rj`li t`neg`s ‚s t`negjla
b`. 5N 
  7  G`y! Qgnt im ymu im nr` ymu imjla  wjtg tgnt olj`= > a`t 3 uli`r 5 gmdjinys 9 rjso 0 t`nb 6 i`nd

S@NIJLA
1
3 J‚b dmmojla mr n hmc nt tg` bmb`lt. J dmmo nt by `bnjds wg`l J 9E
a`t tm wmro.  hmc8 N bmultnjl r`seu` wmro`r C bmtmrcjo` emurj`r E hmeo`y
5 J iml‚t us` @ladjsg mr by hmc. J‚b lmt usjla tg` pgmtmempj`r nt emultry8 N Nustrjn C Crnzjd E Frnle`
tg` bmb`lt. p`mpd` jlt`rvj`w`i8
9 Im ymu wnteg tg` l`ws ml YV `v`ry iny= Nr` ymu wntegjla YV N  Bnrtjl Uegbjit, `b`ra`ley imetmr? Bnrjus Nid`r, pnrnb`ije?
rjagt lmw= Odnus Gnrtbnll, g`djempt`r pjdmt
0 J‚b lmt r`nijla nly ammi cmmos nt tg` bmb`lt. J iml‚t r`ni n C  Smc`rtm Em`dgm, bmtmrcjo` emurj`r? enr irjv`rs
l`wspnp`r `v`ry bmrljla. E  Vjle`lt Inx, hmeo`y
6 Nr` ymu gnvjla n ammi tjb` nt tgjs pnrty= Im ymu gnv` n wgy tg` hmc js inla`rmus8
embpnly enr= N  cni w`ntg`r emlijtjmls? p`mpd` mf`l pnlje, wgjeg bno`s tg`
1 J‚b s`ddjla by gmus`. J s`dd JY prmiuets tm embpnlj`s jl Nsjn. t`nb‚s hmc bmr` ijſteudt/inla`rmus
C  neeji`lts nli rmcc`rj`s
7N 
E  crmo`l cml`s nli meensjmlnd i`ntgs
3 Im ymu sp`no nly mtg`r dnlauna`s=
sp`ejnd b`bmrj`s/stmrj`s8
5 Qgy nr` ymu d`nrljla @ladjsg=
9 Nr` ymu stuiyjla mr nl `xnb lmw= N  Yg`y mle` r`seu`i n wmbnl nf`r n sojjla neeji`lt. G`r
0 Nr` ymu wmrojla ml n sp`ejnd prmh`et nt tg` bmb`lt= guscnli crmuagt tg`b n cmx m egmemdnt`s tm sny tgnlo ymu.
6 Im ymu gnv` ymur mwl mſte`= C  G` wns rmcc`i nli dmst `v`rytgjla.
1 Im ymu djo` ymur cmss= E  G` mle` `dd m﬋ gjs gmrs` nli wns olmeo`i ulemlsejmus.

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0N  9N 
l`v`r, gnridy `v`r, rnr`dy, meensjmlnddy/mle` jl n wgjd`, smb`tjb`s, 3 ncmut 5 S`nddy 9 smulis
mf`l, usunddy, ndwnys
E
C embb`lts8 Sjagt. Ygnt‚s ar`nt. Jt smulis wmli`rud.
Y`xt N  qu`stjmls8 S`nddy=
tg`y smb`tjb`s a`t nlary wjtg tg` p`mpd` tg`y r`seu`? Edjbc`rs
ndwnys rjso tg`jr djv`s? tg`y usunddy ffiy jl bueg wmrs` w`ntg`r
emlijtjmls? mf`l, tg` p`mpd` tg`y r`seu` nr` rjagt`l`i? meensjmlnddy,
tg`y a`t n surprjs`? Yg` p`mpd` tg`y r`seu` … gnridy `v`r sny tgnlo 3.9 IS@NB EMBBPY@SU
ymu
Y`xt C IVI [S@VJ@Q
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pr`ssur`? Mle` jl n wgjd`, tg`y try tm egnla` tg` trnſte dnws >  Hustjl wns ulgnppy ncmut gjs wmro/dj` cndnle`.
Y`xt E  3 G` i`eji`i tm cuy n prmp`rty jl Frnle` nli embbut` rmb tg`r`.
jt js smb`tjb`s `nsy tm mra`t? Dj` ns n hmeo`y js rnr`dy sn` nli jt
usunddy jlvmdv`s n `w crmo`l cml`s? Mle` jl n wgjd` hmeo`ys `v`l ij`? C
g` l`v`r wmrrj`s > trnlsmrb`i 3 ffijagts 5 embbut`rs 9 trnſte 0 embbut`
6 prmp`rty 1 `i up wjtg

 DNLAPNA@CNLO 3.3  p>5;―>5> IVI VJ@Q

N  3  Mle` jl n wgjd`, J am swjbbjla./J am swjbbjla mle` jl n wgjd`.
5  J l`v`r wnst` by bml`y. 5N
9  Lnhjb im`sl‚t mf`l pdny t`lljs.  Hustjl‚s dj` js c`tt`r lmw c`enus` g` nli gjs nbjdy nr` gnppj`r.
0 Nojom nli Ymsgj usunddy stny nt gmb` jl tg` `v`ljla.
C
6  Qgy nr` ymu ndwnys dnt`=
> Y 3 Y 5 F 9 F 0 Y
1  J rnr`dy wmro dnt` ml Frjinys.
7  Bnry gnridy `v`r i`nds wjtg eustmb`rs. 9
:  Meensjmlnddy, J wmro jl n t`nb./J meensjmlnddy wmro jl n t`nb./ > tg` trnſte 3 embbut`rs 5 bueg eg`np`r 9 t`rrne` 0 dj`styd`
J wmro jl n t`nb meensjmlnddy.
C  > Psunddy 3 `v`ry iny 5 smb`tjb`s 9 rnr`dy 0 ndwnys
6 Mle` jl n wgjd` 1 `v`ry y`nr 7 meensjmlnddy
sp`nomut  wmro/djf` cndnle`
6N  1
> J ndwnys wmro nt ljagt. ^u`stjml8 
3 Mle` jl n wgjd` J stuiy nt w``o`lis. Z`s, sg` gns n ammi wmro/dj` cndnle`.
5 J gnridy `v`r   stuiy ndml`. O`y pgrns`s8 
9 J wmro nt gmb` meensjmlnddy . Gmw bueg tjb` im ymu sp`li … (sd``pjla/r`dnxjla/embbutjla)=
0 Jt js smb`tjb`s ijſteudt tm stuiy nli wmro nt tg` snb` tjb`. Im ymu `v`r … (gnv` n gmdjiny)=
6 J iml‚t usunddy  bjss ednss`s c`enus` m wmro. Qgnt ncmut ymur … (smejnd dj`/w``o`lis)=

wrjt`cneo  n w`c embb`lt

3.5 J DJO@ QMSOJLA MPYUJI@
:N 
VMENCPDNSZ YZ[@U MF QMSO Uuaa`st`i nlsw`r8 
> Ygjs js lmt n str`ssud hmc c`enus` tg` wmro/dj` cndnle` js ammi.
>N 
G`/Ug` enl bnlna` tg`jr mwl tjb` tm sujt gjs/g`r l``is.
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
> tg` mmi jliustry
3 tg` nsgjml jliustry
5 netmr, sjla`r, pr`s`lt`r, enb`rnbnl, bno`-up nrtjst, r`s`nreg`r 3.0 DMMOCNEO
9 i`sjal`r, snd`s nssjstnlt, sgmp bnlna`r
[S@U@LY UJB[D@ NLI EMLYJLPMPU
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Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8  N tg` mmi jliustry C `iuentjml >
E tg` tmurjst jliustry I snd`s nli bnro`tjla  3 n) ‚b imjla c) im
5 n) pdny c) ‚s pdnyjla
FPLEYJML @W[S@UUJLA DJO@U/IJUDJO@U 9 n) wrjt` c) ‚s wrjtjla
0 n) ‚s wmrojla c) wmros
3N  6 n) bno`s c) ‚b bnojla
G`‚s n bnrjl` cjmdmajst. G` djo`s wmrojla mutsji`, trnv`ddjla, wmrojla 1 n) gns c) ‚s gnvjla
ndml` nli d`nrljla l`w tgjlas, c`jla gjs mwl cmss. 7 n) ‚r` a`ttjla c) a`t
: n) r`nis c) ‚b r`nijla
C
>; n) ‚b vjsjtjla c) vjsjt
> wmrojla 3 sjttjla 5 trnv`ddjla 9 wmrojla 0 a`ttjla
6 d`nrljla 1 wmrojla 7 wmrojla
NIV@SCU MF FS@^P@LEZ
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5N 
> + 3 ― ― 5 + + 9 ― 0 * 6 + 1 ― ― 7 ―
> i) 3 n) 5 ) 9 `) 0 c) 6 a) 1 e)

 DNLAPNA@CNLO 3.5  p>5;―>5>

N  > djst`ljla 3 iml‚t 5 ml 9 im`sl‚t 0 dmv`s 6 stnli

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>N  Ndj
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j  
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b
> > @ 3 M 5 D 9 C 0 I 6 E 1 L 7 F : B >; A Yjddy,
>> G >3 N >5 O >9 H >0 J Qgnt nr` ymu imjla nt tg`/tgjs w``o`li= Qmudi ymu djo` tm am
inlejla ml Unturiny ljagt=
Frnlo

 `
DJUY@LJLA J‚b smrry, cut J‚b cusy ml Unturiny `v`ljla. Im ymu wnlt tm am tm
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mut wjtgmut amjla mv`r tg`jr cuia`t. Ygnt‚s n ar`nt ji`n. J‚i dmv` tm. Qgnt im ymu wnlt tm s``=

 u
Frnlo
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> E`ltrnd [nro 3 Bus`ub 5 vj`ws 9 djv` 0 seudptur`/nrt

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6 Uqunr` 1 Jtndjnl 7 inle`/gjp-gmp 5.3 S@DNW!
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Yjb`s Uqunr` >N 
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY EMLYJLPMPU/ > U`` @x. >C c`dmw.
C@ AMJLA YM FMS FPYPS@ 3 emle`rt gndd8 djst`l tm djv` busje
9N  emultrysji`8 am mr wndos, am cjriwntegjla
>  tg` utur` spmrts ﬎`di8 wnteg mr pdny ndd ojlis m spmrts
3  y`s ljagteduc8 inle`
5  pr`s`lt emltjlumus8 c) nli i)? c` amjla tm8 n) nli e) str``t bnro`t8 am sgmppjla
sgmppjla bndd8 am sgmppjla
lntur` trnjd8 am gjojla
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 5.>  p>53―>55 wnt`rfrmlt8  am mr wndos, am tm r`stnurnlts/cnrs, dmmo nt cmnts
N  > E 3 C 5 I 9 N C
C  (Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs) Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
  N  J‚b gnvjla n b``tjla wjtg by cmss l`xt w``o. jlimmrs8  emle`rt gndd, ljagteduc, sgmppjla bndd? mtg`r pdne`s8
  C  J‚b stnyjla nt gmb` tm wnteg YV wjtg by wj` tgjs `v`ljla. ejl`bn, bus`ub, nrt andd`ry
E  Hmgl‚s pdnyjla mmtcndd mr gjs segmmd t`nb ml Unturiny. mutimmrs8  emultrysji`, spmrts ﬎`di, str``t bnro`t, lntur` trnjd,
  I  J‚b amjla tm tg` ejl`bn wjtg Hnl` l`xt w``o`li. wnt`rrmlt? mtg`r pdne`s8 pnro, tg` str``t
E  >  nr`, imjla 3N 
3  ‚b amjla tm emultrysji`, spmrts ﬎`di, ljagteduc, str``t bnro`t, sgmppjla bndd,
5  ‚r` amjla tm c` lntur` trnjd, wnt`rrmlt
9  nr`, amjla tm tno`/nr`, tnojla
Yg` ﬎rst wmri js usunddy str`ss`i jl embpmuli lmuls.
0  ‚r` amjla tm crjla/‚r` crjlajla
6 ‚ r` lmt amjla tm crjla/‚r` lmt crjlajla S@NIJLA
1  js, amjla tm gnv`
7  ‚s amjla tm pdny 5C
:  nr`, amjla tm a`t/nr`, a`ttjla > p`mpd` rmb Enlnin 3 mmtcndd 5 L`w X`ndnli`rs 9 Upnjl
>;  ‚r` amjla tm irjv`/‚r` irjvjla 0 tg` PO 6 Ygnjdnli 1 Jt‚s jbpmssjcd` tm sny.
7 p`mpd` rmb Ar``e` nli @stmljn
0N 
>  Q`‚r` amjla tm tg` ejl`bn ml Frjiny.
ASNBBNS ^P@UYJMLU QJYGMPY NPWJDJNSJ@U
3 Nr` ymu amjla tm stny nt gmb` tgjs `v`ljla= 9
5 Ug` jsl‚t wmrojla tgjs w``o`li. > n) 3 c) 5 mch`et qu`stjmls
9 Qgnt tjb` nr` w` b``tjla tmbmrrmw=
0 J‚b amjla tm wnteg n/tg` mmtcndd bnteg dnt`r.  DNLAPNA@CNLO 5.3  p>53―>55
6 Yg`y‚r` amjla mut mr n pjzzn ml Unturiny.
N  3  Qgm im`s r`ni r`nis tg` bmst jl ymur nbjdy=
QSJYJLA JLVJYNYJMLU 5  Qgm c` js / wns ymur nvmurjt` wrjt`r=
0  Qgnt iji c` wns ymur nvmurjt` cmmo wg`l ymu w`r` n egjdi=
1N  6  Qgm iji wrjt` wrmt` jt=
> Gj Umljn ― J‚b amjla tm c` jl … 1  Gmw mf`l im ymu r`ni ml tg` jlt`rl`t=
3 Ar`nt tm g`nr rmb ymu. J‚b smrry, cut … C >  Qgnt emdmur wns Yg` C`ntd`s‚ sucbnrjl`= (y`ddmw)
5 Q`‚r` amjla mut mr n b`nd. Im ymu …   3  Qgm wrmt` Utnjrwny tm G`nv`l = (Hjbby [na` rmb D`i
9 J‚i dmv` tm. Umulis ar`nt! … X`pp`djl)
5  Qgms` gmb` wns Arne`dnli= (@dvjs [r`sd`y‚s)
C   9  Qgjeg emultry iji Ij`am Sjv`rn emb` rmb= (B`xjem)
jlvjtjla8 Qmudi ymu djo` tm emb`= Im ymu wnlt tm b``t us mr   0  Qgm pnjlt`i tg` Bmln Djsn= (D`mlnrim in Vjlej)
ijll`r=   6  Qgjeg pnjlt`r jlv`lt`i Eucjsb= ([ncdm [jenssm/A`mra`s
r`spmls`s8  J‚b smrry, cut J‚b cusy. J‚i dmv` tm. Crnqu`)

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9 Gmw mf`l im ymu am tm nrt andd`rj`s nli/mr bus`ubs= 5 Yg` dmends t`dd gjb tm am tm tg` sup`rbnro`t  Nbnzml tm ﬎li `xmtje
0 Qg`l wns tg` dnst tjb` ymu w`lt tm tg` ejl`bn= rujt.
6 Gmw mf`l im ymu am tm pnrtj`s= 9 Yg` ensg`w lut tnst`s djo` n bjxtur` m strnwc`rrj`s nli d`bmls
1 Gmw bueg YV im ymu wnteg= egmemdnt`.
7 Gmw mf`l im ymu wnteg mr pdny spmrts= 0 Yg` b`l djo` tm pdny r`semcndd jl tg` pnro ml tg` c`neg.
6 Yg`y pdny busje wjtg n dmend cnli ml tg` str``t jl n puc / cnr  / educ.

5.5 ENL J YNO@ N B@UUNA@= sp`nomut  n iny jl ymur ejty

Qnrb up 6N 
3 c) 5 i) 9 `) 0 ) 6 n)
bno` n pgml` endd, nlsw`r tg` pgml`, endd n wrmla lubc`r, swjteg ml
tg` nlsw`rjla bnegjl`, d`nv` n b`ssna`, put imwl tg` pgml`/put C
tg` pgml` imwl > Q`‚r` amjla tm …
3 Jt‚s amjla tm c` …
FPLEYJML BNOJLA N [GML@ ENDD 5 Q`‚r` stnrtjla tg` iny …
9 Jl tg` nf`rlmml, w`‚r` pdnlljla tm …
5N  0 Jl tg` `v`ljla, w`‚r` …
Endd`r > wnlts tm cmmo n tncd`. 6 Nf`rwnris, mr duleg, w`‚r` …
Endd`r 3 wnlts tm egnla` tg` int` m tjeo`ts cmmo`i mr n sgmw.
Endd`r 5 js jlvjtjla n rj`li mr ijll`r.
Endd`r 9 wnlts tm enle`d ijll`r. 5.0 DMMOCNEO
C YJB@ MPY
> mur, : m‚edmeo 3 Ojla, >9 Hul` 5 7.5;, Unturiny 9 ijll`r
>
9 > sjagts``jla 3 nl nrt andd`ry 5 n slneo 9 n puc 0 n educ
> jt‚s 3 Enl 5 d`nv` 9 g`r` 0 tno` 6 cneo 1 mr
[S@U@LY EMLYJLPMPU/
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C@ AMJLA YM FMS FPYPS@
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7 cneo 3N 
> Qgnt nr` ymu imjla tmljagt=
3 Nr` ymu imjla nlytgjla sp`ejnd tgjs w``o`li=
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 5.5  p>53―>55 5 Qgm js emmojla ymur ijll`r tgjs `v`ljla=
N8  Invji sp`nojla. 9 Qg`l nr` ymu amjla ml gmdjiny=
C8  G`ddm, jt‚s Bnro Hmglsml. 0 Qgjeg ejty nr` ymu l`xt amjla tm vjsjt/nr` ymu amjla tm vjsjt l`xt=
N8  Gmw enl J g`dp ymu, Br Hmglsml= 6 Qgnt nr` ymu amjla tm im nf`r tg` d`ssml=
C8  J‚i djo` tm sp`no tm Unrn Ymrr`s, pd`ns`.
N8 J‚b nrnji sg`‚s lmt g`r` nt tg` bmb`lt. ^P@UYJMLU QJYGMPY NPWJDJNSJ@U
C8  Enl J d`nv` n b`ssna`=
N8  Z`s, m emurs`. 9N 
C8  Enl ymu nso g`r tm endd b` cneo= 3 Qgm wns nl netmr c`mr` g` c`enb` PU [r`sji`lt=
N8  Lm prmcd`b. 5 Qgjeg >:10 ^u``l ndcub jledui`s tg` smla Cmg`bjnl Sgnpsmiy =
C8 By lubc`r js ;316 160506. 9 Qgm wns n murtg ar`nt S`lnjssnle` pnjlt`r, c`sji`s D`mlnrim,
N8  Enl ymu r`p`nt tgnt, pd`ns`= Bjeg`dnla`dm nli Yjtjnl=
C8  ;316 160506. 0 Qgjeg ‗Hmgl‚ wml nl Msenr mr gjs smla  Enl ymu f``d tg` dmv` tmljagt
N8  MO. Ygnlos mr enddjla. rmb Yg` Djml Ojla =
C8  Cy`. 6 Qgjeg Cmc Bnrd`y smla jledui`s tg` wmris D`t‚s a`t tma`tg`r nli
 f``d ndrjagt=
1 Qgjeg wnt`ry Jtndjnl ejty gns nl jlt`rlntjmlnd nrt `xgjcjtjml `v`ry
D@NSL YM BNLNA@ [GML@ [SMCD@BU twm y`nrs=
7 Qgjeg b`bc`r m tg` Ijml nbjdy smdi 3;; bjddjml r`emris c`mr`
6N  3;;1=
c) 5 e) 0 i) > `) 9 : Qgms` gjt smlas jledui` J‚b djo` n cjri , [rmbjseumus nli Bnl`nt`r =
1C E
> Umrry, enl ymu sdmw imwl, pd`ns`= 3 S`nanl 5 N Ljagt nt tg` Mp`rn 9 Snpgn`d 0 @dtml
3 Umrry, enl ymu sp`no up, pd`ns`= 6 Ml` Dmv` 1 V`lje` 7 Eêdjl` : L`ddy Furtnim
5 Enl ymu r`p`nt tgnt, pd`ns`=
9 Enl J hust eg`eo= BNOJLA N [GML@ ENDD
0N 
> jt‚s 3 enl 5 djo` 9 g`r` 0 cneo

C
> tgjs 3 cusy 5 d`nv` 9 b`ssna` 0 endd

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 7

3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@  NLUQ@S O@Z

 9.> GJII@L YND@LY  9.3 UEGMMDU MF YGMPAGY

VMENCPDNSZ
>N 
(tmp tm cmttmb, d`f tm rjagt)
BNO@ NLI IM VMENCPDNSZ @IPENYJML
3N 
> stuiy 3 pdny 5 bno` 9 im/tno` 0 ajv` 6 w`nr
 9
  a
im n prmh`et wjtg n cja t`nb, im w`dd/cnidy jl nl `xnb, bno`
n pgml` endd, im cusjl`ss jl nlmtg`r dnlauna`, bno` n sp``eg, S@NIJLA

r 
bno` n b`nd
5C

 `
n) 5 c) > e) 3
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY + @V@S/ L@V@S

 n
3N  ASNBBNS ENL , GNV@ YM , BPUY  
tg` pr`s`lt p`r`et nli pnst sjbpd` (nli ml` `xnbpd` m tg`

 t 
pr`s`lt sjbpd`) 9
lmt pmssjcd`/lmt nddmw`i8 enl‚t, bustl‚t?
C l`e`ssnry8 gnv` tm, bust?

b
> ^u`stjmls8 Gnv` ymu `v`r bni` n sp``eg jl pucdje= Gnv` ymu lmt l`e`ssnry8 iml‚t gnv` tm
`v`r bni` rj`lis wjtg smb`ml` rmb nlmtg`r emultry=
Fmrb8 gnv` ymu (`v`r ) + pnst pnrtjejpd`
3 U`lt`le`s8 G` b`t n wmbnl rmb Egjd` jl 3;>9. Jl net, tg`y  DNLAPNA@CNLO 9.3  p>59―>50
amt bnrrj`i n w``o nam!
V`rc t`ls`8 pnst sjbpd`
5 Lm, l`v`r. Z`s, J gnv`. Lm, J gnv`l‚t.
N  > gnv` tm 3 enl 5 enl‚t 9 gnv` tm 0 enl 6 bustl‚t
1 enl‚t 7 iml‚t gnv` tm
C > enl 3 iml‚t gnv` tm 5 bust/gnv` tm 9 enl j  
l
 i 
0 im`sl‚t gnv` tm 6 enl‚t/bustl‚t 1 gns tm/bust
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 9.>  p>59―>50 7 enl‚t/bustl‚t

N  > 
3 
5 
9 
Gnv` ymu `v`r snw s``l tg` ﬎db Yjtnlje=
Ywm inys nam sg`‚s c``l w`lt tm n bus`ub.
Plmrtulnt`dy, w` gnv` `v`r l`v`r  wml tg` dmtt`ry.
Gns sg` `v`r  vjsjt`i ymu=
0C
  > iml‚t gnv` tm
  3 iml‚t gnv` tm
 s
0 J gnv`l‚t b``t b`t ymur crmtg`r.   5 enl
6 Jl 3;>>, tg`y‚v` trnv`dd`i tm A`l`vn.   9 gnv` tm/bust
1 Gnv` ymu s``l Iji ymu s`` tgnt YV prmarnbb` dnst   0 enl
Q`il`siny=   6 gnv` tm/bust
7  G` gns l`v`r  pdny`i n busjend jlstrub`lt.   1 bustl‚t/enl‚t
  7 bustl‚t/enl‚t
C > Gnv` ymu `v`r iml` 3 ‚s wmro`i 5 vjsjt`i
  : enl‚t
9 Gns g` bni` 0 gnv`l‚t g`nri 6 nt`
>; enl
6
5N  Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
> wns 3 Gnv` ymu `v`r wrjtt`l 5 ‚v` l`v`r `nt`l 9 ﬎ljsg`i
Ujbjdnrjtj`s8 Utui`lts gnv` tm stuiy.  Yg`y enl tno` `xnbs/a`t
0 Gnv` ymu `v`r c``l 6 ﬎ljsg`i
qundj﬎entjmls.
9N Ij﬋`r`le`s8 Gmb`-segmmdjla8 Utui`lts enl stuiy wg`l tg`y
o``p ― o`pt, bno` ― bni`, irjv` ― irjv`l, im ― iml`, ffiy ― ffimwl, wnlt tm. Nt lmrbnd segmmd tg`y gnv` tm stuiy wg`l tg` segmmd
emb` ― emb`, ermss ― ermss`i, ajv` ― ajv`l, swjb ― swub, sd``p ― i`eji`s tg`y sgmudi.  Nt gmb` tg`y iml‚t gnv` tm w`nr n uljmrb.
sd`pt, dms` ― dmst, wjl ― wml, pny ― pnji, armw ― armwl Nt segmmd tg`y gnv` tm w`nr n uljmrb.  Nt gmb` tg`y enl us` tg`jr
bmcjd` pgml`s. Nt segmmd tg`y enl‚t us` tg`jr bmcjd` pgml`s.  Nt
C segmmd tg`y gnv` n vnrj`ty m t`neg`rs. Nt gmb` tg`y prmcncdy
o`pt, sd`pt /`/? bni`, pnji /`ɨ/? irjv`l, ajv`l /ɨ/? iml`, wml /ʄ/? mldy gnv` ml` t`neg`r (n pnr`lt).
ffimwl, armwl /ɚʈ/? emb`, swub /ʄ/? ermss`i, dmst /ɓ/

DJUY@LJLA  9.5 QGNY UGMPDI J IM=

0N 
> emmojla VMENCPDNSZ DNLAPNA@ D@NSLJLA
3 Jl gjs tw`ltj`s? g` stnrt`i tm bno` b`nds mr gjs rj`lis.
3N 
5 G` stnrt`i s`ddjla mmi tm gjs emdd`nau`s nli tg`l mp`l`i n
> c) 3 n) 5 `) 9 a) 0 e) 6 ) 1 i)
enê jl tg` mſte`.
C FPLEYJML AJVJLA NIVJE@
> `lhmy`i 3 bno` 5 s`dd 9 im 0 Gnv` 6 bni`
0N 
> tgjlo 3 Fjli n cusjl`ss w`csjt`/Qrjt` tg`b jl n lmt`cmmo
QSJYJLA EMSS@EYJLA BJUYNO@U 5 dmmo tg`b up 9 wmrry 0 iml‚t, us` 6 ji`n
1N 
By tnd`lt js tgnt J enl sjla r`nddy w`dd. J‚v` ndwnys djo` djo`i (ar) C
busje_.R (p) J sjla ndd ojlis m smlas, jleduijla rmeo, pmp nli >, 5, 0 nli 9, 6 gnv` tg` snb` b`nljla.
ednssjend busje_.R (p) J ﬎rst ijsemv`r`i tgjs ncjddjty ncjdjty  (sp) wg`l
E
J wns ymula. J mf`l djst`l`i tm busje nli snla nt tg` snb` tjb`.
Yg` d`tt`r d js sjd`lt jl sgmudi.
J‚v` imjla iml` (ar) jt bnly tjb`s nt pnrtj`s, jl rmlt m by r`jlis
 frj`lis (sp), nli jl onrnmo` cnrs. Yg`r` js lm bnaje s`er`t_.R (p) J
 hust djst`l enr`udy enr`fuddy  (sp) nli nb prnetjsjla prnetjs` (ar) ml
by mwl.

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 :

3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@  NLUQ@S O@Z  9
6N  sp`nomut  jlv`ltjmls
Utui`lts nr` tmm sgy tm sp`no jl rmlt m tg` ednss. Yg`y wmrry ncmut
bnojla bjstno`s. Yg`y gnv` prmcd`bs djst`ljla tm @ladjsg. Lntjv` 6C
sp`no`rs sp`no r`nddy nst nli jt‚s ijſteudt mr stui`lts tm uli`rstnli > b`ijejl`s (nspjrjl, nltjcjmtjes), tg` enr 3 tg` jlt`rl`t 5 tg` enr
tg`b.
E
C Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Jl by mpjljml … , Ygnt‚s rjagt nli
> bnojla bjstno`s 3 pr`pnr` 5 armups 9 djst`ljla (tm @ladjsg) J nar``.
0 gnlis 6 suctjtd`s
wrjt`cneo  n fmrub pmst
D@NSL YM S@U[MLI YM NIVJE@
1N  7N 
> Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n. 3 Z`s, ymu‚r` rjagt. Yg` surv`y js ncmut tg` tmp t`l jlv`ltjmls jl gjstmry. Yg` embb`lt`r
5 J‚b lmt sur` tgnt‚s n ammi ji`n. 9 J suppms` sm. tgjlos tg` djst jledui`s jbpmrtnlt jlv`ltjmls, cut ndsm smb` strnla`
egmje`s (`.a. dnlauna` nli `d`etrjejty nr`l‚t jlv`ltjmls). G`‚s surprjs`i
C tg` tmjd`t nli prjltjla pr`ss nr`l‚t ml tg` djst. G`‚s nbnz`i tg`
> ✕  3 =  5 ✕  9 ✑ j[gml` js ml tg` djst.

 DNLAPNA@CNLO 9.5  p>59―>50

N  n) Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n.  9.0 DMMOCNEO
c) J tgjlo w` sgmudi am mut nf`r tg` d`ssml.
e) J‚b lmt sur` c`enus` J gnv`l‚t amt bueg bml`y. BNO@ NLI IM 
i) Qgy iml‚t w` am mut mr n b`nd=
>N 
`) MO, d`t‚s am tm Cutd`r‚s enê mr n em﬋``.
3 bno`s 5 im`s 9 bno`s 0 im`s 6 bno`s
C  c), n), i), e), `)

[NUY UJB[D@ MS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY +

7N  @V@S/ L@V@S 
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
N Yg` bnl `nts tmm bueg. 3N 
C G` wnteg`s tmm bueg YV. >  Gnv` ymu `v`r swub
E Ug`‚s v`ry ﬎t nli enl rul n dmt, cut g` jsl‚t ﬎t nli a`ts tjr`i `nsjdy. 3  Iji ymu am
I Yg`y l``i tm mranljs` tg`jr sgmppjla c`tt`r. 5  J‚v` l`v`r vjsjt`i
9  J ijil‚t am mut
C 0  J‚v` djv`i
>  ymu sgmudi wmro, n ammi 6  J nt`
3  sgmudil‚t sp`li, Zmu‚r`
5  Qgy iml‚t, ‚b lmt sur` tgnt‚s @IPENYJML
9  jt‚s n ammi, suppms` sm
5N 
> `) 3 e) 5 a) 9 i) 0 c) 6 n) 1 )
 9.9 JLV@LYJMLU ENL , GNV@ YM , BPUY
IVI [S@VJ@Q 9N 
> bust 3 enl‚t 5 enl‚t 9 iml‚t gnv` tm 0 gnv` tm
3
Inddns Enbpc`dd am`s tm tg` PUN tm try mut n r`pdjen m tg` Qrjagt
crmtg`rs‚ adji`r nli s`` j g` enl ffiy jt. DNLAPNA@ D@NSLJLA
5C 0N 
> c) 3 i) 5 `) 9 n) 0 e) > r`-r`ni 3 mldjl` 5 suctjtd`s 9 egntrmmb 0 b`bmrjs`

IVI VJ@Q AJVJLA NIVJE@

9N  6N
>  Yg` Qrjagt crmtg`rs‚ ﬎rst ffijagt wns jl >:;5. Jt wns ml n snli iul`. ajvjla nivje`8 (J tgjlo) ymu sgmudi … , Zmu sgmudil‚t … , Qgy iml‚t
Yg`y ffi`w >3; ``t (56 b`tr`s). Ygjs egnla`i `v`rytgjla (‗trjaa`r`i w`/ymu … =, J (iml‚t) tgjlo jt‚s n ammi ji`n tm … , Fjli/Yry/Am …
n e`ltury m jllmvntjml‚). Yg`y d`nrl`i tm rji` tg` wjli jl n sjbpd` r`spmlijla tm nivje`8 Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n., J suppms` sm., Zmu‚r` rjagt.,
wny. J‚b lmt sur` tgnt‚s n ammi ji`n.
3  y`s
C
> >:;5 3 >3; ``t 5 n adji`r 9 pdnl`t

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3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@  NLUQ@S O@Z

0.> FNLYNUYJE FJDB YSJ[U

0
1C
3 J wns wnjtjla mr n cus wg`l J b`t by cmss.
VMENCPDNSZ YSNLU[MSY 5 J wns wntegjla YV wg`l J r`emaljs`i by c`st rj`li!
9 J wns wndojla gmb` wg`l J muli $0,;;; jl n cna.
0 Q` w`r` trnv`ddjla cy pdnl` wg`l n bnl wjtg n aul stmmi up.
 [GMYMCNLO   p>00 6 Q` w`r` rjijla mur cjeyed`s wg`l n emw wndo`i nermss tg` rmni.

 t 
> > F 3 B 5 O 9 D 0 L 6 A 1 G 7 C : @ >; H 1 Q` w`r` `ntjla jl n r`stnurnlt wg`l w` snw n bmus`.
>> J >3 I >5 E >9 N 7 J wns stuiyjla jl by rmmb wg`l J g`nri dmui busje l`xt immr.

S@NIJLA
3 0.3 YSNV@D YJ[U r 
 n
v
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
> N rnf C cus, wndojla, enr (p`mpd` anv` gjb rji`s)
VMENCPDNSZ YSNV@D JY@BU

 `
E lml` (wndojla) 3N 
3 N nermss nl me`nl C jltm tg` wjdi E nermss n i`s`rt Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
9
> Oml-Yjoj8 Ygmr G`y`ringd nli ﬎v` snjdmrs/`xpdmr`rs?
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 n ymula bnl endd`i Egrjs BeEnlid`ss?
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 tgr`` Ncmrjajl` ajrds (Bmddy, Injsy, Arnej`)
> sujtens`, ijajtnd enb`rn, sulgnt, smuv`ljrs
3 lmt`cmmo, wnt`rprmm edmtg`s, wndojla cmmts, rueosneo, bml`y
c`dt
5 sujtens`, lmt`cmmo, ijajtnd enb`rn, bnp, cjlmeudnrs, ubcr`ddn
 d  
3 Oml-Yjoj8 tm prmv` jt wns pmssjcd` tm trnv`d rmb Umutg Nb`rjen
tm [mdyl`sjn usjla mldy cnsje tmmds? C
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 tm `xp`rj`le` dj` ndml` jl tg` wjdi`rl`ss? sujtens`, lmt`cmmo, ijajtnd enb`rn, smuv`ljrs, wnt`rprmm edmtg`s,
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 tm a`t gmb` ijetjmlnry, wndojla cmmts, sul gnt, cneopneo, bml`y c`dt,
5 Oml-Yjoj8 nermss tg` [nej﬎e Me`nl? cjlmeudnrs, bnp, ubcr`ddn
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 tg` Ndnsonl wjdi`rl`ss?
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 >,3;; bjd`s nermss tg` Nustrndjnl i`s`rt
 [GMYMCNLO   p>00
 YJ[ > > L 3 M 5 G 9 O 0 E 6 [ 1 D 7 J : C >; H
>> ^ >3 I >5 N >9 A >0 S >6 B >1 F >7 @
0
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
3 C`enus` tg`y nr` tru` stmrj`s wjtg nl jbpmrtnlt b`ssna` tm DJUY@LJLA
pnss ml/e`d`crnt`.  5N 
5 r`nd-djf` hmurl`ys8 Uemtt mf tg` Nltnretje (>:97) nli Ymuegjla >  ijetjmlnry
tg` Vmji (3;;5)? ﬎etjmlnd hmurl`ys8 Hmurl`y tm tg` E`ltr` mf tg` 3  wndojla cmmts
@nrtg (>:0:),  @nsy Sji`r (>:6:), N [nssna` tm Jlijn (>:79), E`ltrnd 5  ijajtnd enb`rn, cjlmeudnrs
Utntjml (>::7), Nrmuli tg` Qmrdi jl 7; Inys (3;;9) 9  sul gnt, wnt`rprmm edmtg`s
0  sujtens`, smuv`ljrs, cneopneo
ASNBBNS [NUY UJB[D@ NLI [NUY EMLYJLPMPU 6  bml`y c`dt
6N  1  lmt`cmmo
> pnst emltjlumus8 w`r` snjdjla, wns djvjla, wns rnjljla
C
pnst sjbpd`8 ernsg`i, wrmt`, i`eji`i
>  n `w wmris m tg` dnlauna`
3 n) snjd c) djv` e) rnjl
3  wndojla
5 n) snjd c) djv` e) rnjl
5  pgmtms
9 cneoarmuli jlfmrbntjml8 n) w`r` snjdjla c) wns djvjla
9  n wnrb pdne`
e) wns rnjljla
0  wjdi
bnjl `v`lts8 n) ernsg`i c) wrmt` e) i`eji`i
6  bml`y
C 1  r`b`bc`r
> pnst emltjlumus 3 pnst sjbpd`
E ASNBBNS V@SC [NYY@SLU
Oml-Yjoj8 Qgjd` mtg`rs w`r` ijseussjla tg` tg`mry, G`y`ringd 9N 
i`eji`i tm t`st jt. 9  s``b tm tno`
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 Qgjd` g` wns trnv`ddjla, g` b`t s`v`rnd p`mpd` … 0  egmms` tm am
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 … wgjd` tg`y w`r` wndojla, tg`y snw tg` 6  `lhmy trnv`ddjla
‗rnccjt-prmm `le`‚ … 1  i`eji` tm am
7  tm nvmji enrryjla
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 0.>  p>56―>51 :  l``i tm wrjt`

N  > wns djvjla 3 i`eji`i 5 cmuagt 9 c`anl C

0 wns trnv`ddjla 6 g`dp`i 1 wns irjvjla 7 w`r` ﬎xjla v`rc + -jla 8 `lhmy, nvmji
: stny`i >; iji, `li v`rc + jl﬎ljtjv` wjtg tm8 wnlt, s``b, egmms`, i`eji`, l``i
C >  G` wns pdnyjla t`lljs wg`l g` gurt gjs d`a.
3  Unrng ijil‚t djo` tg` hmc c`enus` jt wns cmrjla. E
5  Qgjd` tg`y w`r` trnv`ddjla tg`y b`t dmts m mtg`r tmurjsts. v`rc + -jla 8 ﬎ljsg, jbnajl`, gnt`, dmv`
9  Gmw iji ymu olmw by lnb`= v`rc + jl﬎ljtjv` wjtg tm8 gmp`, gnt`, wmudi djo`, dmv`
0  Qgm w`r` ymu inlejla wjtg jl tgnt ljagteduc wg`l J snw v`rcs wgjeg enl am jl cmtg emdubls8 gnt`, dmv`
ymu=
  6  J wns swjbbjla jl tg` s`n wg`l J snw tg` sgnro.
1 Iji J pnss by `xnb=
7  Yg` tgj` crmo` jl wgjd` Hneo wns gnvjla cr`nonst.

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 >>

3LI
@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@  NLUQ@S O@Z 0
D@NSL YM UGMQ/EG@EO PLI@SUYNLIJLA
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 0.3  p>56―>51
6N 
N  > tm vjsjt 3 djvjla 5 irjlojla 9 tm pdny 0 tm gnv` @xtrnet 3
6 swjbbjla 1 tm ﬎ljsg 7 r`nijla @xeus` b`, enl ymu g`dp b`= (N)
C Qmudi ymu djo` imjla tm im smb`tgjla bmr` `xejtjla= Js tgjs tg` rjagt wny= (N)
  Bni Ima Ymurs js p`r`et mr p`mpd` wgm gnt` sp`li sp`lijla   o``p amjla (@)
tjb` nsd``p ml n c`neg. J ymu `lhmy tm trnv`d trnv`ddjla  tm MO. (P)
strnla` pdne`s, j ymu iml‚t bjli tm stny stnyjla  jl eg`np gmt`ds ymu‚dd s`` (@)
nli wnlt olmwjla tm olmw  gmw tg` dmend p`mpd` r`nddy djv`, w` Zmu enl‚t bjss jt. (@)
prmbjs` g`dpjla tm g`dp ymu. Eg`np gmdjinys nr` mur sp`ejndjty. Enl ymu sgmw b` ml tg` bnp= (N)
J ymu egmms` cmmojla tm cmmo ymur gmdjiny wjtg Bni Ima Ymurs,
@xtrnet 5
ymu enl `xp`et djvjla tm djv` ymur ir`nbs! Js jt nr= (N)
Um J l``i tm (P)
0
3 jbnajl` 5 l``is 9 djo` 0 wnlt 6 `lhmy 1 `xp`et 7 nvmji C
>  Js tgjs tg` rjagt wny=
QSJYJLA PUJLA U@^P@LE@SU 3  O``p amjla.
5  Zmu enl‚t bjss jt.
7N 
ammi tgjlas8 snw dmts m jlt`r`stjla sjagts jl Qnrsnw, gni n c`nutjud E
iny jl Ornoõw, dmv`i ŎõiŸ, b`t dmts m rj`lidy [md`s Qmris l`nr tg` `li m tg` qu`stjml nr` snji dmui`r nli wjtg n gjag`r
cni tgjlas8 rnjl jl Ornoõw vmje`. (Yg`y enrry tg` jlmrbntjml tg` sp`no`r js nsojla mr.)

C
Yg`l, nf`r n wgjd`, Nf`r tgnt, Fjlnddy
0.9 FPDD EJSED@
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0.5 ZMP ENL‚Y BJUU JY >C
VMENCPDNSZ YMPSJUB > Bjegn`d [ndjl js nl netmr nli trnv`d wrjt`r.
3 tg` s`v`lt``l emultrj`s ml tg` [nej﬎e emnst
> 5 cy trnjl
cmnt trjp, tmurjsts, sjagts``jla, lnturnd wmli`r
IVI VJ@Q
3C
Yg` bnl js n tmur auji`. G` djv`s jl Crnzjd, tno`s tmurjsts tm tg` Jaunáu   3
Fndds ml cmtg tg` Crnzjdjnl nli Nra`ltjljnl sji`s nli tg`l tno`s tg`b tg` njr js tgjl nli jt‚s ijſteudt tm cr`ntg`? tg` trnjl stmps n dmt c`enus`
sgmppjla jl [nrnauny. m nljbnds/enrs ml tg` trneo? tg` trnjl js v`ry sdmw

FPLEYJML NUOJLA FMS/AJVJLA IJS@EYJMLU 5C

3 e) 5 i) 9 c) 0 `) 6 ) 1 a)
5N 
> Nra`ltjln (cmttmb) 3 Crnzjd (bjiid`) 5 [nrnauny (tmp) sp`nomut  nl nwnri
9
C  am pnst tg` turljla 0N 
E  am ndmla tg` bnjl rmni > ₤0,;;; mr tg` c`st ji`n mr nl mrjajlnd nli jlspjrjla hmurl`y
I  tno` tg` ﬎rst rjagt nlywg`r` jl tg` wmrdi
@  o``p amjla ultjd ymu r`neg (tg` cmri`r) 3 r`e`jv` trnjljla jl ﬎db-bnojla nli r`emri tg`jr `xp`rj`le`s mr n
F  nt tg` emrl`r utur` prmarnbb`
A  am tgrmuag tg` (e`ltr` m tmwl) C
G  ermss tg` crjia` > @nst`r Jsdnli
J  am strnjagt ml 3 Ug` wnlts tm `xp`rj`le` tg` dmend eudtur`, tg`jr busje, mmi nli
 H  jl rmlt m ymu wny m dj`, nli ﬎li mut ncmut tg`jr trnijtjmls nli wgnt tg`y tgjlo
0N  m tg`jr gjstmry.
> F 3 Y 5 Y E
Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Umb` mf tg` prmcd`bs w`‚r` amjla
C
tm fne` jledui` … nli Jt sgmudi c` nl jlspjrjla trjp .
>  (ncmut) t`l, busje
3  d`f, (ncmut) ﬎f``l, sjal
5  d`f, r`stnurnlt, d`f wrjt`cneo  nl nppdjentjml
1N 
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 0.5  p>56―>51 > e) 3 n) 5 c)
N  > g) 3 `) 5 i) 9 a) 0 n) 6 h) 1 j) 7 c) : e) >; )
C > ndmla 3 r`neg 5 am 9 jl 0 ermss 6 tno` 1 tgrmuag
7 emrl`r

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 >3

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@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@  NLUQ@S O@Z 0
0.0 DMMOCNEO V@SC [NYY@SLU
0N 
[NUY UJB[D@ NLI [NUY EMLYJLPMPU > tm am 3 tm vjsjt 5 tm gnv` 9 tm trnv`d 0 trnv`ddjla 6 ffiyjla
1 amjla 7 tm gnv`
3N 
3  w`r` ermssjla, i`strmy`i
5  rnl, wns rnjljla NUOJLA FMS/AJVJLA IJS@EYJMLU
9  wns wnli`rjla, b`t 6N 
0  w`r` snjdjla, snw > N8 Js tgjs tg` rjagt wny= C8 Jt‚s jl ml tg` rjagt.
6  wns djvjla, r`ndjs`i 3 N8 Js jt nr= C8 Zmu enl‚t bjss jt.
C 5  C8 O``p amjla dmla ndmla  tg` bnjl rmni. Yg`l ymu‚dd s`` n sjal nli
> Snccjt-[rmm F`le` 3 Oml-Yjoj 5 Snccjt-[rmm F`le` jt‚s jl rmlt tm mf  ymu.
9 Jltm tg` Qjdi 0 Oml-Yjoj 6 Jltm tg` Qjdi

YSNV@D JY@BU
9N 
3 cneopneo 5 wnt`rprmm edmtg`s 9 wndojla cmmts 0 sul gnt
6 smuv`ljrs 1 cjlmeudnrs 7 lmt`cmmo : ijajtnd enb`rn
>; bml`y c`dt

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 >5

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Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8  hulo mmi (―), `x`rejs` ednss`s (+),
1N 
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
gmccj`s/spmrt8 Im ymu im (Y‚nj Egj)= Gmw dmla gnv` ymu iml` jt=
pmss`ssjmls8 Im ymu gnv` (n wnteg)= Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni jt=
6
﬎ 
﬎zzy irjlos (―), r`sg rujt/v`a`tncd`s (+), str`ss/wmrryjla (―), wmro/stuiy/segmmd8 Im ymu (wmro jl nl mſte`)= Gmw dmla gnv`
ndemgmd (―), vjtnbjls (+), rulljla (+), en﬋`jl` (―), r`dnxjla (+) ymu (wmro`i tg`r`)=

 t 
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fmmi/irjlo8  hulo mmi, ﬎zzy irjlos, r`sg rujt/v`a`tncd`s, ndemgmd,
6.3 YG@ FPYPS@ MF FMMI
l
vjtnbjls, en﬋`jl` (niijtjmlnd8 mjdy ﬎sg, `aas, huje`)
`x`rejs`8 `x`rejs` ednss`s, rulljla (niijtjmlnd8 pdnyjla mmtcndd,
DJUY@LJLA

 `
pdnyjla t`lljs, swjbbjla)
a`l`rnd gncjts8 str`ss/wmrryjla, r`dnxjla (niijtjmlnd8 wntegjla YV, 3C

 s
djst`ljla tm busje, sd``pjla w`dd) > Y 3 Y 5 Y

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>C N rmdd`rcdnijla C cnibjltml E eyedjla I cnso`tcndd
@ erjeo`t F ruacy A squnsg G yman J t`lljs ASNBBNS  , BJAGY  , QJDD
BNZ 
 H wjlisur﬎la O sur﬎la D rulljla B gmrs`rjijla
5N 
> i) 3 n), c) 5 e)
S@NIJLA
3N   DNLAPNA@CNLO 6.3  p>57―>5:
Ymw`rrulljla, [JDMWJLA®, pniid` cmnrijla
N  > `) 3 i) 5 n) 9 ) 0 c) 6 e)
E C >  J iml‚t wjdd wml‚t olmw by `xnb r`sudts ultjd Nuaust.
> Jt enl g`dp tm bno` ymu ``d gnppj`r nli bmr` r`dnx`i.   3  Qjdd ymu tm am tm uljv`rsjty l`xt y`nr=
3 C`enus` tg`r` nr` dmts m soysernp`rs.   5  Nlln js v`ry cusy sm sg` bny lmt emb`s tmljagt.
5 Jt us`s busje nli inle` djo` Xubcn, pmw`r nli sp``i djo`   9  Yg` trnſte js g`nvy sm tg`y bny tm c` dnt`.
cmxjla, nli cujdis str`latg djo` pjdnt`s.   0  @isml bjagts c` tg` c`st pdny`r w` gnv` `v`r s``l.
9 Nt tg` `li m tg` iny ( hust c`mr` suls`t) c`enus` tg` wnt`r js   6  J bjagt am lmt lmt am tm tg` `x`rejs` ednss tminy.
endb nli jt‚s c`nutjud.   1 Q`‚dd tm c` cneo nt 6p.b.

ASNBBNS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY + FMS/ UJLE@ C

5N  s`lt`le`s 3 nli 5
> 3;>9 3 y`s 5 ﬎v` y`nrs nam 9 y`s E
Qjdd, bjagt, bny  nli wml‚t smuli dmla`r wg`l tg` sp`no`r js lmt
C
> emltjlu`s lmw 3 mr, sjle` sur`.

E 9N 
fmr8 n dmla tjb`, twm w``os/bmltgs/y`nrs, nl gmur mr twm Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
sjle`8 Hudy, Unturiny, J d`f uljv`rsjty, 3p.b., dnst ljagt, J wns n 3 Zmu bjagt dms` w`jagt.
egjdi/t``lna`r 5 Jt bjagt c` `xp`lsjv`.
9 Zmu‚dd ``d g`ndtgj`r.
0 Jt bjagt lmt c` mp`l.
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 6.>  p>57―>5: 6 Zmu bjagt lmt djo` jt.
N  > gnv`l‚t iml`, sjle` 3 gnv`l‚t c``l, sjle` 5 wns, mr 1 Zmu‚dd `lhmy jt.
9 gnv`l‚t s``l, mr 0 d`f, mr
6 ijil‚t s``, gnv`l‚t s``l, sjle` 1 sjle` QSJYJLA U@LY@LE@ UYSPEYPS@
7 gnsl‚t irjv`l, sjle` 6N 
C > sjle`, enb` 3 cmuagt, gnv` djv`i, mr > Jl g`r dnt` tw`ltj`s, tm emltjlu` g`r stuij`s.
5 gnv` olmwl, mr, b`t 9 bmv`i, gnv` c``l, mr 3 Ug` bjss`i Emdmbcjnl mmi. Yg`r` nr` dmts m sp`ejnd ijsg`s.
0 gnv`l‚t c``l, sjle` 6 gnsl‚t s``l, sjle` Jl Emdmbcjn, p`mpd` tno` tg`jr tjb` pr`pnrjla mmi. [`mpd` sny
1 sjle`, stnrt`i 7 gns gni, mr Emdmbcjnls emmo wjtg dmv`.
5 Ug` trj`i mmi rmb bnly emultrj`s (Djcyn, [mdnli, Yuljsjn,
9N  [`ru nli Hnpnl). Mtg`r jlt`rlntjmlnd stui`lts bni` jt.
>  ‚v` iml`, sjle` C
3  ‚v` gni, mr Yg` ﬎rst `xnbpd` gns tgr`` sgmrt s`lt`le`s tgnt iml‚t emll`et
5  ‚v` olmwl, sjle` tma`tg`r v`ry w`dd. Jl tg` s`emli `xnbpd`, tg` tgr`` sgmrt
9  ‚v` djv`i, mr s`lt`le`s nr` djlo`i wjtg wg`l. Ygjs bno`s jt ffimw bmr` sbmmtgdy,
0  ‚v` wnlt`i, mr nli `nsj`r mr tg` r`ni`r tm uli`rstnli.
6
E
3 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu olmwl gjb=
J bjss`i by nbjdy nli rj`lis. J ndsm bjss`i Emdmbcjnl mmi.
5 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni jt=
Jt wns wmli`rud nli J tnst`i mmi rmb bnly emultrj`s8 Djcyn,
9 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu stuij`i=
[mdnli, Yuljsjn, [`ru, nli Hnpnl. J ndsm bni` bnly ammi rj`lis.
0 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu wmro`i tg`r`=

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 >9

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mwl g`ndtg c`tt`r. Gmspjtnds nli imetmrs bjagt lmt l``i tm bmljtmr
mur g`ndtg sm bueg c`enus` w` enl im jt murs`dv`s.
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> wmb`l
3 B`l iml‚t djo` wnjtjla.
5 Yg`y‚r` ﬎l`/Yg`y iml‚t l``i tm am. Yg`y iml‚t djo` wnjtjla. Lmcmiy sp`nomut  er`nt` n g`ndtg r`ajb`
tmdi tg`b tm am. Yg`y iml‚t wnlt tm tndo ncmut jt. Yg`y iml‚t gnv`
tjb`. 9N 
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
VMENCPDNSZ JDDL@UU > Bnrejl8 `nts/irjlos tmm bueg hulo mmi nli em﬋``, im`s lm
`x`rejs`, mv`rw`jagt? [nudjln8 sd``ps mldy sjx gmurs, str`ss`i, djttd`
3N  `l`ray? Ndvnrm8 cneoneg`, lm `x`rejs`, wnteg`s tmm bueg YV, ul﬎t
> i) 3 e) 5 c) 9 n) 3 Bnrejl8 g`nrt prmcd`bs, bmr` w`jagt prmcd`bs? [nudjln8 a`t tmm
tgjl nli w`no, su﬋`r rmb bnhmr str`ss? Ndvnrm8 g`nrt, w`jagt, `y`
FPLEYJML U@@JLA YG@ IMEYMS prmcd`bs, wmrs` cneoneg`
5N  C
Emlv`rsntjml >  Ndvnrm
> Yg` wmbnl ``ds t`rrjcd`. Ug` a`ts g`nineg`s nli ``ds sjeo. Ug`
enl‚t sd``p nt ljagt c`enus` g`r g`ni gurts. E
3 Yg` imetmr snys sg` sgmudi stmp irjlojla sm bueg t`n nli em﬋``, Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Jt‚s n ammi ji`n tm …
mldy ml` sbndd eup n iny. Ug` ajv`s g`r smb` pnjlojdd`rs nli snys
sg` sgmudi tno` twm tgr`` tjb`s n iny. wrjt`cneo  g`ndtg nivje`
Emlv`rsntjml 3 
> Yg` bnl js wmrrj`i ncmut gjs mmt. Jt gurts wg`l g` wndos. Jt‚s v`ry 6N 
pnjlud. > Jl wjlt`r, g` a`ts n emuag mr n smr` tgrmnt nli smb`tjb`s gns n
3 Yg` imetmr tgjlos jt‚s crmo`l nli tgnt g` sgmudi am tm tg` gmspjtnd gjag t`bp`rntur` nli cni g`nineg`s. G` l`v`r sd``ps mr bmr`
mr nl W-rny. tgnl sjx gmurs.
C
3 G`‚s g`nri jt‚s n ammi ji`n tm bmljtmr gjs mmi nli `x`rejs`, cut g`
3 prmcd`b 5 pjdds 9 dmmo 0 gurt 6 wmrry wnlts nivje` ml wgnt tm im.

E
> sjeo 3 sd``p 5 wmrrj`i 9 gurts 0 pnjlud 6.0 DMMOCNEO
 DNLAPNA@CNLO 6.5  p>57―>5: G@NDYG
> Qgnt‚s tg` bntt`r/prmcd`b >N 
3 J ``d t`rrjcd` Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 
5 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni tgjs prmcd`b > Im ymu am tm `x`rejs` ednss`s=
9 Enl J gnv` n dmmo 3 Im ymu `nt n dmt m hulo mmi mr irjlo ﬎zzy irjlos=
0 v`ry pnjlud 5 Im ymu sp`li n dmt m tjb` r`dnxjla=
6  Jt gurts 9 Im ymu tno` vjtnbjls=
1  J‚dd ajv` ymu 0 Im ymu mf`l am rulljla=
6 Im ymu mf`l ``d str`ss`i/sp`li tjb` wmrryjla ncmut wmro=
1 Im ymu irjlo en﬋`jl`=
9 7 Im ymu `nt n dmt m r`sg rujt nli v`a`tncd`s=
> gurts 3 emdi 5 sjeo 9 crmo`l 0 gurt 6 wmrry 1 ajv`
7  prmcd`b FMMI
D@NSL YM [S@IJEY JLFMSBNYJML 5
mljml, er`nb, pjl`nppd`, d`bml, enrrmt, wg`nt, egjeo`l, eno`, mnts,
0C  h`ddy, eg``s`, buss`ds
> bntt`r 3 emuag 5 t`rrjcd` 9 prmcd`b 0 w``o 6 dmmo
1 pnjlud 7 b`ijejl` 9N 
i`ss`rts8 eno`, h`ddy
injry8 er`nb, eg``s`
6.9 BMLJYMS B@ frujt8 pjl`nppd`, d`bml
v`a`tncd`s8 mljml, enrrmt
arnjls8 wg`nt, mnts
IVI [S@VJ@Q b`nt/s`nfmmi8 egjeo`l, buss`ds
>N 
ncmut l`w npps nli t`eglmdmay tgnt b`nsur`s `x`rejs`, sd``p, ij`t,  , BJAGY  , QJDD 
BNZ 
`te., nli gmw bmljtmrjla murs`dv`s enl jbprmv` mur g`ndtg
0N 
C > ) 3 `) 5 n) 9 e) 0 c) 6 i)
> b`nsur` 3 bmljtmr 5 npp 9 g`ndtgenr`
U@@JLA YG@ IMEYMS
IVI VJ@Q 1N 
3N  > crmo`l 3 enteg 5 ``d 9 enl 0 anv` 6 gnv`
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`r8  [`mpd` nr` lmw ncd` tm bmljtmr tg`bs`dv`s

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