MY

PORTFOLIO
IN
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Submitted to: Mr. REMAR I.PABALAY

Submitted by: IVAN L. AMOLONG BSA 1

 TABLE OF CONTENT :

1. COMPILATION OF REFLECTIVE
ESSAY

2. PPT

3. TEXT OF REPORT

4. DOCUMENTATION

5. REFLECTION ( whole course)

1. COMPILATION OF REFLECTIVE ESSAY:

REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 1

1. How does organic chemistry related to

agriculture science?

: Organic chemistry relate to the agriculture

science because the organic chemistry is one

of the process/product or way In agriculture

like for example by farming, food production

and experimenting. Agriculture science use

organic chemistry to solve/fix their research or

problem.

2. What significance does organic chemistry

play in the field of agriculture?

:The importance or significance of organic

chemistry in the field of agriculture is the

organic chemistry is one of the main strategy,

way or technique to perform agriculture like

farming, food production and experimenting.

Organic chemistry also important in

agriculture science because the organic

chemistry is one of the elements to make their

chemicals like insecticide and also fertilizer.

REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 2

A “ Take aways” give atleast 3 of you

significant learning of the ff.

 1 alkanes?

is a saturates or saturated hydrocarbon ,

Consist entirely of single bonded carbon and

hydrogen atom, alkanes are also called as

paraffin.

2 Cycloalkanes?

cycloalkanes are the monocyclic saturated

hydrocarbon, that contains carbon atoms

joined to form a ring, A Cycloalkanes without

side chain are classified as small,

Cycloalkanes are the class of hydrocarbons

having a ring like structure.

3 Conformations of alkanes and Cycloalkanes?

 : Conformation of alkanes in organic

chemistry it is found the you can rotate a

single bond of a molecule to changes the

arrangements of the atoms without changing

the chemical formula of the compound, and

also deals with the isomers of alkanes that

form due to slight changes in there structure,

especially in there carbon-carbon bonds. The

Conformation start with ethane and occurs to

all alkanes higher than ethane. Confrontation

of cycycloalkanes A highly flammable alicyclic

hydrocarbon with chemical formula C₅H₁₀ and

CAS number 287-92-3, consisting of a ring of

five carbon atoms each bonded with two

hydrogen atoms above and below the plane. It

occurs as a colorless liquid with a petrol-like

odor.

4 Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes?

The most important reaction of alkanes is the

combustion reaction, reaction of alkanes

undergo very few reaction, in the presence of

light or at high temperature, alkanes react with

halogens to form alkyl halides. Reaction with

chlorine gives and alkyl chloride, reaction with

bromine gives and alkyl bromide. The reaction

of cycloalkanes are generally just the same as

the alkanes
B Reflective Thinking. Answer the following

questions:

1. Explain the general concepts of alkanes and

cycloalkanes? Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

are same saturated hydrocarbon because they

incorporate the maximum number of

hydrogens possible without breaking any

carbon-carbon bond. They are also members

of a larger class of compound referred to as

aliphatic.

2. How can we identify the conformations of

alkanes and cycloalkanes as well as their

reactions? We can identify the

Conformation of alkanes and Cycloalkanes by

looking their bond because they are same

single bonded and saturated and their

reactions are also just the same the

combustion and halogens reaction.

REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 3

A. “Take-aways”. Give at least 3 of your

significant learnings on the ff.:

1. Alkenes ?

Alkenes are lighter than water, And also The

alkenes are insoluble in water due to their

nonpolar characteristics. Alkenes and

particularly ethene are tremendously important

in the chemical industry. The alkenes are also

too useful in the chemical industry for the

manufacture of plastics and many other

chemicals to be used as fuels.

2. Alkynes ?

Alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

containing at least one carbon-carbon triple

bond. Alkynes is used to make polymer and it

is a precursor. Alkynes are useful in various

industries Simple alkyne compounds include

acetylene, propyne and so on.

3. Reactions involving alkenes and alkynes?

the Alkenes have double bonds; alkynes have

triple bonds. Both undergo addition reactions.

Both alkenes and alkynes are “unsaturated,”

which means that they contain double or triple

carbon-carbon bonds. The alkanes react with

halogens to form alkyl halides and the Alkynes

The principal reaction of the alkynes is

addition across the triple bond to form alkanes.

The alkanes and alkynes are considered as

simple hydrocarbon.

4. Aromatic hydrocarbons ?

Aromatic hydrocarbon A compound having a

closed ring of alternate single and double

bonds with delocalized electrons. Aromatic

hydrocarbon is use as a non-polar solvent for

other molecules. They are used in

manufacturing fuels, pesticides, lacquers,

paints, detergents, and more

5. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds ?

An organic compound in which one or more

of the carbon atoms in the backbone of the

molecule has been replaced by an atom other

than carbon. Pyridine, pyrrole, thiophene are all

hetero aromatic compounds. They also find

applications as sanitizers, developers,

antioxidants, and etc.

REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 4

A. “Take-aways”. Give at least 3 of your

significant learnings on the ff.:

1. Alcohols ?

Alcohol is an organic compound with a

hydroxyl (OH) functional group on an aliphatic

carbon atom. ROH is the general formula of

alcohol where R is an alkyl group. Alcohol have

three classification the primary, secondary or

tertiary alcohols, and also there are three

types of alcohol the methanol, isopropanol,

and ethanol. Alcohol is important in organic

chemistry because they can be converted to

and from many other types of compounds.

2. Medically important alcohols ?

The medically important alcohol are ethanol,

isopropyl alcohol, and glycerol. And the

ethanol is the most important alcohol of

pharmacologic interest. The alcohol is

important in making or manufacturing

drugs/medicine because alcohol is one of the

ingredients in making or manufacturing drugs/

medicine I think…

3. Reactions involving alcohols ?

The most common reactions of alcohols can

be classified as oxidation, dehydration,

substitution, esterification, and reactions of

alkoxides. Alcohols may be oxidized to give

ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids.

Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without

breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as

the ketone stage.

4. Phenols ?

Phenols are a class of organic compounds

containing a hydroxyl group and a benzene

ring, Phenol is used primarily in the production

of phenolic resins and in the manufacture of

nylon and other synthetic fibers. Phenol can

found in a cereals, coffee beans, fruits, olives,

vegetables, and tea leaves. Some examples of

phenols are Flavonoids, Quinones and

Stilbenes.

5. Ethers ?

The ethers use the more complex group as the

root name, with the oxygen atom and the

smaller group named as an alkoxy substituent.

Ether simple tem are any of a class of organic

compounds characterized by an oxygen atom

bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.

6. Thiols ?

Thiols are analogous to alcohol, Thiols are

used as odorants to assist in the detection

of natural gas. Thiols are the Any of various

compounds having the general formula RSH

which are analogous to alcohols but in which

sulfur replaces the oxygen of the hydroxyl

group and which have disagreeable odors

 REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 5

A. “Take-aways”. Give at least 3 of your

significant learnings on the ff.:

1. Aldehydes ?

In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic

compound containing a functional group with

the structure R−CH=O. Aldehydes are found In

essential oils. Aldehydes are versatile

compounds that can help make resins, dyes

and organic acids, as well as perfumes for

cologne, detergents and soaps.

2. Ketones ?

Ketones contain a carbonyl group –C–. , The

simplest ketone is acetone, with the formula

CH₃CCH₃. Ketones upset the chemical balance

of your blood and, if left untreated, can poison

the body.

3. Carboxylic Acids ?

An organic acid containing a carboxyl group.

Carboxylic acids occur widely. The acid with

the carboxyl group attached directly to a

benzene ring is called benzoic acid (C 6H

5COOH). Carboxylic acids used for production

of polymers, biopolymers, coatings, adhesives,

and pharmaceutical drugs.

4. Esters ?

Esters derived from carboxylic acids are the

most common. Many naturally occurring fats

and essential oils are esters of fatty acids.

Ester is used forIn synthetic flavors, perfumes,

and cosmetics, ester, any of a class of organic

compounds that react with water to produce

alcohols and organic or inorganic acids.

5. Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides ?

Acid chloride has the molecular formula

RCOCl, where R is a side chain. Thus, the acid

chloride family is part of a larger organic

family known as acyl halides. And the

Anhydride reacts with water to produce either

base or an acid. Acids – These are the

substances that are ready to donate hydrogen

ions in water. Bases – these are the

substances that hydroxide ions in water.

REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 6

A. “Take-aways”. Give at least 3 of your

significant learnings on the ff.:

1. Phosphoesters and Thioesters?

Phosphoesters are most commonly found in

the body as phosphodiesters meaning that

instead of one of the alcohol groups, there is

another O-R bond. Ester phosphates are

mainly generated from cleanroom

construction materials. A thioester is a

compound in which the linking oxygen in an

ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. Thioester

reaction including the formation and

degradation of fatty acids and mevalonate,

precursor to steroids.

2. Amines ?

Amines are organic compounds that contain

nitrogen atoms with a lone pair, Common

examples of amines include amino acids,

trimethylamine, and aniline. Amines are used

in making azo-dyes and nylon apart from

medicines and drugs.

3. Amides ?

An amide is a functional group that consists

of a carbonyl group and nitrogen atom, It is

utilized in the metal industry for ore

processing, and in civil engineering for the

construction of dam foundations and tunnels,

and any member of either of two classes of

nitrogen-containing compounds related to

ammonia and amines.

4. Heterocyclic Amines ?

heterocyclic amines are the carcinogenic

chemicals formed from the cooking of muscle

meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish.

Heterocyclic amines are potentially

carcinogenic chemical compounds formed in

cooked muscle tissue.

5. Neurotransmitters ?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers

that your body can't function without, it's

relay their messages by traveling between

cells and attaching to specific receptors on

target cells. Neurotransmitters are important

in boosting and balancing signals in the brain

and for keeping the brain functioning.

6. Transfer and Extraction Technique ?

Extraction is the first step to separate the

desired natural products from the raw

materials, Example making a tea. Transfer

techniques is a type of monotype printing

method It is important to follow proper

transfer techniques to reduce the chance of

injury, Get as close as possible to the surface

you want to move to.

7. Purification of Liquids by Distillation ?

Distillation is a process of separating the

component substances from a liquid mixture

by selective evaporation and condensation.

The distillation process is used to separate

components based on their boiling points. It is

used to separate liquids from nonvolatile

solids,
 REFLECTIVE ESSAY NO. 7

A. “Take-aways”. Give at least 3 of your

significant learnings on the ff.:

1. Purification of Solids by Recrystallization ?

Recrystallization is the most important

method of purifying nonvolatile organic solids,

recrystallization is a technique used to purify

solid compounds, recrystallization to purify

solids, typically products, from different

chemical reactions.

2. Extraction ?

Is a separation process consisting of the

separation of a substance from a matrix,

Extraction is the process of selectively

removing a compound of interest from a

mixture using a solvent, Decaffeination of tea

and coffee is also an example of an extraction.

3. Crystallization ?

Crystallization is used in the chemistry

laboratory as a purification technique for

solids, it is better than evaporation because,

Some solids like sugar will charred or

decomposed when heated. A method for

transforming a solution into a solid,

Crystallization is the process by which solid

forms, where the atoms or molecules are

highly organized into a structure known as a

crystal.

4. Melting Point and Boiling and Point

Determination ?

the melting point is the temperature at which

molecules in a solid can move past each other

and form a liquid. The boiling point, on the

other hand, involves liquids and gases.

Boiling. A liquid boils at a temperature at

which its vapor pressure is equal to the

pressure of the gas above it. A point

determining graph is defined to be a graph in

which distinct nonadjacent points have

distinct neighborhoods, the thermal analysis

most frequently used to characterize solid

crystalline materials.

5. Systematic Identification of Organic

-Compounds and Acid Catalyzed Dehydration

of Alcohols ?

The systematic described include elemental

analysis, solubility, infrared spectra, nuclear

magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra,

classification tests, and preparation of a

derivative. The most commonly occurring

elements in organic compounds are carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and

halogen elements. To ensure that a spoken or

written chemical name leaves no ambiguity

concerning which chemical compound the

name refers to. Acid-catalyzed dehydration of

alcohols occurs when an acid puts an extra

hydrogen atom on the alcohol. Vapors of

primary and secondary alcohols when passed

over red hot copper at 573 K , are

dehydrogenated to corresponding aldehydes

and ketones respectively .Alcohol upon

reaction with parotic acids tends to lose a

molecule of water to form alkenes.

2. PPT
 Topic:

Conformation of alkanes and cycloalkanes

What is Conformation of Alkanes?

In the organic chemistry, it is found that you In

the organic chemistry, it is found that you can

rotate a single bond of a molecule to change

the arrangement of atoms, without changing

the chemical formula of the compound. So

isomers of a compound can be created by

different forms of rotation about one single

bond. So the different arrangements of atoms

due to such rotations of bonds are known as

conformations.

changing the chemical formula of the

compound. So isomers of a compound can be

created by different forms of rotation about

one single bond. So the different

arrangements of atoms due to such rotations

of bonds are known as conformations.

Newman Projection

A way to view a molecule by looking along a

carbon–carbon bond.

Alkanes with two or more carbons can be

twisted into a number of different

three-dimensional arrangements of their

atoms by rotating about one or more

carbon–carbon bonds.
Staggered Conformation

A conformation about carbon-carbon single

bond in which the atoms on one carbon are as

far apart as possible from the atoms on the

adjacent carbon.

Eclipsed conformation

A conformation about a carbon–carbon single

bond in which the atoms on one carbon are as

close as possible to the atoms on the adjacent

carbon. An eclipsed conformation of ethane.

(a, b) Ball-and-stick models and (c) Newman

projection.
In ethane, the potential energy of the eclipsed

conformation is a

maximum and that of the staggered

conformation is a minimum. The difference in

potential energy between these two

conformations is approximately 12.6 kJmol

(3.0 kcal/mol).

The strain induced in the eclipsed

conformation of ethane is an example of

torsional

strain.

Torsional strain (also

called eclipsed interaction

strain) Strain that arises

when atoms separated by

three bonds are forced from

a staggered conformation

to an eclipsed conformation.

CYCLOALKANES

A saturated hydrocarbon that contains

carbon atoms joined to form

a ring. The cycloalkanes without side chains

are classified as small (cyclopropane and

cyclobutane), common (cyclopentane,

cyclohexane, and cycloheptane), medium

(cyclooctane through cyclotridecane), and

large (all the rest).

CYCLOPENTANE

A highly flammable alicyclic hydrocarbon with

chemical formula C₅H₁₀ and CAS number

287-92-3, consisting of a ring of five carbon

atoms each bonded with two hydrogen atoms

above and below the plane. It occurs as a

colorless liquid with a petrol-like odor. (a)

Structural formula. (b) In the planar

conformation, there are 10 pairs of eclipsed

CJH interactions. (c) The most stable

conformation is a puckered “envelope”

conformation.

Equatorial Bond

A bond

on a chair conformation

of a cyclohexane ring that

extends from the ring

roughly perpendicular to the Cyclohexane

The most

stable conformation is the puckered

“chair”conformation.

Axial Bond

A bond on a chair conformation of a

cyclohexane ring that extends from the ring

parallel to the imaginary axis of the ring.

imaginary axis of the ring.

Angle Strain
The strain that arises when a bond angle is

either compressed or expanded compared

with its optimal value.

Chair Conformation

The most stable puckered conformation of

cyclohexane ring; all bond angles are

approximately 109.5°, and bonds to all

adjacent carbons are staggered.

Nonplanar Conformations Of Cyclohexane

Interconversion of chair cyclohexanes. All CJH

bonds that are equatorial in one chair are axial

in the alternative chair, and vice versa.

Steric Strain

The strain that arises when atoms separated

by four or

more bonds are forced

abnormally close to one another.

Boat Conformation

A puckered conformation of a cyclohexane

ring in which

carbons 1 and 4 of the ring are bent toward

each other.

Two chair conformations of

methylcyclohexane. The two axial–axial

interactions (steric strain) make conformation

(b) less stable than conformation (a) by

approximately 7.28 kJ/mol (1.74 kcal/mol).

Diaxial Interactions

Interactions between groups in parallel axial

positions on the same side of a chair

conformation of a cyclohexane ring.

3. TEXT OF REPORT
Text of Report

Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Conformation

Any dimensional arrangement of atoms in

a molecule that results by rotation about a

single bond. Although structural formulas

are useful for showing the arrangement of

atoms, They do not show three-dimensional

shapes. As chemists try to understand more

and more on the relationships between the

structure and the chemical and physical

properties of molecules three-dimensional. It

becomes important to know more about the

shapes of molecules. In this section, we

consider methods for visualizing molecules as

three-dimensional objects and visualize not

only the bond angles within the molecules, but

also the distance between them various

non-bonded atoms and groups of atoms. We

also describe stress, in which We divide them

into three types: torsional strain, angular strain,

and steric strain. We urge you to build models

and study and manage them. Organic

molecules are three-dimensional. objects, and

it is essential that you be comfortable dealing

with them that way.

ALKANES

Alkanes with two or more carbons can be

twisted into a number of different

three-dimensional arrangements of their

atoms by rotating about one or more

carbon–carbon bonds.

Staggered Conformation

A conformation about carbon-carbon single

bond in which the atoms on one carbon are as

far apart as possible from the atoms on the

adjacent carbon.

A staggered conformation of ethane. (a)

Ball-and-stick model and (b) Newman

projection.

Newman Projection
 A way to view a molecule by looking at a

carbon-carbon bond. A shorthand way of

representing the staggered conformation of

ethane. In a Newman projection, we view a

molecule along the axis of a CJC bond. The

three atoms or groups of atoms nearer your

eye appear on lines extending from the center

of the circle at angles of 120°. The three

atoms or groups of atoms on the carbon

farther from your eye appear on lines

extending from the circumference of the circle

at angles of 120°.

Eclipsed Conformation

A conformation about a carbon-carbon single

bond in which the atoms on one carbon are as

close as possible to the atoms on the adjacent

carbon.

In this conformation, the three CJH bonds on

one carbon are as close as possible to the

three CJH bonds on adjacent carbons. In other

words, hydrogen atoms on the back carbon

are covered by the hydrogen atoms on the

front carbon. Chemists have long believed that

the rotation of the CJC single bond in ethane

is completely free. However, studies of ethane

and other molecules have shown that the

potential energy difference exists between its

relaxed and relaxed connections and that

rotation is not completely free.

An eclipsed conformation of ethane (a,b)

Ball-and-stick model and (c) Newman

projection.

The strain induced in the eclipsed

conformation of ethane is an example of

torsional

strain. Torsional strain (also called eclipsed

interaction strain) is strain that arises when

Nonbonded atoms separated by three bonds

are forced from a staggered conformation to

an eclipsed conformation.
Cycloalkanes

A saturated hydrocarbon that contains

carbon atoms joined to form a ring.

Cyclopentane. (a) Structural formula. (b) In the

planar conformation, there are 10 pairs of

eclipsed CJH interactions. (c) The most stable

conformation is a puckered “envelope”

conformation.

Angle Strain. The strain that arises when a

bond angle is either compressed or expanded

compared with optimal value.There are 10 fully

eclipsed CJH bonds creating

a torsional strain of approximately 42 kJmol

(10 kcal/mol). To relieve at least a part of this

strain, the atoms of the ring twist into the

“envelope” conformation . In this conformation,

four carbon atoms are in a plane, and the fifth

is bent out of the plane, rather like an envelope

with its flap bent upward.

Cyclohexane

The most stable puckered conformation of a

cyclohexane ring; all bond angles are

approximately 109.5°, and bonds to all

adjacent carbons are staggered called chair

conformation. In this conformation all

CJCJC bond angles are 109.5° (minimizing

angle strain), and hydrogens on adjacent

carbons are staggered with respect to one

another (minimizing torsional strain). Thus,

there is very little strain in a chair

conformation of cyclohexane. A bond on a

chair conformation of a cyclohexane ring that

extends from the ring roughly perpendicular to

the imaginary axis of the ring is called

equitorial bond. And a bond on a chair

conformation of a cyclohexane ring that

extends from the ring parallel to the imaginary

axis of the ring is called axial bond. One way to

visualize the difference between these two

types of bonds is to imagine an axis

through the center of the chair, perpendicular

to the floor. Three axial bonds point up; the

other three point down. Notice that axial bonds

alternate also, first up and then down as you

move from one carbon of the ring to the next.

Notice further that if the axial bond on a

carbon points upward, then the equatorial

bond on that carbon points slightly downward.

Conversely, if the axial bond on a particular

carbon points downward, then the equatorial

bond on that carbon points slightly upward.

Chair conformation of cyclohexane, showing

axial and equatorial CJH bonds.

Conversion of (a) a chair conformation to (b) a

boat conformation. In the boat conformation,

there is torsional strain due to the four sets of

eclipsed hydrogen interactions and steric

strain due to the one set of flagpole

interactions. A chair conformation is more

stable than a boat conformation.

Boat conformation. A puckered

conformation of a cyclohexane ring in which

carbons 1 and 4 of the ring are bent toward

each other. Boat conformation is considerably

less stable than a chair conformation. In a

boat conformation, torsional strain is created

by four sets of eclipsed hydrogen interactions,

and steric strain is created by the one set of

flagpole interactions. Steric strain. The strain

that arises when atoms separated by four or

more bonds are forced abnormally close to

one another. Results when nonbonded atoms

separated by four or more bonds are forced

abnormally close to each other––that is, when

they are forced closer than their atomic

(contact) radii allow. The difference in

potential energy between chair and boat

conformations is approximately 27 kJmol (6.5

kcal/mol), which means that, at room

temperature, approximately 99.99% of all

cyclohexane molecules are in the chair

conformation.

Interconversion of chair cyclohexanes. All CJH

bonds that are equatorial in one chair are axial

in the alternative chair, and vice versa.

For cyclohexane, the two equivalent chair

conformations can interconvert by one chair

twisting first into a boat and then into the

other chair. When one chair is converted to the

other, a change occurs in the relative

orientations in space of the hydrogen atoms

bonded to each carbon: All hydrogen atoms

equatorial in one chair become axial in the

other, and vice versa). The interconversion of

one chair conformation of cyclohexane to the

other occurs rapidly at room temperature.If we

replace a hydrogen atom of cyclohexane by an

alkyl group, the group occupies an equatorial

position in one chair and an axial position in

the other chair. This means that the two chairs

are no longer equivalent and no longer of

equal stability.

Diaxial interactions. Interactions between

groups in parallel axial positions on the same

side of a chair conformation of a cyclohexane

ring.
Two chair conformations of

methylcyclohexane. The two axial–axial

interactions (steric strain) make conformation

(b) less stable than conformation (a) by

approximately 7.28 kJ/mol (1.74 kcal/mol).

At equilibrium at room temperature,

approximately 95% of all methylcyclohexane

molecules have their methyl group equatorial,

and less than 5% have their methyl group axial.

4 . DOCUMENTATION
5. REFLECTION ( whole course):
: My learning in this subject ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY are this subject is all about

chemistry, compounds, bonding of

compounds and also every compounds have a

big role and important to us and also in this

world. There's a lot of compounds in organic

chemistry some of the compounds are the

alkanes, alkynes, alchohol, amides,

heterocyclic amines and etc, and also in

Bonding, there are type of bonding the single

bond, double bond, ang the triple bond. All

compounds have a bonding if iether single,

double, or triple bond, an organic chemistry is

so needed and important in the world because

organic chemistry help us to identify some

things specially the compounds on what are

there important and uses in this world and

also on how we can use it and gain it.