POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MU ADZAM SHAH

PB 101

(STATISTICS)
1.0 - INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
NAME : (03DAT10F2001) (03DAT10F2041) (03DAT10F2048) (03DAT10F2054)

NORAZLIZA BINTI AZMAN NURUL EMIRA BINTI ZULKIPLI NOR NATRAH BINTI MAT DAUD MASZALIFAH BINTI ABD HAMID

NORHIDAYU BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN (03DAT10F2060) CLASS LECTURER : DAT 1A / DEC 2010 : PUAN BALKHAIS BINTI JAMALUDDIN

PB 101 STATISTICS

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

1.1.1 Defines Statistics Represent scientific procedures and method for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data, as well as obtaining useful information, drawing valid conclusion and making effective decisions based on the analysis.

1.1.2 The use of statistics in business All managers and decisions makers in government departments as well as private firms. The executives who are involved in marketing, accounting, advertising and other areas of work must have a sound knowledge of statistics to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization.

1.2 UNDERSTAND TYPES OF STATISTICS 1.2.1 Define Types of Statistics a) Descriptive statistics y y Data are compiled, organizing, summarized, and presented in suitable visual forms which are easy to understand and suitable for use. Various table, graphs, charts, and diagrams are the information obtained from the data.

b) Inferential statistics y y y Make inferences about the population based on measurements obtained from the sample. Certain amount of uncertainly about the estimations. Probability is often used when stating the conclusions.

1.3 KNOW OF STATISTICAL TERMS 1.3.1 Define Some Common Statistical Terms a) Population and Sample y To designate the complete set of items that is of interest in the research. Sample is used to design a subset of items that are chosen from the population.

b) Statistics and Parameter y Summary measures such a mean, median, mode or standard deviation, computed from sample data is called a statistics. However, a summary measures for the entire population is called a parameter.

c) Census y If the population we wish to study is small, if is possible for us to measure a variable for every unit in the population.

d) Sample Survey y Involves a subgroup (sample) of a population being chosen and questioned on a set of topics. This usually used to make inferences about the large population-reduce cost and time.

e) Pilot Test y y f) Data y y This is a measure on variables of interest obtained from a sample. Data can divide by two:Primary Data Researchers collect primary data from samples. More accurate and consistent. The data needed by decision makers are not available from secondary sources. Required more time, manpower and a high cost to collect. Secondary Data It is easily accessible from the internet, journal, annual reports and newspaper. May lack accuracy because the measurement procedure and the method of data collection are not explained by the previous researchers. Data may not meet the specific need and objectives or the current research. Study done before the actual field work carried out. To test out questionnaires and improve them in terms of flow, question design, language and clarity.

g) Variables y It is measures a characteristic of the population that the researcher wants to study. For example, variable of interest may be the monthly income of respondents, respondents age, gender, level of education, and other. Variables can divide by two: Quantitative Measured on numerical scale. For example: How tall are you? Answer: 167m. Qualitative Measured with non-numerical scale. For example: Are you a Malaysian? Answer: Yes.

1.4 UNDERSTAND SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS 1.4.1 Identify Types of Sampling Techniques a) Non-Probability Sampling Techniques  Convenience Sampling It is recommended for pre-testing of questionnaires, the gathering of ideas and insights or the forming of hypothesis. Judgmental Sampling Population elements selected based on the judgments of the researcher. Snowball Sampling An initial group of respondents is selected, usually at random. Quota Sampling Researcher observes specific characteristics of potential respondents before making a selection.

  

b) Probability Sampling Techniques    Simple Random Sampling It is selected from the population. Systematic Sampling Samples were systematically selected based on a fixed range (k) Stratified Sampling Divide population into several mutually exclusive strata and then randomly sample from each of these strata. Cluster Sampling It divided into subpopulations or clusters. Selected based on a probability sampling techniques. Multistage Sampling To reduce time and cost when working with samples from very large populations.

1.4.2 Explain Data Collection Methods a) Face-to-Face Interview - Interviewer asks the questions, from a questionnaire & records the responses. Also known as a Personal Interview. b) Telephone Interview - Interviewer asks question from a prepared set of questionnaires. Normally short in duration. c) Direct Questionnaire - Researcher will greet respondents & explain briefly his intention before giving the questionnaires to respondents. Questionnaires are distributed & collected personally. d) Mail (or Postal) Questionnaire - Questionnaire is sent to each respondent with a stamped addressed envelope attached. e) Direct Observation - Most commonly used to collecting data. It is used in work, studies, and organizations also social scientists. It is not influenced by what people say or think. f) Short Messaging Service (SMS) - Many techniques of gathering information are available. It can be collected by e-mail, internet survey & SMS.