FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTAL

PROJECT APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION AND

INTEGRATION

GROUP NUMBER 4

COURSE CODE BFC 15006

COURSE CALCULUS

SECTION 4

NAME & MATRIC NO ALICE ANAK MERED (CF210170)

NOOR HANNAH BINTI MOIDEEN (CF210312)

LOW WAN YEE (AF210059)

MUHAMMAD NABIL IKHWAN BIN MOHD

JOHARI (CF210208)

LECTURER NAME IR. TS. DR MOHD HANIF BIN ISMAIL

SEMESTER / SESSION 2021 / 2022

SUBMISSION DATE 9 / 01 / 2022

MARKS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3
PROBLEM 1 5
SOLUTION 1 5

PROBLEM 2 11
SOLUTION 2 11
 INTRODUCTION

For this project, we are using differentiation, integration and derivative methods to solve the
problems in our task. There are two problems we need to solve for example, problem 1 and
problem 2. This problem is related to traffic data collections around Parit Raja.

First of all, differentiation has application to nearly all quantitative disciplines. For example, in
physics, the derivative of the displacement of a moving body with respect to time is the velocity
of the body and the derivative of velocity with respect to time is acceleration. The derivative of
the momentum of a body with respect to time equals the force applied to the body, rearranging
this derivative statement leads to the famous F = ma equation associated with Newton’s second
law of motion. The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a derivative.

Secondly, derivatives are frequently used to find the maxima and minima of a function.
Derivatives and their generalizations appear in many fields of mathematics, such as complex
analysis, functional analysis, differential geometry, measure theory, and abstract algebra.
Suppose that x and y are real numbers and that y is a function of x, that is for every value of x,
there is a corresponding value of y. This relationship can be written as y = f(x). If f(x) is the
equation for a straight line (called a linear equation), then there are two real numbers m and b
such that y = mx + b. In this “slope-intercept form”, the term m is called the slope and can be
determined from the formula.

Next, integrals can be used for computing the area of a two-dimensional region that has a
curved boundary, as well as computing the volume of a three-dimensional object that has a
curved boundary. The area of a two-dimensional region can be calculated using the
aforementioned definite integral. Integration and Differentiation are two fundamental concepts in
calculus, which studies the change. Calculus has a wide variety of applications in many fields
such as science, economy or finance, engineering and others. Both of these methods have their
own differences. The difference between integration and differentiation is sort of like the
difference between “squaring” and “taking the square root.”

When the talk is about concrete, normal concrete in which common ingredients such as
aggregate, water, and cement are used is known as normal concrete. It is also called normal
weight concrete or normal strength concrete. It has a setting time of 30 - 90 minutes depending
upon moisture in atmosphere, fineness of cement etc. The development of the strength starts after
7 days. The common strength values are 10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi). At about 28
days 75 - 80% of the total strength is attained. Almost at 90 days 95% of the strength is achieved.
Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse rupture
strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure
test.

The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen having either a
circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding using a three point flexural
test technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material
at its moment of yield. It is measured in terms of stress, here given the symbol σ. Deflection is
the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. It may refer to an angle or a
distance. The deflection distance of a member under a load is directly related to the slope of the
deflected shape of the member under that load, and can be calculated by integrating the function
that mathematically describes the slope of the member under that load. Deflection can be
calculated by standard formula or by methods such as virtual work, direct integration,
Castiglioni’s method, Macaulay's method or the direct stiffness method, amongst others. On this
project, the application of differentiation and integration was applied to solve problem 1 and
problem 2.
PROBLEM 1
 SOLUTION 1

Location: Site A – In Front of Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara (KKTM) Sri Gading.
Date: 26 January 2021 Time: 5.00pm to 7.00pm (Peak)

Batu Pahat – Kluang

Time (min) Density Average Speed Volume

(veh/km) (km/hr) (veh)

15 14.97 73.2 247

30 13.33 76.8 258

45 16.69 71.4 231

60 19.44 67.7 196

75 21.09 65.8 228

90 16.56 71.0 265

105 15.80 72.9 239

120 14.73 73.6 274

TOTAL 69.8 1938

1) Plot graph of Volume vs Time and Average Speed vs Time.

Time (min) Volume

(veh)

15 247

30 258

45 231

60 196

75 228

90 265

105 239

120 274
2) From both graph;

I. Find the intervals where it increasing, decreasing or constant.

f (x) = -0.4602 x 4+8.157 x 3−45.123 x 2 +82.291 x +206.04

f’(x) =-1.8408 x 3+ 42.471 x2 −90.276 x+ 82.291
f”(x) =-5.5224 x 2+ 48.80 x – 90.28

x = -1.278 x = 10.36

-1.278 10.36
Point intervals test (-∞,-1.278) (-1.278,10.36) (10.36,∞)
value sign of f”(x) -1 5 10
- + -

Concave Downward Concave Upward Concave Downward

f”(-1) =-5.5224 x 2+ 48.80 x – 90.28

=-5.5224(−1)2+ 48.80(−1)– 90.28
=-144.60

f”(5) =-5.5224 x 2+ 48.80 x – 90.28

=-5.5224(5)2+ 48.80(5)– 90.28
=15.66

f”(10) =-5.5224 x 2+ 48.80 x – 90.28

=-5.5224(10)2+ 48.80(10)– 90.28
=-154.52
From that table, the function is increasing in the internal (-1.278, 10.36) while decreasing in the
intervals (-∞, -1.278) and (10.36, ∞)
II. Determine the rate of change for each 15 minutes intervals.
( y 2− y 1 )
Rate of change,
( x ¿ ¿ 2−x 1)¿

 15 minutes to 30 minutes
(258−247)
m= = 0.733
(30−15)
 30 minutes to 45 minutes
(231−258)
m= = -1.8
(45−30)

 55 minutes to 60 minutes
(196−231)
m= = -2.33
(60−45)

 60 minutes to 75 minutes
(228−196)
m= = 2.133
(75−60)

 75 minutes to 90 minutes
(265−228)
m= = 2.467
(90−75)

 90 minutes to 105 minutes

(239−265)
m= = -1.733
(105−90)

 105 minutes to 120 minutes

(274−239)
m= = 2.333
(120−105)

III. Locate all relative maximum and minimum number.

Relative Maximum Number:
 By using First Derivative Test relative maximum and minimum number can be found
based on the changes sign of f’(x). If f’(x) changes sign from positive to negative, the
critical point is a relative maximum. If f’(x) changes sign from negative to positive, the
critical point is a relative minimum.

Therefore, based on table in (i), f’(x) critical number x = 2.926 and x= 6.274
f (x) = -0.4602 x 4+8.157 x 3−45.123 x 2 +82.291 x +206.04
f’(x) =-1.8408 x 3+ 42.471 x2 −90.276 x+ 82.291
f”(x) =-5.5224 x 2+ 48.942 x – 90.276
f”(x) = -11.0448 x +48.942

when x = -1.578
f”’(x) = -11.0448(−1.578) + 48.942
= 66.371

Since f”’(x) >0

The function has a relative minimum at x = -1.578 and its concavity is concave
upward

when x = 10.36
f”’(x) = -11.0448(10.36) + 48.942
= -65.482

Since f”’(x) >0

The function has a relative maximum at x = 10.36 and its concavity is concave
downward

IV. Evaluate the absolute maximum and minimum number.

When f”’(x) = 0
-11.0448 x +48.942
x=4.431

When (x) = 4.431

y = -0.4602 x 4+8.157 x 3−45.123 x 2 +82.291 x +206.04
y = -0.4602( 4.4)4+8.157(4.4)3−45.123 (4.4)2 +82.291(4.4)+206.04
y = -172.49 + 694.85 – 873.872 + 362.08 + 206.04
 y = 216.908

Hence, the point of absolute maximum and minimum, is ( 4.4 , 216.908)

3) Plot the graph of Cumulative Volume vs Time. From the graph, calculate the rate of change
for each 15 minutes intervals and investigate the average rate of change of the graph
 Time (min) Volume Cumulative Volume Rate Of Change
(vehicles) (vehicles)

15 247 247 -

30 258 505

45 231 736

60 196 932

75 228 1160

90 265 1425

105 239 1664

120 274 1938

TOTAL 1938

505 - 247

30 - 15
= 17.2
PROBLEM 2
 SOLUTION 2

Attachment 2 shows the data from experimental testing of concrete prisms under flexural load.
From the experimental results :

Group 4: Foamed concrete (Density 1600) – Flexural Strength (kN) vs Deflection (mm).

1. Plot the graph of Flexural Strength vs. Deflection

2. Energy of concrete can be calculated by finding the area under the graph. Therefore,
evaluate the energy of the concrete by using two (2) methods:
i. Portioning the area under the graph and manually calculating the area of each portion.
ii. From the graph, add a trendline of polynomial to get an approximate function and
integrate the function to get the area under the graph.

3. Compare and justify the value from both methods.

Method 1: Based on the question, the energy of the concrete can be calculated by using
method of portioning the area under the graph which known as trapezoidal rule to find
the approximate value of a definite integral.

Based on the data given, the graph Flexural Strength (kN) vs Deflection (mm) is plotted as
shown in Figure 2.1 below.