CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Fluid Flow in Pipes

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Pressurised flow
 Liquid or Gas
 Above or below atmospheric
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 1 pressure
• No free surface
Dr Andrew Sleigh  That is “open channel flow”
Dr Ian Goodwill • “Real” viscous fluid
 Interacts with boundary
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1

Resistance to flow This module:

• Flowing fluid • Analysis of pipeline flow

 Shear stress where touches solid boundary • How to quantify friction
 Both for pipes & open channels  What causes it
 What is its magnitude
• Referred to as “frictional resistance”  How significant it is
 Energy transfer between fluid and boundary • How to take account of friction
 Experienced as a “loss” of energy in fluid • How to take account of other losses
• Examples:
• Energy “loss” at joints and junctions  Pipes in series
 Due to flow separation (a local friction  Pipes in parallel
effect)
 Branched pipes (small networks)
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 4

Analysis of pipelines Bernoulli Equation

• Typical simple pipeline joining 2 reservoirs • Including losses

Friction Loss
• Bernoulli 2
pA u A pB uB2
z A hpump z B hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
pA u A2 pB u B2 g 2g g 2g
zA zB H Constant
g 2g g 2g

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 6

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

Bernoulli Equation (simplified) Pressure head

• pA = Atmospheric pressure • Fluid flowing in pipe
• pB = Atmospheric pressure
• uA = small (negligible) Pressure Head
• Piezometer
• uB = small (negligible) p
h
• Level rises g

p A u A2 pB uB2
z A hpump z B hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
g 2g g 2g
z A zB h pump hL entry hL expansion hL exit hf
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 8

Velocity head Shear stress on fluid

• Fluid flowing in pipe Velocity Head • Newton’s law of viscosity
• Piezometer & u2  Shear stress proportional to velocity gradient
• L-shaped Piezometer h du
2g
dy
• Levels rise p u2
g 2g p
• Viscosity, , is the constant of proportionality
g

du
dy

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 9 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 10

Laminar and turbulent flow Reynolds Number Calculation

• Flow can be either • Pipe diameter: 0.5m
 Laminar - low velocity • Crude oil:
 Turbulent – high velocity
 (with a small transitional zone between) Kinematic viscosity = 0.0000232 m²/s
ud ud • Water:
• Reynold' Number Re
Dynamic viscosity µ = 8.90 10−4 Pa·s
Laminar flow: Re < 2000
Transitional flow:2000 < Re < 4000 What are the velocities when
Turbulent flow: Re > 4000
Turbulent flow would be expected
• Pipe flow nearly always turbulent to start?
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 11 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 12

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

Reynolds Number Calculation Pressure loss due to friction in pipes

ud ud
• Crude oil: Re • Cylinder of fluid: w Area A
u 0.5
4000 Direction of flow

2.23 10 5 Pressure p Pressure p - p

u 0.1784 m / s w

• Water: • Driving force (due to pressure) P = F/A

1000u 0.5 Driving force = upstream force – downstream force

4000
8.90 10-4 d2
Driving force = pA p p A pA p
u 0.007 m / s 4

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 13 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 14

Pressure loss due to friction in pipes Pressure loss due to friction in pipes
w Area A
w Area A
Direction of flow
Direction of flow
Pressure p Pressure p - p
Pressure p Pressure p - p
w
w Driving force = Retarding force
• Retarding force (due to shear stress at wall) p
d2
w dL
4
Retarding force = shear stress x area acts
w 4L
p
d
Retarding force = w area of pipe wall = w dL pressure loss in terms of Shear Stress at wall

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 15 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 16

Pressure loss velocity relationship Pressure loss shear stress relationship

• Shear stress will • This graph is empirical
change with velocity Obtained from experiment
• So shear stress
changes with Re • We would like to know
The relationship between
• Laminar w and Pressure
p u
• Turbulent • Will not get a general expression
p u 1.7 to 2.0
• But we will see a method of estimating w
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 17 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 18

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

Today’s lecture:

• Fluid flow in pipes

• Analysis of pipelines

• Bernoulli Equation (revision)

• Pressure loss / Wall Shear Stress and

velocity relationship

19

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Pressure loss velocity relationship

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Laminar
p  u
• Turbulent
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 2
p  u1.7 to 2.0

Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill t w 4L
p 
d
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics
• tw is almost impossible to measure
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 2

Pressure loss in Laminar Flow Laminar flow example

• In laminar flow it is possible to do theoretical • Determine the diameter of a pipe that is to convey 0.057 cumecs
(m3/s) of oil a horizontal distance of 300m, if the pressure loss is not
analysis to be greater than 140 kN/m2.
 fluid particles move in straight lines At the operating temperature the relative density of the oil is 0.9 and
the dynamic viscosity is 1.43 Ns/m2.
• Hagen-Poiseuille equation • Flow velocity Q 0.057  4 0.0726
u 2  
 See level 1 fluids notes d / 4 3.142 d 2 d2
• Hagen-Poiseuille pd 2 140 1000  d 2
32 Lu 32 Lu u   10.198 d 2
p  p
d2 32 L 32 1.43  300
d2 p  gh • Equate 0.0726
 10.198 d 2
 In terms of head loss d2 <2000
d  0.29 m
32 Lu OK
hf  • Check Re: u
0.0726
 0.86
ud 0.9  1000   0.86  0.29
Re    157
gd 2 d2  1.43

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2

Pressure loss in Turbulent Flow Pressure loss in Turbulent Flow

• Consider the forces on this element of fluid • The first pressure loss term is the piezometric
flowing down the slope (open channel) head, p*, loss per unit length, dp*/dx  p  p   gz   t 1 2 P
0
L A
L •
p1 A dp* P
A t
dx A
P A
• Hydraulic mean depth, m m
w P
z p2 A
tPL dp *
Wetted perimeter  t m
• Writing p*= phf dx
p1 A  p2 A  t LP  W sin   0
W=gAL, sin = -Dz/L • Gives shear stress in terms of head loss
 p1  p2   gz   t P  0 gh f
L A t m
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2
L 6

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2 09/04/2009

Introduction of Friction factor Darcy-Weisbach equation

• To make use of this equation we must introduce • This is the Darcy-Weisbach equation
a friction factor, f gh
t m f
• Gives head loss due to friction in a circular pipe
• u 2 L
tf hf 
4 fLu 2
2
2 gd
• Equating and rearranging gives • Often referred to as the Darcy equation
fLu 2
hf  • In terms of Q
2 gm d 2 4Q 64 fLQ2
Q  Au  u u hf 
A d / 4 d2
4 d 2 2 gd 5
• For a circular pipe, m   
P d 4 fLQ2
• In metric terms, g=9.81m2/s then hf 
3.03d 5
• Giving 4 fLu 2 • Or fLQ 2
hf  hf 
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 2 gd 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 3d 5 8

Darcy-Weisbach equation f, American f and l

• Have an equation to describe head-loss due to • The f described here is that common in UK
friction (in text books and practice) 4 fLu 2
4 fLu 2 hf 
• In terms of velocity u hf  2 gd
2 gd
• In US (and some text book) famerican = 4f,
• Of discharge Q
fLQ 2
hf  so
hf 
fLu 2
3d 5 2 gd
• And a friction factor, f • To try and avoid confusion this is sometime
written as l, lLQ 2
hf 
• The value of f is crucial to calculation of hf 3d 5
• How do we find this? • BE CAREFULL!
 When using any book, look at the equation for hf
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 9 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 10

Pipeline Analysis What is f dependent on?

• Two reservoirs have a height difference 15m. • The friction factor depends on many physical things
• They are connected by a pipeline 350 mm in diameter and 1000 m long with a friction
factor f of 0.005. What is the flow in the pipe? (ignore all local losses)  hf  L
 hf  v2
15m
d=0.35m
f =0.005
 hf  1/d
 hf depends on surface roughness of pipes,
L=1000m
 k = size, k’ spacing, a = shape of particles
z A z B   hpump  hL entry  hL expansion  hL exit  h f  hf depends on fluid density and viscosity
hf independent of pressure difference in pipe
fLQ 2 0.005 1000  Q 2 

15    317.33Q 2 • Cannot be constant!

3d 5 3  0.355 f is complex !!
 ud k k ' 
Q  0.0473  0.217 m3 / s  217 litres / s • Can be written: f     , d , d , a 
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 2 11
 2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture  12

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2 09/04/2009

Today’s lecture:

• Friction Head loss, hf

 Laminar and Turbulent

4 fLu 2
hf 
• Darcy Weisbach Eqn 2 gd
• In terms of Q fLQ 2
hf 
3d 5
• First application of analysis of pipeline

13

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 3 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering What is the value of f ?

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• The friction factor depends on many physical things

ud k k '
f , , ,
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 3 d d

• For laminar flow we can write a theoretical expression

Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill • For Turbulent flow, more complex

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 2

f in Laminar Flow Laminar flow example

• Calculate the head loss due to friction in a circular pipe of 50mm
• We have the Hagen-Poiseuille equation diameter, length 800m. Carrying water (µ = 1.14 10-3 Ns/m2) at a
 Head loss in laminar flow 32 Lu rate of 5 litres/min. Use both Hagen-Poiseuille and Darcy equations.
hf • A = d2/4 = 0.00196 m2
gd 2
• Q = 5 / 1000 / 60 = 0.8 10-4 m3/s
• We also have the Darcy equation 4 fLu 2 • u = Q/A = 0.04 m/s
hf
• Equate these 2 gd • Check Re Re
ud
1754 <2000 OK
2
32 Lu 4 fLu 32 Lu 32 1.14 10 3 800 0.04
• Hagen-Poiseuille h f 0.045 m
gd 2 2 gd gd 2 1000 9.81 0.05 2
16
• Darcy f 0.00912
16 Re
f 16 f 4 fLu 2 4 0.00912 800 0.042
ud Re hf 0.047m
2 gd 2 g 0.05
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3

Boundary layer Smooth / Rough pipes in Turbulent Flow

• Smooth
 Laminar sub-layer is greater than roughness, >k
Turbulent fluid
Laminar sublayer

Laminar • Rough wall

sublayer  Laminar sub-layer is less than roughness <k
Turbulent fluid
Laminar sublayer
• Transitional wall
 Laminar sub-layer nearly covers roughness ≈k
Turbulent fluid
Laminar sublayer wall
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3

1
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 3 09/04/2009

Blasius equation for smooth pipes Nikuradse’s work

• In 1913 Blasius examined a lot of • Nikuradse made great progress in 1930’s

experimental measurements • Artificially roughened pipes with sand on know
size, k
• Found 2 distinct friction effects f
16
Re
 Smooth pipes and Rough pipes

Increasing grain size

• Blasius equation for smooth pipes
0.079
f
Re 0.25
Gives, hf u1.75 Blasius

Good for Re < 100 000 0.079

f
Re 0.25
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 8

Moody Diagram

• A more complete
diagram to Nikuradse Moody Diagram

• For commercial pipes

• Select a roughness
size k

• Read off the f

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3

Colebrook-White Equation Colebrook-White Equation

• Following many more experiments and brining in • Difficult to solve.

theoretical considerations • Must use iterative technique
1 ks 1.26
4 log 10
• Equation for f in all of turbulent zone f 3.71d Re f
• Approximations:
1 ks 1.26
4 log 10 • Moody: 1/ 3
f 3.71d Re f 200 k s 10 6
f 0.001375 1
d Re
• i.e. Describes all the lines on the Moody diagram
• Barr: 1 ks 5.1286
4 log 10
f 3.71d Re 0.89

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 11 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 12

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 3 09/04/2009

What is Ks How to choose Ks for a particular pipe?

• ks is the “height of roughness” (in mm) • Look it up in the manufacturers book

• ks is actually the effective height • Use a typical value

Pipe Material ks (mm)
Brass, copper, glass, Perspex 0.003
• Arrived at by testing a pipe in turbulent flow Asbestos cement 0.03
• Measuring head loss Wrought iron 0.06
Galvanised iron 0.15
• Working back to ks form Darcy and Colebrook- Plastic 0.03
White Bitumen-lined ductile iron 0.03
Spun concrete lined ductile iron 0.03
Slimed concrete sewer 6.0
• Not by measuring the roughness directly
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 13 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 14

Wallingford Tables
Today’s lecture:

• Evaluation of f
• Laminar flow
• Turbulent flow
1 ks 1.26
 Smooth 4 log 10
f 3.71d Re f
 Transitional
 Rough turbulent
• Colebrook-White equation
• Moody & Barr formulae
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 16

3
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Local Head Losses

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Local head losses are the “loss” of energy at point where

the pipe changes dimension (and/or direction).
 Pipe Expansion
 Pipe Contraction
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 4  Entry to a pipe from a reservoir
 Exit from a pipe to a reservoir
 Valve (may change with time)
 Orifice plate
Dr Andrew Sleigh
 Tight bends
Dr Ian Goodwill

• They are “velocity head losses” and are represented by

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics
u2
hL k L
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2 2g
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 2

Value of kL Losses at an Expansion

• For junctions and bends we need • As the velocity reduces (continuity)

experimental measurements • Then the pressure must increase
(Bernoulli)
• kL may be calculated analytically for • So turbulence is induced and head losses
 Expansion occur
 Contraction Turbulence and losses

• By considering continuity and momentum

exchange and Bernoulli
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 4

Value of kL for Expansion Value of kL for Expansion

u12 u22 p2 p1
• Apply the momentum equation from 1 to 2 • Combine p2
g
p1 u2
g
u1 u2 and hL 2g g
p1 A1 p2 A2 Q u2 u1 2
u1 u2
hL
• Using the continuity equation we can 2g
eliminate Q p p u u u 2 1 2
1 2 • Using the continuity equation again
g g
 u1A1 = u2A2 u2=u1A1/A2

2 2
A1 u12 kL 1
A1
hL 1
A2 2g A2
1 2
• From Bernoulli hL
u12 u22 p2 p1 • A1 >> A2, kL = 1 exit loss
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 2g g 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 6

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

Losses at an Contraction Losses at an Contraction

• Flow converges as the pipe contracts • Apply the general local head loss equation
• Convergence is narrower than the pipe between 1’ and 2
2

 Due to vena contractor A1' u12'

hL 1
A2 2g
• Experiments show for common pipes
 A1’ = 0.6A2  Using A1’ = 0.6A2
 And Continuity
• Can ignore losses A2u2 A2u2 u2
u1'
bewteen 1 and 1’ A1' 0.6 A2 0.6
1’ 2 1 1’ 2
1 u22
hL 0.44
 As Convergent flow is very stable 2g

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 8

Other Losses Losses: Junctions

• Whenever there is expansion

• Pressure increases down stream
• Danger of boundary layer separation as the fluid
near the walls had little momentum Reduced velocity
Reduced velocity
Increased pressure

Increased pressure

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 9 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Losses: Sharp bends kL values

Bell mouth Entry T-branch
kL
valu kL = 1.5
e
Bellmouth entry 0.10

Sharp entry 0.5

kL = 0.1
Sharp exit 0.5

Reduced velocity 90 bend 0.4

Sharp Entry/Exit
90 tees

In-line 0.4 kL = 0.5

flow
Branch 1.5
to line
Gate value (open) 0.25

T-inline
Increased pressure kL = 0.4

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

Pipeline Analysis Bernoulli Graphically

pA u A2
• Bernoulli Equation • Reservoir g 2g
zA H

equal to a constant: Total Head, H


• Pipe of Constant diameter
pA u A2 • No Flow Pressure head
Total Head Line
zA H
g 2g

• Applied from one point to another (A to B) p/ g

p/ g
p/ g
 With head losses z A= H
H

pA u A2 pB u B2 z
zA H z B hL h f
g 2g g 2g
z
z

Datum line Elevation

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Bernoulli Graphically Bernoulli Graphically

pA u A2 Change of Pipe pA u A2
• Constant Flow g 2g
zA H
• Constant Flow Diameter g 2g
zA H

• Constant Velocity Total Head Line • Constant Velocity Total Head Line

• No Friction Velocity head Hydraulic Grade

Line
• No Friction Velocity head Hydraulic Grade
Line
u22/ g
u2/ g u2/ g

p/ g p/ g
z A= H z A= H Wider Pipe
H H
Pressure head Pressure head

z Elevation z Elevation

Datum line Datum line

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Bernoulli Graphically Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example

pA u A2 pB u B2 • d = 0.1m
• Constant Flow g 2g
zA H
g 2g
zB hL h f
• Length A-C = L = 15m
Find
a) Velocity in pipe
• Constant Velocity Hydraulic Grade • Length A-B = L = 1.5m
b) Pressure at B
Line
• f = 0.08
• With Friction Total Head Line
• kL entry = 0.5 Sharp
u2/ g • kL exit = 0 Opens to atmosphere
u2/ g u2/ g B

p/ g A zB-zA = 1.5m
z A= H
H-hf
zA-zC = 4m

zA zB C
z
pc = Atmospheric
zC
Datum line

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

3
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example

• Apply Bernoulli with head losses • Find pressure at B: Apply Bernoulli A-B
pA u A2 pC uC2 pA= pc = Atmospheric pA u A2 pB u B2 pA= Atmospheric = treat as 0
zA zC hL h f zA z B hL h f
g 2g g 2g uA= negligible g 2g g 2g uA= negligible

uC2 u2 4 fLu 2 u2 4 fL pB u B2 u 2 4 fLABu 2

z A zC 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 zB zA u uB 1.26m / s
2g 2g 2 gd 2g d g 2g 2g 2 gd
2
u2 pB 1.26 4 0.08 5.0
4 1.5
4 0.08 15
u 1.26m / s 1.5 1.5 pB 28.58 103 N / m2
2 9.81 0.1 1000 9.81 2 9.81 0.1
B B Negative
A A i.e. less than Atmospheric pressure

zA zB C zA zB C
pc = Atmospheric zC pc = Atmospheric zC

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Today’s lecture:

• Local head losses hL kL

u2
 Expansion loss 2g
2
 Contraction loss A1 u12
hL 1
 Junction A2 2g

 + other minor losses

• Graphical representation of Bernoulli
 Total Head Line
 Hydraulic Grade Line
• Analysis of pipeline, including losses
21

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 5 09/04/2009

u A2 pB u B2
School of Civil Engineering Two Reservoirs Example pA
g 2g
zA
g 2g
z B hL h f

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Two reservoir, with a height difference of 25m are

joined by a 900mm diameter pipe
• Length of pipe is 1500m, f = 0.09
• Ignoring minor losses, find the flow between the
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 5 reservoirs 2 2
4 fLu fLQ
z A zB h f zA zB
2 gd 3d 5
A
Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill zA-zB = 25m

2 2 B
zA fLQ 0.09 1500 Q
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics 25 76.2Q 2
3d 5 3 0.95
3
Q 0.57 m / s zB
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5

u A2 pB u B2
Pipes in Series Example pA
g 2g
zA
g 2g
z B hL h f Pipes in Series Example
• Two reservoirs, height difference 9m, joined by a pipe z A z B hLentry hLexit hexp ansion h f
that changes diameter. For, 15m d=0.2m then for 45m, 2
Q2 1 Q2 1
d=0.25m. f = 0.01 for both lengths. u
1 u22
hL entry k Lentry k Lentry hL exit k Lexit k Lexit
2g 2 g A12 2g 2 g A22
• Use kL entry = 0.5, kL exit = 1.0. Treat the joining of the
pipes as a sudden expansion. A
2
u12 2 2
hexp ansion 1 1 u12 Q2 1
• Find the flow between the reservoirs A2 2 g hexp ansion 1
A1
1
A1
u 2 A2 2g A2 2 g A12
z A z B hLentry hLexit hexp ansion h f hL kL
2g
A A
d1=0.2m d2=0.25m d1=0.2m d2=0.25m
C C
L1=15m L2=45m zA-zB = 9m L1=15m L2=45m zA-zB = 9m

B B
zA zA
fL1Q 2 fL2Q 2 fL1Q 2 fL2Q 2
hf hf 1 hf 2 hf hf 1 hf 2
3d15 3d 25 3d15 3d 25
zB zB

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5

Pipes in Series Example z A z B hLentry hLexit hexp ansion h f Pipes in Parallel

2 2
z A zB 9 hL entry 25.82Q hL exit 21.15Q
• The head loss across the pipes is equal
hexp ansion 6.69Q 2
hf 156.25 153.60 Q 2
• Diameter, f, length and Q, u may differ

9 25.82 21.15 6.69 156.25 153.60 Q 2

Q 0.157 m3 / s
• Total flow is sum in each pipe
A A
d1=0.2m d2=0.25m
C
L2=45m zA-zB = 9m zA-zB
L1=15m

B B
zA zA

zB zB

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5

1
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 5 09/04/2009

Pipes in Parallel Example Pipes in Parallel Example

• Two pipes connect two reservoirs which have a height difference of • Apply Bernoulli for each pipe
10m. Pipe 1 has diameter 50mm and length 100m. Pipe 2 has separately
p A u A2 pB u B2 u12 4 flu12 u12
diameter 100mm and length 100m. Both have entry loss kL = 0.5 • Pipe 1: zA z B 0.5 1.0
g 2g g 2g 2g 2 gd1 2g
and exit loss kL=1.0 and Darcy f of 0.008.
• Find Q in each pipe 4 fl u2
z A zB 0.5 1.0 1
• Diameter D of a pipe 100m long and same f that could d1 2g
replace the two pipes and provide the same flow. 4 0.008 100 u12
10 1.5
A 0.05 2 9.81
u1 1.731 m / s
zA-zB=10m
d1=0.05m
L1=100m
f1=0.008 B d12
zA Q1 u1 0.0034 m3 / s
4
d2=0.1m A
L2=100m
f2=0.008 zB zA-zB=10m
B
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5

Pipes in Parallel Example Pipes in Parallel Example

• Pipe 2: • Flow required in new pipe = Q = 0.024 m3/s
pA u A2 pB u B2 u2 4 flu22 u2 pA u A2 pB u B2 u2 4 flu 2 u2
zA z B 0.5 2 1.0 2 zA z B 0.5 1.0
g 2g g 2g 2g 2 gd1 2g g 2g g 2g 2g 2 gd1 2g

4 fl u2
4 fl u2 z A zB 0.5 1.0
z A zB 0.5 1.0 1 D 2g
d1 2g
4 0.008 100 u2
4 0.008 100 u12 10 1.5
10 1.5 D 2 9.81
0.1 2 9.81
3.2 2
u2 2.42 m / s 196.2 1.5 u
D
Q 4Q 0.02852
d 22 • Replace u using continuity u
D2 D2
Q2 u2 0.0190 m3 / s A
4
A A
Qtotal Q1 Q2 0.0224m3 / s 0 241212 D5 1.5D 3.2
zA-zB=10m zA-zB=10m
B B Must solve iteratively

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5

Pipes in Parallel Example Pipes in Parallel Example

• Must solve iteratively for D • Could solve iteratively for D using Newton Method
0 241212 D5 1.5D 3.2 f ( D) 241212D5 1.5D 3.2 0 f Dn
Dn 1 Dn
f ' ( D) 1206060D 4 1.5 f ' Dn
• Get approximate answer by leaving the 2nd term
• Unfortunately does not converge quickly without a
3.2 good initial guess
D 5 0.1058
241212
3.2
f D 241212 0.10585 1.5 0.1058 3.2 0.16 • E.g. Use same initial guess as above D 5
241212
0.1058

• Increase D a little, say to 0.106 f 0.106 0.13

• A… a little more … to 0.107 f 0.107 0.023 • Newton Method iterates to: D 0.10686 m
A
zA-zB=10m zA-zB=10m
B D 0.107 m B
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 5

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 5 09/04/2009

Today’s lecture:

• Example of Pipeline Analysis

• Two reservoirs

• Pipes in Series

• Pipes in Parallel

13

3
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 6 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Three Reservoirs Problem

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 6 D

2
zB
zA
C
zD
zC
3
Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill
• We know
1. Continuity obeyed at junction
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics 2. Only one value of head at junction
3. Darcy’s equation used for each pipe.
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6

Three Reservoirs Problem Three Reservoirs Problem

A A

B B
hD zB hf 2
1 1
D 2 z A hD hf 1 D 2
zB zB
zA zA hD zC hf 3
C zD C
zD
zC zC
3 3

• We know Ignore local losses • Assume flow direction shown (not always obvious)
1. Continuity obeyed at junction Make solution too complex • Head at D = HD
4 Equations
2. Only one value of head at junction • Continuity
3. Darcy’s equation used for each pipe.
Q1 Q2 Q3 4 Unknowns: hD, Q1, Q2, Q3

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6

Solution strategy Change Flow Direction

A good estimate z A hD hf 1 A
1. Estimate hD would be zD
hD zB hf 2 hzDB zhBD hhf 2f 2 B
2. Substitute hD into other equations:
1
gives a value for Q for each pipe. hD zC hf 3 z A hD hf 1 D 2
zB
zA hD zC hf 3
3. Is continuity is (or is not) satisfied? Q1 Q2 Q3 zD C

zC
4. If the Q1 into the junction is too fLQ 2 Q1 Q2 Q3 3
hf
high choose a larger hD else 3d 5
choose lower hD • Assume different flow direction B to D

5. Return to step 2 A
B • Always write equation in direction of flow
1D 2
z z
z C B
A 3 z
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6 D
C Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6

1
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 6 09/04/2009

Three Reservoirs Example Three Reservoirs Example Iteration

• Assuming flow direction shown z A hD hf 1
• Pipe 1: d1=0.12m, L1=120m hD Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1=Q2+Q3 err
hD zB hf 2
• Pipe 2: d2=0.075m, L2=60m 24 0 0.01378 0.01183 0.02561 0.02561
• Pipe 3: d3=0.06m, L3=40m hD zC hf 3 20 0.01577 0.01193 0.0108 0.02273 0.00696
• All pipes have f = 0.01 17 0.02087 0.01033 0.00996 0.02029 -0.00058
17.1 0.02072 0.01039 0.00999 0.02038 -0.00034

24 hD
f1 L1Q1
2
16075 Q12
Q1 Q2 Q3 17.2 0.02057 0.01045 0.01002 0.02046 -0.0001
3d15 17.3 0.02042 0.0105 0.01004 0.02055 0.00013
A 17.25 0.02049 0.01048 0.01003 0.02051 0.00001
f 2 L2Q22 B 17.24 0.02051 0.01047 0.01003 0.0205 -0.00001
hD 8 84280 Q22
3d 25 1

D 2 24 hD 16075 Q12 hD 8 84280 Q22 hD 0 171468 Q32

f 3 L3Q32 2 zA zD C
zB
hD 0 171468 Q
3d 35
3
Q1 Q2 Q3
3

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6

fLQ 2 fLQ 2
Add Pipe Length to Increase Flow hf
3d 5 Add Pipe Length to Increase Flow hf
3d 5

1. What is the initial flow between reservoirs? 2. Add an extra length of pipe to increase flow by 30%.
How long is that pipe?
0.08 1000Q 2
10
3 0.25
Head at join has one value. hf 2 hf 3
Q 0.035 m3 / s
Can write two Bernoulli equations: 10 h f 1 h f 2
2. Add an extra length of pipe to increase flow by
A
30%. How long is that pipe? (use f=0.008) 10 h f 1 h f 3
A
zA-zB=10m
L2= unknown 10m
L2= unknown hf1 d2=0.2m
B f2=0.008
zA d2=0.2m B
f2=0.008 hf2
L1= 1000m
d1=0.2m zB
f1=0.008
hf3

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6

fLQ 2 fLQ 2
Add Pipe Length to Increase Flow hf
3d 5 Add Pipe Length to Increase Flow hf
3d 5

2
f 2 L2Q2
2
f 3 L3Q3
2
Q2 Q3 f1 L1Q12 f 2 1000 L1 Q1 / 2
5 5 10
3d 2 3d 3 3d15 3d 25
In this example, d2=d3, f2=f3 and we know L2=L3 As, d2=d3, f2=f3
Q2 Q3 f1Q12 1000 L1 1000 L1
From continuity: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 10 L1 K L1
2 2 3d15 4 4
2
f1 L1Q12 f 2 L2Q22 f1 L1Q12 f 2 1000 L1 Q1 / 2
10 h f 1 h f 2 10 L1 40 1000K 3K 455m
3d15 3d 25 3d15 3d 25
A A
L2 = 1000 – L1 L2 = 1000 – L1
L2= unknown 10m L2= unknown 10m

hf1 d2=0.2m hf1 d2=0.2m

f2=0.008 f2=0.008
B B
hf2 hf2

L2 1000 455 545m

hf3 hf3

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 6

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 6 09/04/2009

Today’s lecture:

• Example of Pipeline Analysis

• Three reservoirs

• Adding Pipes To increase Flow

13

3
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 7 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Online Notes Reminder

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Here is support material for module

Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 7 • www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2

• And on the VLE

Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7

2007 Exam Question Draw diagram and collect information

Q5: Two reservoirs are connected together by a pipeline which is 200 mm in diameter • d = 0.2m L = 2000m fLQ 2
and 2000 m long for which the friction factor, f, is constant and equal to 0.0045. The hf
head difference between the reservoirs is 25 m and remains constant. Under these • f = 0.0045 3d 5
conditions determine the flow in the pipeline. Minor losses can be ignored, however
the rejected kinetic energy should be taken into account.
A
[5 marks]
25m
In this case is it worth taking into account the rejected kinetic energy? Q1 15m
L1 L
[2 marks]
Q2 B
Halfway along the pipeline there is a small fire hydrant which requires a minimum flow L2
of 7.5 ℓ/s and minimum pressure of 10 kN/m2 above atmospheric. Determine whether p=10000 N/m 2
or not the pipeline is able to satisfy these conditions and if so what will be the flow
downstream of the hydrant when it is in use. Assume that the level of the hydrant is Q=0.0075m 3/s
15 m below top water level of the upstream reservoir. In this case all minor losses
and rejected kinetic energy can be ignored.
[8 marks] • (b) Find Q
u2 Q2
Describe with examples what is meant by minor losses in pipelines. When is it • Rejected kinetic Energy, ke =
necessary to allow for them and when can they be ignored? 2g 2 gA2
[5 marks]
fLQ2 Q2
H hf Ke
3d 5 2 gA2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7

Initial Q Can the system supply the Hydrant?

• d = 0.2m
• What did you get for Q? L1 = L2 = 1000m
H hf
fLQ2
• f = 0.0045 3d 5
Q = 0.0514 m3/s = 51.4 litre/s
A
25m
Q1 15m
L1
Q2 B
• How do we decided if worth L2
taking into account Ke? p=10000 N/m 2
2
Recalculate Flow not including fLQ Q=0.0075m 3/s
1. H • (b) Find Q2.
Ke and compare 3d 5
• Is the pressure at hydrant > 10 kN/m 2?
2. Calculate the KE head loss Q 2

and compare to total Ke fL1Q12

2
2gA2 • Q1 = Q2 + 0.0075 H hf1 hf 2 H
fL2 Q1 0.0075
3d 5 3d 5

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7

1
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 7 09/04/2009

Is the flow sufficient for the Hydrant? Is the pressure sufficient i.e. > 10 kN/m2?
2
fL1Q12
• L1 =L2 =L/2=1000 H
3d 5
fL2 Q1 0.0075
3d 5
• Bernoulli between Reservoir and Hydrant
A
6d 5 H 2 2 2 Q1 15m
25m
Q 1 Q 1 Q1 0.015 0.0075
fL L1
h
5 Q2 B
6d H
0 2Q12 0.015Q1 0.00752 L2
fL p=10000 N/m 2
0 aQ12 bQ1 c Q=0.0075m 3/s
b b2 4ac
Q 2
2a pA v A2 ph vh2 fL1Q1
zA zh
3d 5 vh2 Q12
• Q1 = 0.055 m3/s g 2g g 2g
2g 2 gA2
• Q2 = 0.055 – 0.0075 = 0.0477 m3/s • ph = 5216 N/m2 Not sufficient

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7

2007 Exam Question Draw diagram and collect information

Q3 A pump is required to supply water to a header tank through a 50 mm diameter pipe
which is 100 m long and has a Darcy f equal to 0.006. It is necessary to have a • Equate the pump head to system
continuous record of flow in the pipe therefore an orifice gauge is included which
causes a head loss of where vp is the velocity in the pipe. The static lift between the
pump wet well and the header tank is 40 m. The relationship between head, H, and H pump 45 27.4 Q 600 .7 Q 2
flow, Q, for the pump is given by the following equation H=40m

H pump 45 27.4 Q 600 .7 Q 2 v2 4Q 2

Q in m3/s and H in metres. horificeplate 4
Pump 2g 2 gAp
(i) under these conditions determine the flow in the pipeline Orifice plate
L=100m
[15 marks]
d =0.05m

(ii) if the maximum efficiency of the pump is achieved when the flow is 5 /s then how f =0.006

could the system be redesigned so that the pump would operate at this efficiency
[5 marks] • Hpump = H + hf + horifice place
fLQ2 Q2
45 27.4 Q 600 .7 Q 2 40 4
3d 5 2 gA2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7

Calculate Q Try Question 1

2 2
fLQ Q
45 27.4 Q 600 .7 Q 2 40
3d 5
4
2 gA2
• www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
0 600 .7
fL 4
Q2 27.4 Q 40 45
• Adding pipe to increase flow
3d 5 2 gA2
• As in notes but slightly more tricky
2
0 aQ bQ c
A

fL 4 b b2 4ac L2= unknown 10m

Q
a 600 .7 2 2a hf1 d2=0.2m
3d 5 2 Ap g f2=0.008
B
hf2
b 27.4
c 40 45 hf3
Q = 0.0027 m3/s
Q = 2.7 litres/s
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 7

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 7 09/04/2009

Today’s lecture:

• Example of Pipeline Analysis

• Head loss in pipes various

arrangements

• Exam questions

13