Volume 1, Pages 1-294

Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Education and Science

2 Published by the ISTES Organization

ISBN: 978-1-952092-34-3

Editors: Mack Shelley, Hakan Akcay, & Omer Tayfur Ozturk

Articles: 1-31

Conference: International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES)

Dates: March 24-27, 2022

Location: Antalya, Turkey

Conference Chair(s):

Dr. Mack Shelley, Iowa State University, United States

Dr. Wilfried Admiraal, Leiden University, the Netherlands

Dr. I-Tsun Chiang, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Dr. Wenxia Wu, George Washington University, United States

 2 Published by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science
(ISTES) Organization

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CONFERENCE PRESIDENTS
Dr. Mack SHELLEY - Iowa State University, United States
Dr. Wilfried ADMIRAAL - Leiden University, the Netherlands
Dr. I-Tsun CHIANG - National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
Dr. Wenxia WU - George Washington University, United States

SCIENTIFIC BOARD
Allan TARP - MATHeCADEMY, Denmark
Altay FIRAT - European University of Lefke, Cyprus
Andrea DEBELJUH - University Juraj Dobrila of Pula, Croatia
Ali Korkut ULUDAG - Ataturk University, Turkey
Brahim FERDI - Bechar University, Algeria
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia
Chalavadi SULOCHANA - Gulbarga University, India
Dariga NURKESHEVA - Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan
Elizabeth ADAMSON - Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom
Farhad BALASH - Kharazmi University, Iran
Farouq ALMEQDADI - Emirates College for Advanced Education (ECAE), U.A.E.
Gordana SAVIC - University of Belgrade, Serbia
Haydar YUKSEK - Kafkas University, Turkey
Henry David KATNIYON - Federal College of Education, Pankshin, Plateau state, Nigeria
Hsin-Chih WU - National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
Jessie BUSTILLOS - London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
Mesut AYDIN - Inonu University, Turkey
Mili - University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Mohammad SARWAR - Scialert, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Morteza BARIN - Farhangiyan University of Iran, Iran
Muteb ALQAHTANI - Rutgers University, United States
Nurten SARGIN - Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
Ognyan B. MANOLOV - European Polytechnic University, Bulgaria
Sanaa AL-DELAIMY - Mosul University, Iraq
Shynar BAIMAGANBETOVA - Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan
Summer MOUALLEM - University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
Tamer USTUNER - Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey
Tri Marhaeni PUDJI ASTUTI - Semarang State University, Indonesia
Yi-Teng HSU - National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Aliya MUSTAFINA - Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan
Ann D. THOMPSON - Iowa State University, United States
Halil SNOPCE - South East European University, Macedonia
Hakan AKCAY - Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Jacqueline T. MCDONNOUGH - Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
Mariusz JAWORSKI - Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Mary M. CAPRARO - Texas A&M University, United States
Muhammad ZAYYAD - Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, Israel
Murat BEYTUR - Kafkas University, Turkey
Mustafa PEHLIVAN - Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
Natela DOGHONADZE - International Black Sea University, Georgia
Natalija ACESKA - Ministry of Education and Science, Macedonia
Ossi AUTIO - University of Helsinki, Finland
O. Tayfur OZTURK - Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
Silvia MORARU - National High School Bucharest, Romania
Silviya KOSTOVA - The D.A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Bulgaria
 Table of Contents
Development of 3D Printer for House Construction Using Raspberry Pi Microprocessor
Nanang Ali Sutisna, Wan Sen Tjong, Riyanto Adji ............................................................... 1

Diversity and Inclusion: Incorporating History into the Mathematics Classroom

Derar Serhan, Natalie Welcome ......................................................................................... 12

Emerging Trends in Biometric Authentication

Shamik Palit, Chandrima Sinha Roy ................................................................................... 19

Examination of Text-Based Questions in Secondary School Turkish Textbooks According to

the Renovated Bloom Taxonomy
........................................................................................................................ 32

Should the Governments Promote or Control Development in Machine Learning and

Artificial Intelligence AI?
Omar Bani Kenana.............................................................................................................. 42

Classroom Teachers' Metaphorical Perceptions Regarding the Concepts of Independence and

Struggle
.......................................................................................... 52

Impact of Phonetic Factors on the Word Forms of the Albanian Language

Gilberta Hadaj .................................................................................................................... 71

Examining the Opinions of Faculty Members on Online Exams with SWOT Analysis
................................................................................ 76

Representations of Qualifying Secondary Teachers Regarding the Investigative Approach in

Morocco
Ihsane Kouchou ................................................................................................................... 91

Research Anxiety Levels of Education Faculty Students

Aslihan Kocaman Karoglu ................................................................................................ 101

Overcoming Gender Differences in Education

Elona Limaj ....................................................................................................................... 109

tion, Satisfaction, and Perceived Learning Using Online Peer Feedback in

the Context of Argumentative Essay Writing
Marzieh Parvaneh Akhteh Khaneh, Omid Noroozi, Seyyed Kazem Banihashem ............. 118

Design and Implement a Hybrid Air Conditioning System Using a Solar Energy
Mashal Al Bimani, Athar Azeez......................................................................................... 122
Metaphor Perceptions of Social Studies Teachers Regarding the Conceptions of Freedom and
Justice
....................................... 137

Identification of Mycoplasma in a Group Population of Tirana

................................................... 153

Opinions of Secondary School Eighth Grade Students upon Distance Education and
Preparation Process for High School Entrance Exam during the Pandemic
...................................................................................................................... 160

Muslim Centered User Interface Design (MCUID) Framework and MCUID Prototype
Zan Azma Nasruddin, Nor Hapiza Mohd Ariffin, Norita Md Norwawi, Roesnita Ismail,
Wan Adilah Wan Adnan, Aida Wati Zainan Abidin .......................................................... 170

Investigation of The Synthesis, Antioxidant, DNA Binding and DNA Cleavage Properties of
Sodium 2-((2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylimino) methyl) benzenesulfonate
........................................ 181

Antibiotic Resistance and Susceptibility to Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis and

Ureaplasma urealyticum)
Fjoralda Baki ...................... 190

Software and Hardware Problems That Teachers Experience When Using Smart Board
Muhammet Demirbilek ...................................................................................................... 197

Edutourism Augmented Reality Mobile Application for Forest Conservation

Nor Hapiza Mohd Ariffin, Irwan Mazlin, Mohd Zaki Zakaria, Fakhrul Hazman Yusoff,
Zan Azma Nasrudin ........................................................................................................... 207

Grotesque Approaches in Ceramic Applications: The Case of Gauguin

........................................................................................ 220

Misconceptions of Formal Review of Law in the Constitutional Court of Indonesia

Retno Widiastuti ................................................................................................................ 227

Grotesque Approaches in Photo Manipulation Works

................................................................................... 236

Loan Words in the Terminological Lexicon of Computer Science in the Albanian Language
Esmeralda Strori ............................................................................................................... 242

From Waste Object to Sculpture: Mervan Altinorak

Omer Tayfur Ozturk, Gulperi Demirci .............................................................................. 248

Student- llenges
Yelena Minayeva, Larissa Sugralina, Lyazat Salkeeva, Aiman Omasheva ...................... 257
Ceramic Teapots with Animal Forms
.............................................................................................................. 266

The Role of Students' Perceived Motivation and Perceived Fairness of Peer Feedback for
Learning Satisfaction in Online Learning Environments
Omid Noroozi, Nafiseh Taghizadeh Kerman, Seyyed Kazem Banihashem,
Harm J. A. Biemans ........................................................................................................... 273

Automatism in Abstract Expressionism

............................................................................... 279

Gender Effect on The Professional Integration and Remuneration of Tunisian Young Higher
Education Graduates
Asma Lasram, Sameh Boukef, Hajer Chaker, Hatem Dellagi .......................................... 285
 Development of 3D Printer for House Construction Using Raspberry Pi
Microprocessor

Nanang Ali Sutisna

President University, Indonesia, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-2098

Wan Sen Tjong

President University, Indonesia, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-1911

Riyanto Adji
President University, Indonesia, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-579X

Abstract: The utilization of recent technology, such as 3D printing, in construction industry allows the
industry to use more efficient ways of erecting building. The presence of 3D printing machines really helps
humans in visualizing an idea and the results of their thoughts into a very profitable replica. However, only a
few of construction industry have utilized 3D printing technology in operation, and only a few countries have
made it. The advantages of building a 9house with 3D printing technology include saving labor and time during
house construction, as well as minimize the construction waste. The use of this 3D printing technology in
construction industry in Indonesia will be very suitable because the population is very large and the need for
housing will be directly proportional to population growth. The aims of this research are to develop a prototype
3D printer for housing construction, including development of controller software, suitable concrete material,
and other peripheral hardware...

Keywords: House Construction, 3D Printer, Raspberry Pi

Introduction

The development of house-building technology has undergone many changes and progress, starting from
crushed stone pairs, turning into wood pairs, then turning into red brick masonry, to the emergence of
lightweight concrete innovations. The process of building houses generally uses a concrete construction as the
frame, and bricks, or lightweight concrete as the walls, but this conventional work requires quite a long working
time (Pramudyanto, 2017), besides that it requires a large amount of money. The reason for the high cost is use
of labor required, for example in wall installation process, we needed one bricklayer, and two helpers tasked
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
with helping preparing the materials. If the job needs to be completed in shorter time, it would need to increase
the number of workers, and as the consequences it will increase the cost (Fajar, 2019). In addition, the waste
generated from construction work can also be a problem for the environment.

The increasing demand for housing in Indonesia from year to year is in line with the increasing in the
population. The Statistics recorded that the total population of Indonesia in 2021 is 270.2 million people in
which there are 70 million households. The increasing population of Indonesia certainly have an impact on the
fulfillment of housing needs as it is exhibited in Figure 1, where there are 19 percent of families or around 13.3
million households who do not own house.

Figure 1. Housing Backlog 2010-2021

Due to low productivity of conventional building construction process, the government of Indonesia wishes to
facilitate and accelerate the construction of a million houses supported by 3D printing technology (Haryanto,
2019). Therefore, there is a need to develop in country expertise in 3D printing for housing construction, and
that is one of the reasons of conducting this research. This paper presents the development of a prototype of
housing construction 3D printer including mechanical components, controller components, and concrete mixture
formulation.

Method

The development of housing 3D printer prototype includes design and development of 3D printer machine,
development of controller software using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method, and development
of a suitable concrete mixture material using experimental method. The project was planned for two years and
this paper reports the progress of the first year since the second year is still on going. Figure 2 shows the
method and phases used in this prototype development.

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 Figure 2. Housing 3D printer Development Method

Results and Discussion

Design and Development of 3D Printer Machine

The prototype of 3D printer machine was made of aluminum alloy 6061 profile sizing 40x80 mm and it is
designed with 3 axis configurations (Duballet et al., 2017). There are also several connecting plates made of
aluminum 5052. It uses Nema30 stepper motors: one motor of 3Nm holding torque for x axis, two motors for y
axis and two motors for z axis, each of 1.8 holding torque.

Figure 3. Design of Concrete 3D Printer Prototype

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The 3D printer is equipped with a concrete pump to supply concrete mixture into the nozzle. The amount of
volume and flow rate of concrete mixture are controlled by the software. Similarly, the motion and speed of the
nozzle in x, y and z direction are also controlled by the software. The microprocessor used to drive the motors
and concrete pump is Raspberry Pi that execute the instructions defined by the control software. At the moment,
the fabrication is still on going and the assembly has partially completed. The motor connection has been tested
and they work well in executing the instruction given from the controller software.

Figure 4. Fabrication of Prototype of Housing 3D Printer

Development of Controller Software

The 3D printer control software has the main task of controlling the printing process. The regulation of the
process is carried out by providing control signals, in the form of digital signals, which must be given to the
right points at the right time. This control signal regulates the actuator, which is a stepper motor, when to work
(5 V) and when to stop (0 V). With its high capability in controlling stepper motor work precisely (up to sub
millimeters), 3D printer control software can be used to print various shapes easily and quickly.

The precision of the stepper motor movement is controlled by the size or width of the pulse used (duty cycle).
To adjust the pulse width, a microcontroller or computer is a very appropriate tool. With the ability to set the
time up to microseconds and even nanoseconds, the microcontroller is able to adjust the pulse width flexibly and
cheaply. The microcontroller is also powerful enough to operate non-stop during the printing process. With a
good power supply and cooling system, it will be reliable and durable.

Another technology in the field of software related to 3D printers is a slicer or program to convert a three-
dimensional model into a set of commands for a 3D printer. In this section, the command to determine the
position where the concrete material in three-dimensional space (x, y, z) must be placed at the right time is
compiled. This command must be set properly from the bottom layer by layer to the highest position to ensure
the results obtained are in line with the desired expectations. Computers in this case can help the compilation
process automatically and can even support simulations.

Developing 3D Printer Software Using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) Method,

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Printer controller software was developed using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method. This
method is appropriate to be used in software development in this research because it allows to speed up the
completion time and at the same time open the interaction space for all parties involved in an intense and
incremental manner. Faster time is needed because technological developments in this field are very fast and
interaction space between related parties is mandatory because it involves cross-study programs with different
disciplines, although they are still closely related. The specifications of the printer controller software
developed, based on the results of the requirements analysis stage (Luo et al., 2020), are as follows:

1. The software is able to control the printer to print flexibly, either automatically or point by point manually.
This feature is very useful to support experiments related to the characteristics of materials and
compositions to be used.
2. The software is able to control the printing process speed, can be programmed the time. This feature is also
useful to support experiments related to the composition of mixtures of materials.
3. The software is capable of recording/documenting printing activities in the form of Documents, for
example for subsequent processes such as repetition. This feature allows users to save, reopen, and make
changes to documents.
4. For ease of operation, the software interface is made web-based via WiFi so that it supports laptops,
tablets, and smartphones.

The features of the software developed in this research are: interactive web-based application, keypad and
mobile android extension, save, edit, and simulation functions, and double print avoidance. The use case
diagram is illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Use Case of 3D Printing Control Software for House Construction.

5
1. Interactive, web-based application. When doing experiments on concrete mix, not only the right
composition that is needed but also how long should the mix be printed (delay time between dot and layer)
in order to get optimum results. In this 3D printer controller software development, that problem is
addressed. One of the main functions of this controller is to be able to control how long the print head
(extruder) should be active. This depends on the concrete mix composition and its ingredient concentration
or characteristics. This time parameter should be easy to adjust via the controller interface to save time and
energy when doing the experiments. This 3D printer controller software is also equipped with web-based
applications. Need to be able to position the printer head flexibly. Using keyboard control. Existing
available software does not support it. Another important feature of the application is it supports 3D
visualization of the printer head position and the progress of the object being printed. Using keyboard and
mouse, users may choose different points of view, rotate the object, or turn it upside down. Combined with
the flexibility to choose any location and adjustable time parameter, this will help the user get more insight
about the experiment being conducted. This is very helpful to find the right concrete mix and optimum
result.
2. Keypad and mobile android extension (no visualization). This web-based application is easy to develop
further into a mobile application or minimum system application. By eliminating peripherals such as
monitor, keyboard and mouse, the total investment needed drops significantly. In this setup, some features
will not be available. For example, in the mobile version, the 3D visualization and control are not possible.
Keyboard and/or mouse is replaced by a touchscreen (from smartphone or tablet). Or in the minimum
system version, the display for visualization is gone completely and the control device is replaced by a
keypad.
3. Document handling: save and edit
4. Simulation. One important feature of this app is the simulation of the printing process. Data is taken from a
document which is an existing saved data.
5. One way z axis (up only). To avoid double printing (extrude concrete mix at the location that has already
been printed before), the controller must be equipped with a mechanism to memorize/remember all
locations' status. And also, since the printer must start to print from the bottom to the top (Z axis) only, the
controller once goes up one layer, it could not go back to the previous layer below it.

Raspberry based motor control

1. The control from user through we based application is handled by JavaScript and converted to Python or C
language for communication with the hardware.
2. ON/OFF instruction and its direction (clockwise/counter clockwise) for each motor are controlled by the
program via Raspberry pin and motor driver module for safety and simplicity of the connection.
3. Timing is defined by default based on concrete mix material characteristic used in the process.
4. Motor connection uses 16 lines from Raspberry pins, Four lines for each motor (x, y, and z) and four lines
for pump motor. At least 16 lines of Raspberry pin are used for this connection. The connection diagram is
illustrated in Figure 6.

6
 Figure 6. Raspberry Connectivity Diagram Document Format

The user instruction is handled by JavaScript that easily allow detection of button pressed by the user. Every
button pressed by the user either for navigation or printing will be recorded in a file. An example of the file is
shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Example of Document Format

In this example, the user pressed key (move Left), space bar (Print), key (move Left), space bar (Print),
e bar (Print).
In every end of key pressed, a minus ( - ) sign will be added as tags. The movement in left, right, and up
direction can also be accomplished by pressing arrow keys.

The printer can also use autorun mode by reading the instruction from a saved file. The sample code of autorun
shown in Figure 8 was developed using Phyton. The speed control code is also exhibited in Figure 9.

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 Figure 8. Autorun Code

Figure 9. Speed Control Code

Development of Concrete Mix

In general, concrete mixtures consist of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, but because the
implementation uses a 3D printing machine, there are several things that need to be changed in the concrete mix
composition. In this study, the fine aggregate was replaced with several materials derived from combustion
waste such as husk ash from burning red bricks, fly ash from coal combustion from the nearest power plant, and
micro-silica, while for coarse aggregate using an aggregate size of between 6 mm. The choice of aggregate size
is due to the size of the nozzle tip of the planned prototype, which is 1 cm in diameter.

8
To obtain the mix design value from the planned concrete mixture, the team carried out SSD (Saturated Surface
Dry) testing on fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, and the results of the test can be seen in table 1.

Tabel 1. Concrete Material Properties

Concrete material
Cement density 3.15 gr/cm3
Fine aggregate density, SSD 2.8 gr/cm3
Coarse aggregate density, SSD 2.6 gr/cm3
Water content of fine aggregate, SSD 1,70 %
Water content of fine aggregate, original 3.20 %
Water content of coarse aggregate, SSD 2.98 %
Water content of coarse aggregate, original 0.87 %
Slump 120 mm
Expected Compressive strength 17 MPa

Two kinds of concrete mix were used in the experiment based on the ration of fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate, the first mix ratio is 30:70 and the second mix ratio is 15:85.

Table 2. Composition of Concrete Mix, Ratio of Fine to Coarse Aggregate 30:70 (Mix 1) and 15:85 (Mix 2)
Mix 1 Mix 2
Materials
3
[Kg/m ] [Kg/m3]
Cement 466.346 473.558
Fine aggregate:
Fly ash 264.190 131.191
Rice Husk Ash 72.052 35.779
Microsilica 144.104 71.559
Coarse aggregate 1120,808 1351,663
Water 253.765 265.768
Superplasticizer 5.179 5.424

The results of this mix design are then carried out in the process of making concrete to determine the
workability of the concrete. The concrete is then printed using a cylinder with a diameter of 15 cm and a height
of 30 cm, as exhibited in Figure 10. The purpose of making this concrete is to determine the strength of the
concrete, namely by testing the compressive strength.

9
 Figure 10. Concrete Specimen

Table 3. Compressive Strength of the Design Mix 1 and Design Mix 2

Mix 1 Mix 2
Age
[MPa] [MPa]
3 days 4.525 5.091
7 days 5.374 9.091
14 days 8.485 15.555

28 days 9.616 17.628

The test results in Table 3 shows that the second design mix (15:85 ratio) has the compressive strength of the
concrete according to the plan, namely the concrete as a retaining wall, which is above 17 MPa. In addition, the
second design mix (15:85 ratio) is easier to process as it flows smoother from the pump nozzle and dry faster
than the first mix, so the 15:85 composition will be used as the concrete mix in 3D printing process.

Conclusion

The prototype of concrete 3D Printer has been partially developed and tested. The assembly of 3D Printing
machine is on progress and the controller software has been successfully tested. The concrete design mix has
been developed with two different compositions of fine and coarse aggregates, namely 30:70 and 15:85 ratio of
fine to coarse aggregates respectively. The second design mix exceed the compressive strength requirement (17
MPa), has a better flow through the nozzle and dry faster.

The next phase of development is finalizing the 3D printing machine assembly including the concrete pump,
develop a slicer software, and testing the concrete mix to build a concrete construction sample. The slicer
software is needed to convert a 3D model of a sample house or construction into several layers and output a G-

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code, which is a set of instruction to move the nozzle to a desired position. So that, the printer will have two
modes of operation: a teaching mode and slicer mode.

Acknowledgement

This research was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service (DRPM), Ministry of
Education, Republic of Indonesia, under main contract agreement dated 18-Maret-2021, number:
310/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2021, and derivative contract dated 4 June 2021, number: 003/SP2H/RT-
JAMAK/LL4/2021, and dated 22 July 2021, number: 150/LRPMPT/ VII/PresUniv/2021.

References

Duballet, R., Baverel, O. and Direnberger (2017), J. Classification of Building Systems for Concrete 3D
Printing. Autom. Constr, vol. 83, no. j.autcon.2017.08.018, 247-258.
Fajar, M. (2019). Comparion of AHSP (Analysis of Work Unit Price) method and Actual. (Thesis). Department
of Civil Engineering, University of North Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia.
Haryanto, A.T. (2019, September 17). Government Intends to Build Houses Using 3D Printers. Retrieved from
https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-710542/pemerintah-berniat-bangun-rumah-pakai-printer-3d.
Luo, W. , Ma, X. And Yin, J. (2020). Aplication and Research on Building 3D Printing. Journal of Critical
Reviews, vol. 7 no.12, 564-578.
Pramudiyanto, A. (2017). Cost And Time Optimization In Red Brick Instalation Using Time Study Method.
(Thesis). Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia, 1-10.

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