OPTIMIZING INSULATION CO-ORDINATION OF

HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES USING

MATHEMATICAL MODELING
By

P D Sampath wimalasena

Reg. No. 712222222

EEY6D95 Individual Project-type B

Progress Report I

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Faculty of Engineering Technology
The Open University of Sri Lanka

Supervisors

Dr. G.M.C.P. Jayawardana

Dr. W.A.L. Niwanthi

18th September 2022

Acronyms

D H
damped alternating overvoltage high voltage
(DAOV) ....................................................................... 5 (HV) ............................................................................ 3
dynamic insulation coordination model
(DICM) ........................................................................ 6 I
international electrotechnical commission
F
(IEC) ............................................................................ 7
failure probability
(FB) ............................................................................. 6 R
rod-plane air gap

(RPAG) ........................................................................ 5

List of figures
Figure 1.1 : Main steps of the projectMain steps of the project ................................................ 3
Figure 1.2 : Research flow ......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 1.3 : general structure of the power system .................................................................... 5
Figure 1.4 : Insulators types ....................................................................................................... 6
Figure 1.5 : Flowchart of DICM modeling process. .................................................................. 9
Figure 1.6 : Flow chart flow optimum insulation design ......................................................... 11
Figure 1.7 : Insulation coordination procedure ........................................................................ 14

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 :............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Project title.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem identification .................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Aim ................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Theoretical background ................................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Insulators types ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.8 What is insulation coordination? .................................................................................................. 6
1.9 Lightning impulse flash over ......................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Switching impulse flash over ...................................................................................................... 8
1.11 Pollution flash over ..................................................................................................................... 8

i
 1.12 Literature review ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.12.1 Similar systems..................................................................................................................... 9
1.12.2 Insulation selection standard ............................................................................................. 12
Chapter 2 :............................................................................................................................................. 16
2.1 Future work ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.2 List of reference .......................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Time plan..................................................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 20

ii
Chapter 1 :
1.0 Project title
Optimizing insulation co-ordination of high voltage transmission lines using mathematical
modeling.

1.1 Introduction
When designing the high voltage (HV) transmission lines must be consider broad range of
different aspect and phenomena. Which are cover from technical factors and economical
aspects to environmental and social aspects with several variables and constraints. So the
design of HV transmission line is a complex process. Among the technical factors which
need to be considered, insulation coronation is a prominent aspect.(De Oliveira-De Jesus,
Hernandez-Torres and Urdaneta, 2018)

In general, when planning HV transmission lines economic aspects should be considered as

well as reliability. By this way that can be control the unnecessary cost and amount of natural
resource that have to be used for the system.

Generally when selecting insulators for HV transmission lines common fix method is used
for all over the country. It is not consider case by case like location wise.

In this research, hope to develop a mathematical model for optimize the insulation co-
ordination, on case by case basis, for 11kV, 33kV, 132kV and 220kV transmission lines. It
can be more helpful to select most suitable insulator for desired location.

1.2 Problem identification

Global electricity demand is growing at an annual rate of 2.4%. This growth is more in
developing countries, where electricity demand will rise by over 4% per year. The share of
global electricity demand in developing countries may rise from 27% in 2000 to 43% in 2030
.Facing the challenge of high global electricity demand, various ways including renewable
energy utilization and energy efficient technologies have been adopted for different kinds of
applications. The high electricity demand calls for high capital investments for the
development of power sector infrastructure.

1
Transmission lines play a vital role in the successful and stable operation of the power
network. Often the generation and transmission capacity additions are to be planned and
executed simultaneously, which involve huge capital investment. Any delay in constructing
new transmission lines will underutilize the generation facilities. Keeping in view the huge
capital investment involved in the transmission sector, the utilities are aiming to construct the
transmission lines with the least investment and gain maximum economic efficiency.(Kishore
and Singal, 2014)

In transmission line design optimization of the insulation coordination is a essential factor as

well as reliability. But traditional insulation selection procedures mainly focus on system
reliability than optimization.

Furthermore considering factors affecting to insulator flashover location wise, can be select
most suitable insulators for each desired location. But it is a very time consuming and tedious
process.

Often the insulators selected by the current methods may be higher than the specified
insulation level and may be lower for some locations. Here an increase over the required
insulation level is economically disadvantageous and decrease over the required insulation
level is affect to the system reliability.

1.3 Aim
Introduce a mathematical model to optimize the insulation co-ordination by case-wise, for
HV transmission lines.

1.4 Objectives
I. Studying old and new insulation co-ordination methods.
II. Studying the theoretical background of insulation co-ordination.
III. Identifying modern insulation materials and types in HV transmission lines.
IV. Identifying affecting factors and mathematical relations to insulation co-ordination in
HV transmission lines.
V. Developing a dynamic mathematical model to optimize insulation coordination in HV
transmission lines.

2
1.5 Methodology
The project is divided in to main four components. The design hierarchy of the final model is
shown below.

Identifying parameters that

affect to insulation
coordination in HV
transmission lines

Finding out mathematical relations

and theoretical approach in HV
transmission lines insulation
coordination for each parameter

Developing a mathematical
model combining all
parameters affect to HV
transmission lines
insulation cordination

Verification

Figure 1.1 : Main steps of the projectMain steps of the project

The Following flow diagram will follow during this research project.

3
 • Justification of literature results
• Studing the theoretical back ground
• Finding out parameters that affecting to insulation cordination
1st Stage

• Studing about modern insulation materials and types in HV

transmission lines.
• Studing about insulation characteristic of insulators in HV
2nd Stage transmission lines.
• Finding out mathematical relations for each parameter in insulation
cordination in HV transmision lines

• Developing a mathematical model combining all parameters affect to

HV transmission lines insulation cordination
Final
• Verifying by feild data
evaluation

Figure 1.2 : Research flow

1.6 Theoretical background

Power transmission utilities in the present days are more dependent on the standard designs
for constructing transmission to minimize the capital cost. Economic studies indicate that
transmission lines employing optimized designs and scientific cost management
methodologies for construction are significant in achieving much higher savings in capital
investments.

According to the nature of the operating current, transmission lines are classified as
alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) lines. Overhead and underground
classification of transmission lines is based on the type of construction.

Most of the power is generated from conventional power stations, which are probably located
away from the load centers due to environmental constraints. The most convenient means of
transporting electrical energy from generating stations to the load centers is the use of
transmission lines.(Kishore and Singal, 2014)

4
Transmission lines act as a connecting link between the generating stations and load centers
and also between different transmission systems. Figure 1.3 shows the general structure of
the power system.

Figure 1.3 : general structure of the power system

The basic role of high-voltage insulators is to ensure proper attachment of the line conductors
to grounded support structures. In this respect, the insulators play two essential roles:

1. To ensure the electrical integrity of the system, under diverse weather conditions, by
withstanding electrical stresses associated with system voltage as well as related temporary
and switching over voltages. While flashovers due to direct lightning strikes cannot be
practically eliminated, these can certainly be managed down to acceptable levels.

2. To maintain the mechanical integrity of the system by withstanding mechanical stresses

associated with conductor weight and related overstressing due to icing, wind load, broken
conductor conditions, etc. (FAROUK A.M RIZK, 2017)

1.7 Insulators types

There are different basis to classify high-voltage insulators. On the basis of mechanical
function, insulators can be classified into suspension or support insulators. Apart from
medium-voltage lines where post insulators are used, suspension insulators on transmission
towers prevail for high-voltage lines. On the other hand, insulator columns are widely used in
high-voltage substations to carry tubular bus bars or other electrical equipment such as
disconnecting switches or capacitor banks. Based on orientation, transmission line insulators
can be classified into suspension strings in tangent or small angle towers and tension strings
in large-angle or terminal towers. For suspension strings, distinction could further be made

5
between single or multiple I-strings or V-strings. The justification for applying multiple I- or
V-strings is normally based on mechanical or safety requirements, such as long spans
associated with river or highway crossings. Based on the profile of suspension insulators,
distinction can be made among disc type and long-rod type, as shown in Figure 1.4 (Rizk et
al., 1972). In Figure 1.4 A, B, and D show disc insulators, while C and E represent long rods.

Figure 1.4 : Insulators types

1.8 What is insulation coordination?

―The selection of dielectric strength of equipment in relation to voltages which can appear on
the system for which the equipment is intended, taking into account the service environment
and the characteristics of the available protective devices.‖(IEC 60050-604)

The main task for insulation coordination is the determination of stresses and the assessment
of the strength of the system and the equipment installed. Insulation strength is selected on

6
the basis of some quantitative or perceived degree of reliability and the strength cannot be
selected unless the stress placed on the insulation is known. Also, the methods of reducing the
stress should be examined. Thus, the goal is to select the minimum insulation strength, or
minimum clearance at system voltage. The process starts with a selection of the reliability
criteria, followed by study to determine the electrical stress placed on the equipment or on the
air clearance. This stress is then compared to the insulation strength characteristics, from
which strength is selected.

Usually, insulation coordination is separated into two major parts:

A. . Line insulation coordination

For line insulation coordination, the task is to specify all dimensions or characteristics of the
transmission line tower that affect the reliability of the line.

1. The tower strike distances or clearances between the phase conductor and the
grounded tower sides and upper truss
2. The insulator string length
3. The number and type of insulators
4. The need for and type of supplemental tower grounding
5. The location and number of overhead ground or shield wires
6. The phase-to-ground mid span clearance
7. The phase-phase strike distance or clearance
8. The need for, rating, and location of line surge arresters

B. Station Insulation Coordination

For station insulation coordination, it is to specify

1. The equipment insulation strength, that is, the BIL and BSL of all equipment.
2. The phase-ground and phase-phase clearances or strike distances.
3. The need for, the location, the rating, and the number of surge arresters.
4. The need for, the location, the configuration, and the spacing of protective gaps.
5. The need for, the location, and the type (masts or shield wires) of substation shielding.
6. The need for, the amount, and the method of achieving an improvement in lightning
performance of the line immediately adjacent to the station.

7
For this process, all sources of stress that may be placed on the equipment or on the tower
must be considered & for this reason, all the possible Over voltages for UHV line must be
analyzed.(Tailor and Joshi, 2013)

1.9 Lightning impulse flash over

Lightning impulse flash over takes place according to a streamer breakdown mechanism,
since impulse duration is too short to allow any significant leader growth. Lightning impulse
flashover of insulator strings is effectively a streamer breakdown of the air gap between the
conductor and the cross arm or between the guard rings or along the string arcing distance,
whichever is short. The critical current level Icb for back flashover was expressed by,

where

VNS - the critical nonstandard lightning impulse flashover voltage of the insulator string

VLN - the phase-to-ground power frequency voltage

KPF - the power frequency voltage factor

KTT - the tower top potential coefficient

C - the coupling factor between the phase conductor and ground wire(Hileman, 2001)

1.10 Switching impulse flash over

Switching impulse flashover of an insulator string under dry conditions is basically a
breakdown of the corresponding air gap. This occurs with the stages of critical streamer
formation, continuous leader inception and propagation, and final jump.

1.11 Pollution flash over

Flashover of insulators under system operating voltage has been experienced in heavily
polluted industrial environment, near the seacoast, and in the desert. It is now recognized that
pollution flashover mechanism is characterized by different stages: contamination layer
buildup, insulator wetting, leakage current surging, formation of dry-band arcs, and eventual
extension of such arcs to span the whole leakage path.

8
1.12 Literature review
1.12.1 Similar systems
I. Insulation Coordination Model Based on Breakdown Characteristics of Air-Gap
Subjected to Damped Alternating over voltages(Sima et al., 2022)

By this article examine and calculate the failure probability of a rod-plane air gap(RPAG)
under a damped alternating overvoltage(DAOV) based on a large amount of experimental
data and the probability density distribution of measured over voltages in a power system.
Here the researchers propose a prediction model for the breakdown characteristic of any

Figure 1.5 : Flowchart of DICM modeling process.

length of RPAG by changing the length of RPAG with the variable of DAOV parameters
(including the damping factor and frequency).

With changes in the length of the RPAG, this model can dynamically characterize the
safety factor of the system to efficiently and accurately determine whether the insulation
for the air gap meets the relevant safety requirements. The proposed dynamic insulation
coordination model (DICM) helps improve the accuracy of insulation design and can be

9
 used in industrial applications as a statistical method for coordinating insulations in power
systems.

This study establishes a nonstandard impulse testing plat-form to generate varying

waveforms of DAOV. The insulation object is a rod-plane air gap at 20–70 mm
adjustable for the high-voltage impulse tests. With the experimental data, they calculate
its comprehensive failure probability (FB). Then they use a mathematical method to
develop a 3-D model to predict the failure probability of RPAGs of varying lengths
subjected to various DAOVs. Finally, they propose a method to improve the design of
insulation coordination. Considering the system economic model, the DICM has been
proposed. It provides a reference for improving insulation coordination and equipment
design.

II. A method for optimal coordinated insulation design of transmission line(Williams,

Vakilian and Blackburn, 2010)

A new algorithm for optimum design of transmission line insulation is presented by

this paper. Here different failure modes are introduced and the relevant costs of those
failures, which are involved in insulation failure of equipment in a transmission line,
are evaluated.

 Algorithm of optimum insulation design

The main steps when employing a specific method for optimization are as
follows.
1. Formulate the objective function as the total cost of system: CT(x) = C0 (x) +
CR(x), Where C0(x) represents the annualized installation, operation and
maintenance costs (a monotonic function of each design variables x), and
CR(x) represents the annual expected total cost of failure.
2. Evaluate the cost of a starting point design, which can be determined through
any conventional method.
3. Employ a suitable design optimization technique.

The flowchart of the proposed optimization method is shown in figure 2.2.

10
 Start insulation
design

Start point
Formulation of objective
function

Evaluation of objective
function

Search end?
In
optimization
method

Direction and step size

Optimum
solution ends

Figure 1.6 : Flow chart flow optimum insulation

design

If the total capitalized installation and operation costs are shown by C0 and the yearly cost of
expected failures is shown by CR, then the problem of optimal insulation design can be shown
by equation (1), in which these may both be expressed as function of D*, which represents
the set of all possible alternative designs for a group of equipment. The optimal insulation
coordination is shown by setting,

( ) ( )
………………. (1)
( )

where D* is the set of all possible alternative design for a group of equipment.

III. Optimization of overhead transmission lines insulation and grounding costs with
respect to back flashover rate.(De Oliveira-De Jesus et al., 2021)

11
 In this paper, the optimization of transmission insulation and grounding is performed
considering two back flashover rate (BFR) evaluation procedures widely applied in
the industry. The optimization approach is based on the Lagrange formulation
introduced by Hileman in late sixties.

IV. Insulation coordination optimization study for ±660kv ehvdc project with increased
transmission capacity(Liuchun, Cuixia and Yu, 2016)
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) had proposed to increase the transmission
capacity of ±660kV UHVDC transmission system, and increase the rated capacity
from 4000MW to 4600MW, and the research relied on Ningdong-Shandong ±660kV
Extra high voltage direct current (EHVDC) project. Based on the researched results of
over voltages in ±660kV EHVDC transmission system with the capacity of 4600MW,
the insulation coordination for this transmission system is researched, and the
obtained results are compared with that for ±660 kV EHVDC transmission system
with the capacity of 4000MW. The content of insulation coordination includes
determining insulation level of substation electrical equipment and air gap distance,
and determining the line insulator configuration and air gap distance.

V. Designing Insulation Coordination for Ultra High Voltage AC System by Analyzing

Over Voltages using Frequency Dependent Line Modeling.(Tailor and Joshi, 2013)
In this paper types of over voltages in Ultra High Voltage system, process of
insulation coordination, frequency dependent line modeling and simulation using
Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) & design of insulation coordination for
1200 KV AC transmission line have been presented. The technique to reduce stress
have been suggested by using Surge Arrester (SA) is examined.
Flow chart flow optimum insulation design

1.12.2 Insulation selection standard

There are two main groups of standards in insulation coordination.

(i) ANSI C92.1 (ANSI, 1982) and IEEE 1313.1 (IEEE, 1996). These are similar
standards on insulation coordination.
(ii) IEC 71.1 (IEC, 1993) and AS 1824.1-1995 (Standards Australia, 1995). These are on
insulation coordination definition, principles and rules.

12
In these standards, the process of insulation coordination is described in two main steps.

1. Determination of various voltage stresses.

2. Selection of the insulation withstand to satisfy the desired probability of failure.

This recent step is built-up of three sub-steps as follows:

a) Determining the required insulation withstands, based on the desired probability of

failure and the estimated voltage stresses.
b) Upgrading the determined level of the above item by employing a safety margin.
c) Selection of next highest standard insulation withstand level from the list of standard
Basic lightning impulse insulation levels (BIL)s and Basic switching impulse
insulation level (BSL)s.
(Williams, Vakilian and Blackburn, 2010)

I. IEC Standard 60071-1 for insulation selection

Figure 1.9 presents a flowchart for the insulation coordination procedure with special
reference to international electrotechnical commission (IEC) Standard 60071-1. The first
fundamental step is the determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp) for the
different classes. The final result of this exercise is the establishment of a set of standard
insulation levels (Uw) characterizing the system insulation. (FAROUK A.M RIZK, 2017)

13
 System studies  over voltages
 Arrester characteristics
 Insulation characteristic

Representative over
voltages, Urp

 Insulation characteristics
 Performance criterion
Insulation meeting Kc
performance criterion  Data inaccuracy
 Statistical distribution

Coordination withstand
voltages, Ucw

Difference between test  Atmospheric corrections

Ka,Ks
and service conditions  Safety factor

Required withstand
voltages, Urw

 Test conversion factor

Selection of standard Kt  Standard withstand
withstand voltages, Uw voltages
Figure 1.7 : Insulation coordination procedure

II. IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination—Definitions, Principles, and

Rules(INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE),
2011)

This standard presents the definitions and the procedure for insulation coordination.
According to this standard the procedure for insulation coordination consists of

a) Determination of voltage stresses

b) Selection of the insulation strength to achieve the desired probability of failure

Here for insulation coordination purposes, wet conditions are assumed and only the relative
air density corresponding to the altitude needs to be taken into account.

14
As per the IEEE regulations, following standards should be considered.

 Selection of standard insulation level.

 The selection of the rated component insulation level consists of the selection
of standard insulation withstand voltages that provide sufficient margin above
the system overvoltage stress.
 The tests required to verify the component rated maximum voltages are
defined by the relevant apparatus standards. The component low-frequency,
short-duration withstand voltage is selected from the list of standard withstand
voltages provided in appendix table 3.1.(Ieee, 1995)
 Selection of standard BIL and BSL values.
The standard BIL and BSL values are selected from the appendix table 3.2 .
(Anon, 1980)

15
Chapter 2 :
2.1 Future work
According to time allocation to this project, I hope to study about insulation coordination
standards, modern insulation materials and type and mathematical relations of factors that
affect to insulation coordination within next month.

2.2 List of reference

1. Anon (1980) Ieee Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution,
Power, and Regulating Transformers., American National Standards Institute,
Standards.
2. FAROUK A.M RIZK, G.N.T. (2017) High Voltage Engeenirirg.
3. Hileman, A.R. (2001) Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, IEEE Electrical
Insulation Magazine. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2001.917540.
4. Huang, J. et al. (2018) ‗An online measurement method for insulator creepage
distance on transmission lines‘, Energies, 11(7). Available at:
https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071781.
5. Ieee (1995) Std C57.21 - Standard Requirements , Terminology , and Test Code for
Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA, Test.
6. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE) (2011)
‗IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination — Definitions, Principles, and Rules‘,
IEEE Std C62.82.1-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1313.1-1996), 1996, pp. 1–22.
Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5754137/.
7. Liuchun, Z., Cuixia, Z. and Yu, Y. (2016) ‗Insulation coordination optimization study
for ±660kv ehvdc project with increased transmission capacity‘, IET Conference
Publications, 2016(CP696). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0427.
8. Lucas, J.R. (2001) ‗Surges on Transmission Lines‘, High Voltage Transient Analysis,
pp. 46–63.

9. De Oliveira-De Jesus, P.M. et al. (2021) ‗Optimization of overhead transmission lines

insulation and grounding costs with respect to backflashover rate‘, Electrical
Engineering, 103(3), pp. 1711–1723. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-
020-01180-7.
10. De Oliveira-De Jesus, P.M., Hernandez-Torres, D. and Urdaneta, A.J. (2018) ‗Cost-
Effective Optimization Model for Transmission Line Outage Rate Control Due to

16
 Back-Flashover Phenomena‘, Electric Power Components and Systems, 46(16–17),
pp. 1834–1843. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2018.1525775.
11. Sima, W. et al. (2022) ‗Insulation Coordination Model Based on Breakdown
Characteristics of Air-Gap Subjected to Damped Alternating Overvoltages‘, IEEE
Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 29(2), pp. 641–648. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2022.3157928.
12. Salam, M.A. et al. (2000) ‗Study of creepage distance of the contaminated insulator in
correlation with salt deposit density‘, Conference on Electrical Insulation and
Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), Annual Report, 1(May 2014), pp. 215–217.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.2000.885265.
13. Tailor, H. and Joshi, S. (2013) ‗Designing insulation coordination for Ultra High
Voltage AC system by analyzing over voltages using frequency dependent line
modeling‘, 2013 Nirma University International Conference on Engineering,
NUiCONE 2013, pp. 1–6. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1109/NUiCONE.2013.6780162.
14. Teo, S.Y. et al. (2014) ‗Flashover voltage of insulator string under various
conditions‘, Conference Proceeding - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Power
and Energy, PECon 2014, pp. 119–122. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2014.7062425.
15. Williams, A., Vakilian, M. and Blackburn, T.R. (2010) ‗A method for optimal
coordinated insulation design of transmission line‘, Australian Journal of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, 7(3), pp. 211–223. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1080/1448837x.2010.11464273.
16. Wagner, C.F. et al. (1952) ‗Insulation Co-ordination‘, Transactions of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers. Part III: Power Apparatus and Systems, 71(1), pp.
1064–1084. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/AIEEPAS.1952.4498578.
17. Janvier, P. (1989) ‗Breakdown of trust‘, Nature, 341(6237), p. 16. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1038/341016a0.
18. Journal, I. et al. (2017) ‗Flashover Analysis in High Voltage Insulator Using By‘,
2(11), pp. 131–134.
19. Jiang, X. et al. (2008) ‗Switching impulse flashover performance of different types of
insulators at high altitude sites of above 2800 m‘, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics
and Electrical Insulation, 15(5), pp. 1340–1345. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2008.4656242
17
20. Valavala, M. and Kanchanapalli, B. (2012) ‗Breakdown mechanism in air insulating
medium by an experimental study‘, Elixir Electrical Engineering, 47, pp. 8832–8835.
21. Khatoon, S., Khan, A.A. and Singh, S. (2017) ‗A review of the flashover performance
of high voltage insulators constructed with modern insulating materials‘, Transactions
on Electrical and Electronic Materials, 18(5), pp. 246–249. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.4313/TEEM.2017.18.5.246
22. Kishore, T.S. and Singal, S.K. (2014) ‗Optimal economic planning of power
transmission lines: A review‘, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, pp.
949–974. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.125.

18
2.3 Time plan
September October November December January February
ACTIVITY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Literature survey

Studding theoritical background

1st progress report writing and submision

Progress presentation 1

Finding out modern insulations and types and

characteristics of HV transmission lines

Identifying affecting factors and mathematical

relations for insulation co-ordination in HV
transmission lines.

2nd progress report writing and submision

2nd progress presentation

Developing the mathematical model

final report writing and submision

Final presentation

19
2.4 Appendix

10, 15, 19, 26, 34, 40, 50, 70, 95, 140, 185, 230, 275, 325, 360, 395, 460, 520,
575, 630, 690, 750, 800, 860, 920, 980, 1040, 1090

Table 2.1 : The component low-frequency, short-duration withstand voltage(kV)

10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 95, 110, 125, 150, 200, 250, 350, 450, 550, 650, 750,
825, 900, 975, 1050, 1175, 1300, 1425, 1550, 1675, 1800, 1925, 2050, 2175,
2300, 2425, 2550, 2625, 2675, 2800, 2925, 3050
Table 2.2 : The standard BIL and BSL valuesThe standard BIL and BSL values(kV)

20