Phy 101 - First

Dr.
Derar Altarawneh Physics 101
Chapter Three
1- Coordinate Systems
Used to describe the position of a point in space

Common coordinate systems are:
• Cartesian Also called rectangular coordinate system,

x- and y- axes intersect at the origin, points are
labeled (x,y)
• Polar Points are labeled by (r,), r is the distance from the origin to the point having
Cartesian coordinates (x,y) and  is the angle between a fixed axis and the line drawn from the
origin to the point
x = r cos 
y = r sin 
and
y
tan 
x
r  x2  y 2
A scalar quantity is completely specified by a single value with an appropriate unit and has no
direction.
Examples volume, mass, speed, and time
A vector quantity is completely described by a number and appropriate units plus a direction
Examples displacement, velocity acceleration, and force
• Text uses bold with arrow to denote a vector: A

• When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector we use | A |
• Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and the
same direction.
A  B , if A = B and they point along parallel lines

All of the vectors shown are equal.
1
Dr. Derar Altarawneh Physics 101
Adding Vectors
Vector addition is very different from adding scalar quantities. When adding vectors, their directions must
be taken into account. Also units must be the same
Graphical Methods
• Choose a scale.

• Draw the first vector, A , with the appropriate length and in the direction specified, with respect
to a coordinate system.
• Draw the next vector with the appropriate length and in the direction specified, with respect to a

coordinate system whose origin is the end of vector A and parallel to the coordinate system

used for A .
Continue drawing the vectors “tip-to-tail” or “head-to-tail”.
The resultant is drawn from the origin of the first vector to

the end of the last vector.
Measure the length of the resultant and its angle.
• Use the scale factor to convert length to actual

magnitude.
When you have many vectors, just keep repeating the
process until all are included. The resultant is still

drawn
from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last
vector.
When adding three or more vectors, their sum is independent of the way in which the individual
vectors are grouped.
• This is called the Associative Property of Addition.
2
Subtracting Vectors
 
Special case of vector addition: If A  B , then use A  B
Continue with standard vector addition procedure.
EXAMPLES
Problem Solution
The polar coordinates of a point are
r = 5.50 m and  = 240°. What are
the Cartesian coordinates of this
point?
The diagram beside shows 3 vectors which sum to zero, all of equal length. Which of
the following is correct?
a) A  B  A  C
b) A  B  B  C
c) A  B  2A  C
d) B  5A  C
e) 2A  2B  2C
3
Problem Solution
Two points in a plane have polar

coordinates (2.50 m, 30.0°) and (3.80
m, 120.0°). Determine (a) the Cartesian
coordinates of these points and (b) the
distance between them.
If the rectangular coordinates of a

point are given by (2, y) and its polar
coordinates are (r, 30), determine y
and r.
4
Component Method of Adding Vectors
Graphical addition is not recommended when:
▪ High accuracy is required
▪ If you have a three-dimensional problem
Component method is an alternative method
▪ It uses projections of vectors along coordinate axes
A component is a projection of a vector along an axis.
▪ Any vector can be completely described by its components.
It is useful to use rectangular components.
▪ These are the projections of the vector along the

x- and y-axes.
Assume you are given a vector A
It can be expressed in terms of two other vectors A x and A y
A  Ax  Ay
These three vectors form a right triangle.
• The x-component of a vector is the projection along the x axis.

Ax  A cos
• The y-component of a vector is the projection along the y-axis.
Ay  A sin
This assumes the angle θ is measured with respect to the x-axis.
The components are the legs of the right triangle

whose hypotenuse is the length of A.
Ay
A  Ax2  Ay2 and   tan1
Ax
The components can be positive or negative and will
have the same units as the original vector.
The signs of the components will depend on the

angle.
5
A unit vector is a dimensionless vector with a magnitude of

exactly 1.
Unit vectors are used to specify a direction and have no other

physical significance.
The symbols iˆ, ˆj, and kˆ represent unit vectors
They form a set of mutually perpendicular vectors in a right-

handed
coordinate system
The magnitude of each unit vector is 1
î  ˆj  kˆ  1
Ax is the same as Ax and Ay is the same as Ay etc.
The complete vector can be expressed as:
A  Ax î  Ay ˆj Three-Dimensional Extension
Using R  A  B
Then
  
R  Ax î  Ay ˆj  Bx î  By ˆj  R  A B
Then
R   Ax  Bx  î   Ay  By  ˆj
R  Rx î  Ry ˆj
  
R  Ax î  Ay ˆj  Azkˆ  Bx î  By ˆj  Bzkˆ 
R   Ax  Bx  î   Ay  By  ˆj   Az  Bz  kˆ
So Rx = Ax + Bx and Ry = Ay + By R  Rx î  Ry ˆj  Rzkˆ
So Rx= Ax+Bx, Ry= Ay+By, and Rz = Az+Bz
Ry
R  Rx2  Ry2   tan1 Rx
Rx R  Rx2  Ry2  Rz2  x  cos1 , etc.
R
The same method can be extended to adding three or more vectors. Assume
R  A BC
Then
R   Ax  Bx  Cx  î   Ay  By  Cy  ˆj
  Az  Bz  Cz  kˆ
6
Find the sum of two displacement Vector A  2iˆ  2 ˆj m and A  2iˆ  4 ˆj m lying in the xy
plane?


A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements r1  15iˆ  30 ˆj  12 kˆ cm , 

  
 
r2  23iˆ  14 ˆj  5kˆ cm and r3   13iˆ  15 ˆj cm , find the resultant displacement and its
magnitude
Vector A has x and y components of 8.70 cm and 15.0 cm, respectively; vector B has x
and y components of 13.2 cm and 6.60 cm, respectively. If A  B + 3C = 0, what are the
components of C?
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Consider the two vectors A  3i  2 j and B   i  4 j . Calculate (a) A + B, (b) A  B, (c)
|A + B|, (d) |A  B|, and (e) the directions of A + B and A  B .
If 
A  6.00î  8.00ˆj  units, B  8.00î  3.00ˆj units, and C  26.0î  19.0 ˆj units,
determine a and b such that aA + bB + C = 0.
7
In the shown figure A  4 units. If C  A  B and vector C is

in the positive x direction, the magnitude of vector C
equals:
a) 8.7 units b) 10.4 units
c) 12.1 units d) 6.9 units
If A  3 iˆ - 4 ˆj and B  2 iˆ + 2 ˆj , then the vector C  2 A - B has a magnitude of:
a) 10.8 b) 34 c) 3.5 d)8
 
A vector N when added to the vector M  3î  4ˆj yields (‫ )تعطي‬a resultant vector which is in
 
the positive Y- direction and has a magnitude equals to that of M , then the vector N is:
a) 5jˆ b) 5iˆ ˆ ˆ
c) 2i-4j d) - 3î  ˆj e) - 3î  ˆj
8
If C is a position vector of magnitude 20 m and it makes 30 with the +ve x-axis. D is another
position vector of magnitude 25 m and it makes 130  with the +ve x-axis. what is the
direction of the sum of these two vectors?
a) 45o b) 87.5o c) 113.5o d) 15o
In the shown figure, if the magnitude of A is 12 and the magnitude of B is 8, the
magnitude of the x-component of A  B is:

a) 5.5 b) 7.6
d) 1.6 e)15.5
c) 12.5
If A  6iˆ  8jˆ then 4A has a magnitude of:

a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d)40
9
Scalar Product of Two Vectors
A B
The scalar product (dot product )of two vectors is written
as
A  B  A B cos 
θ is the angle between A and B
• The scalar product is commutative.
A B  B  A
• The scalar product obeys the distributive law of multiplication.
 
A  B  C  A B  A  C
Dot Products of Unit Vectors
î  î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  1
î  ˆj  î  kˆ  ˆj  kˆ  0
Using component form with vectors:
A  Ax î  Ay ˆj  Azkˆ A  3î  ˆj  kˆ , B   î  2ˆj  5kˆ , and

For
B  Bx î  By ˆj  Bzkˆ C  2ˆj  3 kˆ , find C · (A – B).
A B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
In the special case where
A  B;
A  A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2  A2
10
  
A.B  0 when A is perpendicular to B , θ = 90o
Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
cos  
A B
  
Cross Product C  A B
  
• Magnitude: C  A  B  AB sin 
  is smaller angle between the vectors
 Cross product of any parallel vectors = zero
 Cross product is maximum for perpendicular vectors
 Cross products of Cartesian unit vectors:

i
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ; iˆ  kˆ   ˆj; ˆj  kˆ  iˆ
iˆ  iˆ  0; ˆj  ˆj  0; kˆ  kˆ  0
Also
j k
 
A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az By )iˆ  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )kˆ
Two vectors are given by A   3î  4ˆj and B  2î  3 ˆj . Find (a) A  B and (b) the angle
between A and B.
If |A  B| = A · B , what is the angle between A and B?
11
   
Two vectors A and B defined by A = 2 iˆ + 3 ˆj + m k̂ and B = - iˆ -2 ˆj + 2 k̂ are perpendicular
)‫ (متعامدان‬to each other. The magnitude of m should be:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e)5

The angle (in degrees) between the vector A  2î  3ˆj  kˆ and the positive X-axis, is:
a) 36.7 b) 105.5 c) 0 d) 57.7 e) 34.0
If vector A is added to vector B (A  B) , the result is 2iˆ  4ˆj . If B is subtracted from A

(A  B) , the result is 4iˆ  2ˆj . The angle (in degree) that vector A makes with the positive x-
axis is:
a) 105 b) 15 c) 85 d) 45

e) 135
12
The value of î.(j×k)

ˆ ˆ is:
a) 1 b) -1 c) 0 d) 3
e) -3

If the x component of a vector A , in the xy plane, is half as large as the magnitude of the
vector, the tangent of the angle between the vector and the x axis is:
a) 3 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3
1
e)
2
2
 A A
A A A
2 2
x
2
y A     Ay2 where Ax 
2
2 2
A2 3
According to that Ay  A 
2 2
Ay  A
4 2
Ay
tan    3
Ax
 
Find the angle between the two vectors A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ and B  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ
a)41.8 b)70.1 c) 48.2 d) 30
e) 6
 
  A.B 
A.B  AB cos   cos 1  ,
 A  2 2  3 2  12  14 ,
 AB 
B   12  2 2  (1) 2  6
 3 
A.B  2  (1)  3  2  1  (1)  3   cos 1    70 .1
 14 3 
13
   
   
Two vectors A and B are given by A  4iˆ  8 ˆj and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj . The dot product of A and a
  
third vector C is (-16). The dot product of B and a third vector C is (+18). The z component
 
of C is zero. What is the magnitude of C
a)7.8 b)3.6 c) 8.2 d) 3.1

e) 6
    
Let C  C x iˆ  C y ˆj , and A.C  16 , B.C  18
4C x  8C y  16 ………..1
6C x  2C y  18 ………….2
By solving 1 and 2, one can find C x  2 , C y  3 so C  2 2  (3) 2  3.6
  

Given the vectors A  iˆ  2 ˆj and B  2iˆ  3 ˆj . Find A. A  B  
  

a) 0 b)3.6 c) 0.2 d) 2.1
e) 1.6
A  B  will give a new vector perpenticular on A and B , according to that, this new vector
will make a 90owith vector A, so the dot product is zero
If the two vectors A  6iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ and B  B iˆ  B ˆj  are perpendicular, then
x y
a) B y  3B x b) B y  2 B x c) B y  Bx d) B y   Bx
e) none
   
Perpendicular means ( A.B  0) so A.B  6Bx  2B y  0 so B y  3B x

Given the vectors A  iˆ  2 ˆj and  B  3iˆ  kˆ. The product ( A  B )  B is:

a)  8iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  b) 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  c)  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  
d) 8iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ 
        
( A  B)  B  A  B  B  B  A  B  0
And
 
A  B  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
14
If A = 28i +11j and B is as shown, what is the magnitude of the sum of these two vectors?
a. 45
b. 35
c. 39
d. 32
e. 64
If A = [15, 80] and B = 12i – 16j, what is the magnitude of A – B?
a. 15
b. 35
c. 32
d. 5.0
e. 23
Vectors A and B are shown. What is the magnitude of a vector C if C = A – B?
a. 46
b. 10
c. 30
d. 78
e. 90
If A = 12i – 16j and B = –24i + 10j, what is the magnitude of the vector C = 2A – B?
a. 42
b. 22
c. 64
d. 90
e. 13
If C = [10 m, 30] and D = [25 m, 130], what is the magnitude of the sum of these two
vectors?
a. 20 m
b. 35 m
c. 15 m
d. 25 m
e. 50 m
15
A vector, B, when added to the vector C = 3i + 4j yields a resultant vector which is in the
positive direction and has a magnitude equal to that of C. What is the magnitude of B?
a. 3.2
b. 6.3
c. 9.5
d. 18
e. 5
If vector B is added to vector A, the result is 6i + j. If B is subtracted from A, the result is

–4i + 7j. What is the magnitude of A?
a. 5.1
b. 4.1
c. 5.4
d. 5.8
e. 8.2
If vector C is added to vector B, the result is –9i – 8j. If B is subtracted from C, the result is
5i + 4 j. What is the direction of B (to the nearest degree)?
a. 225
b. 221
c. 230
d. 236
e. 206
16
A vector A is added to B = 6i – 8j. The resultant vector is in the positive x direction and
has a magnitude equal to A. What is the magnitude of A?
a. 11
b. 5.1
c. 7.1
d. 8.3
e. 12.2
Which statement is true about the unit vectors i, j and k?
a. Their directions are defined by a left-handed coordinate system.

B. The angle between any two is 90 degrees.
c. Each has a length of 1 m.
d. If i is directed east and j is directed south, k points up out of the surface.
e. All of the above.
The three forces shown act on a particle. What is the magnitude of the resultant of these
three forces?
a. 27.0 N b. 33.0 N c. 36.0 N

d. 24.0 N e. 105 N
17
If vector C is added to vector D, the result is a third vector that is perpendicular to D and
has a magnitude equal to 3D. What is the ratio of the magnitude of C to that of D?
a. 1.8
b. 2.2
c. 3.2
d. 1.3
e. 1.6
     
The vectors a , b , and c are related by (c  b  a ) . Which diagram below illustrates this
relationship?
Ans = D
A vector of magnitude 20 is added to a vector of magnitude 25. The magnitude of this sum
might be:
A) zero
B) 3
C) 12
D) 47
E) 50
   
Vectors A and B lie in the xy plane. We can deduce that A = B if:
Ans = C
18
A vector has a magnitude of 12. When its tail is at the origin it lies between the positive x
axis and the negative y axis and makes an angle of 30◦ with the x axis. Its y component is:
A) 6/√3
B) −6√3
C) 6
D) −6
E)12
Which of the following is not correct:

  
a) QRE  0 R
  
b) Q  C-D C Q
    P
c) C R E  D E
  
d) P  C- R
D
  
e) PED
    
For the vectors shown besides, a  4m , b  3m , and c  5m . The vector a  c is:
 
a)  12 k̂ m Y
b)  12 k̂ m
c)  15 k̂ m
X
d)  8k̂ m
e)  20 k̂ m
19
 
Each of the vectors A and B , shown in Figure, has a magnitude of 7 units.
  Y
The vector sum A + B is:
 
The scalar product A  B is:
37 o
X
   
Two perpendicular vectors A  18 î  6 ˆj and B where B z  0 . If A  B  50 kˆ , then the angle (in

degrees) the vector B makes with the positive x-axis is:
a) 239 b) 243 c) 247 d) 252 e) 233
Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? No. The sum of two vectors can only be zero if they
Explain. are in opposite directions and have the same
magnitude. If you walk 10 meters north and then 6
meters south, you won’t end up where you started.
Can the magnitude of a particle’s displacement be greater than the No, the magnitude of the displacement is always
distance traveled? Explain. less than or equal to the distance traveled.
The magnitudes of two vectors A and B are A = 5 units The largest possible magnitude of R = A+ B is 7 units,
and B = 2 units. Find the largest and smallest values possible for the found when A and B point in the same direction. The
magnitude of the resultant vector R = A + B. smallest magnitude of R = A+ B is 3 units, found
when A and B have opposite directions.
If the component of vector A along the direction of vector Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other.
B is zero, what can you conclude about the two vectors?
Under what circumstances would a nonzero vector lying Any vector that points along a line at 45° to the x
in the xy plane have components that are equal in magnitude? and y axes has components equal in magnitude.
If A = B, what can you conclude about the components of Ax = Bx and Ay = By .
A and B?
20
21
22
Chapter Two Motion in one dimension
• Displacement: change in position of object (


x  x f  xi ),
depends on the initial and final point, it is a
vector quantity,
and measured by meter.
• Distance (d): total length of path, scalar, measured
by meter
• Time interval t  : a scalar quantity, measured in second
Velocity and acceleration
Scalar/Vec
Quantity Formula Unit
tor
d
Average Speed: total distance divided by total time V Scalar m/ s
t
Average Velocity: total displacement divided by total  x x f  xi
V  vector m/ s
time t t f  ti
  
x dx
Instantaneous Velocity: velocity at any instant of time V  lim  vector m/ s
t 0 t dt
 
Average Acceleration: the change in velocity divided by  V V f  Vi
a  vector m / s2
t  t t f  ti
 
Instantaneous acceleration: acceleration ant any  V dV
instant of time
a  lim  vector m / s2
t 0 t dt
Direction of acceleration
23
The position versus time for a certain particle moving

along the x axis is shown in Figure Find the average
velocity
in the time intervals (a) 0 to 2 s, (b) 0 to 4 s, (c) 2 s to 4 s,
(d) 4 s to 7 s, (e) 0 to 8 s.
A particle moves according to the equation x = 10t2 where x is in meters and t is in

seconds. (a) Find the average velocity for the time interval from 2.00 s to 3.00 s. (b) Find
the average velocity for the time interval from 2.00 to 2.10 s.
A particle moves along the x -axis according to the equation (x = 2.00 + 3.00 t – 1.00 t2),
where x is in meters and t is in seconds. At t = 3.00 s, find (a) the position of the particle,
(b) its velocity, and (c) its acceleration.
24
A person walks first at a constant speed of 5.00 m/s along a straight line from point A to
point B and then back along the line from B to A at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s. What is
(a) her average speed over the entire trip? (b) her average velocity over the entire trip?
(a) Find the average velocity in the time interval t = 1.50 s to t = 4.00 s.
(b) Determine the instantaneous velocity at
t = 2.00 s by measuring the slope of the tangent
line shown in the graph.
(c) At what value of t is the velocity zero?
25
The position of a particle moving along the x-axis changes with time according to:
x(t)  2t 3  4t  1 , where t in (s) and x in (m). Calculate its speed (in m/s) at t=1 s:
The position of a particle moving along the x axis is given by x(t )  6t 2  t 3 , where x is in
meters and t in seconds. The position of the particle (in m) when it achieves its maximum
speed is:
The position of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by x(t )  8t  t 2 , where x in m
and t is in s. What is the average velocity during the time interval t = 1 s to t = 2 s?
26
The position of a particle moving along the x axis is given by x = (21 + 22t – 6.0t2) m,
where t is in s. What is the average velocity during the time interval t = 1.0 to t = 3.0s?
a. –6.0 m/s
b. –4.0 m/s
c. –2.0 m/s
d. –8.0 m/s
e. 8.0 m/s
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis is given for t > 0 by vx = (32.0t –
2.00t3) m/s, where t is in s. What is the acceleration of the particle when (after t = 0) it
achieves its maximum displacement in the positive x direction?
a. –64.0 m/s2
b. zero
c. 128 m/s2
d. 32.0 m/s2
e. –32.0 m/s2
The position of a particle as it moves along the x axis is given for t > 0 by x = (t3 – 3t2+6t)m,
t is in s. Where is the particle when it achieves its minimum speed (after t = 0)?
a. 3 m
b. 4 m
c. 8 m
d. 2 m
e. 7 m
The position of a particle as it moves along the x axis is given by x = 15 e–2t m, where t
is in s. What is the acceleration of the particle at t = 1 s?
a. 22 m/s
b. 60 m/s
c. 8.1 m/s
d. 15 m/s
e. 35 m/s
27
Vx is the velocity of a particle moving along the x axis as shown. If x = 2.0 m at t = 1.0
s, what is the position of the particle at t = 6.0 s?
a. –2.0 m
b. +2.0 m
c. +1.0 m
d. –1.0 m
e. 6.0 m
A particle moving along the x axis has a position given by x = (24t – 2.0t3) m, where t is
measured in s. How far is the particle from the origin (x = 0) when the particle is not
moving?
a. 23 m
b. No distance. The particle is always moving.
c. 32 m
d. 40 m
e. 17m
A particle moving along the x axis has a position given by x = (24t – 2.0t3) m, where t is
measured in s. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the particle when the
particle is not moving?
a. 24 m/s2
b. zero
c. 12 m/s2
d. 48 m/s2
e. 36 m/s2
28
Equations of one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration
• one-dimensional motion only

V f  Vi  at
• Not valid unless a = constant
1
x  x f  xi  Vi t  at 2 • xi = initial position
2 • Vi = initial velocity
1 • xf = final position
x  x f  xi  V f t  at 2
2 • Vf =final velocity
V f  Vi  2ax
2 2
• a = acceleration
1
x  x f  xi  (Vi  V f )t
2
A truck covers (40.0 m) in (8.50 s) while smoothly slowing down to final speed
(2.80 m/s). (a) Find its original speed. (b) Find its acceleration.
An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of (12.0 cm/s) in the
positive x direction when its x coordinate is (3.00 cm). If its x coordinate (2.00
s) later is (–5.00 cm), what is its acceleration?
A car covers (64 m) in (4s) while slowing down uniformly with an acceleration of
(– 6 m/s2). The speed of the car (in m/s) at the end of this distance is:
1 2
Using x  x f  xi  V f t  at x  64 m , t  4s , a  6 m
2 s2
1
64  4V f  (6)(16) Vf  4m
2 s
29
Figure beside represents part of the performance

data of a car owned by a proud physics student.
(a) Calculate from the graph the total distance
traveled.
(b) What distance does the car travel between the
times t = 10 s and t = 40 s? (c) Draw a graph of
its
acceleration versus time between t = 0 and t = 50
s.
A jet plane lands with a speed of (100 m/s) and can accelerate at a maximum
rate of (–5.00 m/s2 ) as it comes to rest. (a) From the instant the plane touches
the runway, what is the minimum time interval needed before it can come to
rest? (b) Can this plane land on a small tropical island airport where the
runway is 0.800 km long?
30
A particle moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration from ( x = 2.0 m) to ( x
= 8.0 m) during a (1.5 s) time interval. The velocity of the particle at (x = 8.0 m) is
(2 m/s). The acceleration (in m/s2) of the particle in this time interval is:
a)  1.9iˆ
b  2.7iˆ
c)  3.9iˆ
d)  1.9iˆ
Two cars are (120 km) apart and traveling toward each other. One car is moving at
(35 km/hr) and the other is moving at ( 45 km/hr). They will meet (in hours) after:
a) 2.5
b) 2.0
c) 1.75
d) 1.25
e) 1.5
A car is moving with an initial speed of 10 m/s. The driver pushes the break to stop,
if the acceleration due to break was -2 m/s2. The time needed to stop the car (in
seconds) is:
a) 2 b) 5 c) 10 d) 15 e) 20
31
A car, initially traveling at (20 m/s), accelerates at a uniform rate of (4 m/s2) for a distance
of (50 m). The time (in s) required to cover this distance is:
A motorist (‫ )سائق‬drives along a straight road at a constant speed of 15 m/s. Just as he

passes a parked (‫ )متوقف‬motorcycle police officer, the officer starts to accelerate at 2 m/s2
to overtake (‫ )يلحق‬him. What time (in s) does it take the police officer to reach the motorist?
(a) 20
(b) 5
(c) 7.5
(d) 10
(e) 15
Of the following situations, which one is impossible?

a) A body having velocity east and acceleration east.
b) A body having velocity east and acceleration west.
c) A body having zero velocity and non-zero acceleration.
d) A body having variable velocity and constant acceleration.
e) A body having constant velocity and variable acceleration.
Which of the following graphs represents motion with constant acceleration?
a) d)
b) c) e)
32
33
A particle confined to motion along the x axis moves with constant acceleration from
x = 2.0 m to x = 8.0 m during a 2.5-s time interval. The velocity of the particle at x =
8.0 m is 2.8 m/s. What is the acceleration during this time interval?
a. 0.48 m/s2
b. 0.32 m/s2
c. 0.64 m/s2
d. 0.80 m/s2
e. 0.57 m/s2
34
A particle moving with a constant acceleration has a velocity of 20 cm/s when its
position is x = 10 cm. Its position 7.0 s later is x = –30 cm. What is the acceleration of
the particle?
a. –7.3 cm/s2
b. –8.9 cm/s2
c. –11 cm/s2
d. –15 cm/s2
e. –13 cm/s2
An automobile moving along a straight track changes its velocity from 40 m/s to 80
m/s in a distance of 200 m. What is the (constant) acceleration of the vehicle during
this time?
a. 8.0 m/s
b. 9.6 m/s
c. 12 m/s
d. 6.9 m/s
e. 0.20 m/s
An automobile traveling along a straight road increases its speed from 30.0 m/s to 50.0
m/s in a distance of 180 m. If the acceleration is constant, how much time elapses
while the auto moves this distance?
a. 6.00 s
b. 4.50 s
c. 3.60 s
d. 4.00 s
e. 9.00 s
35
A particle starts from rest at x = 0 and moves for 10 s with an acceleration of +2.0
cm/s2. For the next 20 s, the acceleration of the particle is –1.0 cm/s2. What is the
position of the particle at the end of this motion?
a. zero
b. +3.0 m
c. –1.0 m
d. +2.0 m
e. –3.0 m
Five motion diagrams in which points represent the positions of an object at equal time intervals are shown
below. Which statement is correct?
a. A has the greatest speed and the greatest acceleration.

b. C has decreasing speed.
c. D slows down and then speeds up.
d. D speeds up and then slows down.
e. E has a greater speed than A.
36
Free Falling objects
Objects moving only under the influence of gravity are said to be in free fall. Air resistance is
neglected when one is discussing free fall.
On earth, all objects in free fall accelerate at the same rate, regardless of their mass.
The acceleration is gravity –9.8 m/s2.

V f  Vi  9.8t
1
x  x f  xi  Vi t  9.8t 2
2
9.8 2
x  x f  xi  V f t  t
2
V f2  Vi 2  2(9.8) x
1
x  x f  xi  (Vi  V f )t
2
A golf ball is released from rest from the top of a very tall building. Neglecting air
resistance, calculate the position and velocity of the ball after (1.00, 2.00, and 3.00 s).
37
A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial speed of (8.00 m/s), from a height
of (30.0 m). After what time interval does the ball strike the ground?
A student throws a set of keys vertically upward to her sorority sister, who is in a
window 4.00 m above. The keys are caught (1.50 s) later by the sister's outstretched
hand. (a) With what initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of
the keys just before they were caught?
The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by (h = 3.00t3), where h is in

meters and t is in seconds. After (2.00 s), the helicopter releases a small mailbag.
How long after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?
38
A ball is thrown upward. If after (2 s) it is moving downward at a speed of ( 5 m/s), the

maximum height that the ball has reached (in m) equals:
a) 2.5 b) 5 c) 11.3 d) 15.2

e) 2.0
An object is thrown vertically upward with velocity of (20 m/s) from bridge of height h.
if the object reaches the ground after (5 s), the height of the bridge h (in m ) is:
An object is thrown vertically to the air. Its velocity (VY) as a function of time (t) is
represented by:
VY (m/s) VY (m/s) VY (m/s) VY (m/s) VY (m/s)
t (s)
t (s) t (s)
t (s) t (s)
a) b) c) d) e)
39
at time (t=0), an object is thrown downward with an initial speed of (20 m/s) from a
height of (60 m) above the ground. At the same instant (t=0), a second object is thrown
vertically upward from ground level with a speed of (40 m/s). The height (in m) above
the ground at which the two objects will pass each other is:
Ans = 35.1
A rock is thrown downward from an unknown height above the ground with an initial
speed of (12 m/s). It strikes the ground (3 s) later. Determine the initial height of the
rock above the ground.
Ans = 80 m
An object is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of ( 100 m/s) and another
object is through with an initial velocity of (10 m/s). The maximum height reached by
the first object is h1 and by the second object is h2, the ratio( h1/h2 )is:
a) 10 b) 9 c) 1000 d) 100 e) 90
40
A ball is released from rest from the top of a very tall building. Neglecting air resistance,
the magnitude of the velocity of the ball after (3s) (in m/s) is:
Ans = 29.4 m/s
Which one of the following statements is correct for an object falls freely and released
from rest?
a) The average speed during the first second of time is 4.9 m/s.
b) During each second the object falls 9.8 m.
c) The acceleration changes by 9.8 m/s every second.
d) The object falls 9.8 m during the first second of time.
e) The acceleration of the object is proportional to its weight.
An object is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 100 m/s and another
object is through with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. The maximum height reached by the
first object is h1 and by the second object is h2, the ratio h1/h2 is:
41
A ball thrown vertically from ground level is caught (3 s) later by a person on balcony
which is (14 m) above the ground. The initial speed (in m/s) of the ball is:
A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed of (19.5 m/s). It will rise to a
maximum height (in m) of
Ans = 19.4 m
42
A ball is thrown vertically upward so that it reaches a maximum height ymax = 25 m from
the ground. What is its speed (in m/s) when it is at height y= 12 m?

a) 10.0
b) 14.1
c) 17.3
d) 20.0
e) 16.1
The position of a particle moving along the x axis is given by x = (21 + 22t – 6.0t2) m,
where t is in s. What is the average velocity during the time interval t = 1.0 to t = 3.0s?
a. –6.0 m/s
b. –4.0 m/s
c. –2.0 m/s
d. –8.0 m/s
e. 8.0 m/s
An object is thrown vertically and has an upward velocity of 18 m/s when it reaches one
fourth of its maximum height above its launch point. What is the initial (launch) speed
of the object?
a. 35 m/s
b. 25 m/s
c. 30 m/s
d. 21 m/s
e. 17 m/s
43
A ball thrown vertically from ground level is caught 3.0 s later by a person on a balcony
which is 14 m above the ground. Determine the initial speed of the ball.
a. 19 m/s
b. 4.7 m/s
c. 10 m/s
d. 34 m/s
e. 17 m/s
Which of the following five acceleration versus time graphs is correct for an object
moving in a straight line at a constant velocity of 20 m/s?
Which of the following five coordinate versus time graphs represents the motion of an
object whose speed is increasing?
44
An object is released from rest. How far does it fall during the second of its fall?
A) 4.9m B) 9.8m C) 15m D) 20m E) 25m
45
46
47
Chapter four Motion in Two Dimension


Position and Displacement: The position of an object is described by its position vector, r  xiˆ  yˆj
The displacement of the object is defined as the change in its position r  rf  ri
Average Velocity: The average velocity is the ratio of the displacement to the time interval for the
displacement.
r  x ˆ y ˆ
vavg  V  Vxiˆ  Vy ˆj  i j
t t t
The direction of the average velocity is the direction of the displacement vector.
Instantaneous Velocity: The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as Δt approaches
zero.
r dr
v  lim 
t 0 t dt
Average Acceleration: The average acceleration of a particle as it moves is defined as the change in
the
instantaneous velocity vector divided by the time interval during which that change occurs.
v v f  vi  Vx ˆ Vy ˆ
aavg   a  a x iˆ  a y ˆj  i j
t tf  t i t t
v dv
Instantaneous Acceleration: a  lim 
t 0 t dt
In two- or three-dimensional kinematics, everything is the same as in one-dimensional motion
except that we must now use full vector notation.
  
V f  Vi  at
    1
r  r f  ri  Vi t  at 2
2
    1
r  r f  ri  V f t  at 2
2
2 2  
V f  Vi  2ar
   1  
r  r f  ri  (Vi  V f )t
2
48
A golf ball is hit off a tee at the edge of a cliff. Its x and y coordinates as functions of
time are given by the following expressions:
x = (18.0 m/s)t
and y = (4.00 m/s)t – (4.90 m/s2)t2
(a) Write a vector expression for the ball’s position as a function of time, using the
ˆ ˆ
unit vectors i and j . By taking derivatives, obtain expressions for (b) the velocity
vector v as a function of time and (c) the acceleration vector a as a function of
time. Next use unit-vector notation to write expressions for (d) the position, (e) the
velocity, and (f) the acceleration of the golf ball, all at t = 3.00 s.
At t = 0, a particle moving in the xy plane with constant acceleration has a velocity

of  
v i  3.00 î  2.00ˆj m / s and is at the origin. At t = 3.00 s, the particle's velocity
is  
v  9.00iˆ  7.00 ˆj m / s . Find (a) the acceleration of the particle and (b) its
coordinates at any time t.
49
The vector position of a particle varies in time according to the expression

 
r  3.00î  6.00t 2ˆj m . (a) Find expressions for the velocity and acceleration as
functions of time. (b) Determine the particle's position and velocity at t = 1.00 s.
A particle initially located at the origin has an acceleration of a  3.00 ˆj m / s 2 and

ˆ
an initial velocity of v i  5.00i m / s . Find (a) the vector position and velocity at any
time t and (b) the coordinates and speed of the particle at t = 2.00 s.
The velocity of a particle is given by v(t)  (4t i  3 j) m / s . The speed of the particle at t =
3 s (in m/s) is:
a) 8.5
b) 5.0
c) 12.4
d) 16.3
50
At (t = 0), a particle moving in the x-y plane with constant acceleration has a velocity
 
V0 = (3 î -2 ˆj ) m/s at the origin. At (t = 3s), its velocity is V = (9 î +7 ˆj ) m/s. At (t = 1s), the
particle’s (x, y) coordinates are:
a) (4, -0.5) m
b) (-0.5, 4) m
c) (4, -2.5) m
d) (2, -0.5) m
e) (5, 0.5) m
A particle starts from the origin at (t=0) with a velocity of (16 î  12ˆj) m/s and moves in
the x-y plane with constant acceleration of (3î  6ˆj) m/s . What is the speed of the
particle at (t=3.0 s)?
Ans = 39.1 m/s

A particle initially located at the origin has an acceleration of a  3 ˆj m/s2 and an

initial velocity of  i  4 iˆ m/s. What is the vector position of the particle at t = 2 s in m?
(a) 8 iˆ  6 ˆj (b) 4 iˆ  6 ˆj (c) 4 iˆ  3 ˆj (d) 3 iˆ  5 ˆj (e)
3 iˆ  7 ˆj
51
A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of 8.0j m/s and moves in the
xy plane with a constant acceleration of (4.0i + 2.0j) m/s2. At the instant the x
coordinate of the particle is 29 m, what is the value of its y coordinate?
a. 35 m
b. 39 m
c. 45 m
d. 42 m
e. 29 m
At t = 0, a particle leaves the origin with a velocity of 9.0 m/s in the positive y
direction and moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration of (2.0i – 4.0j) m/s2.
At the instant the x coordinate of the particle is 15 m, what is the speed of the
particle?
a. 10 m/s
b. 16 m/s
c. 12 m/s
d. 14 m/s
e. 26 m/s
A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of 6.0i m/s and moves in the
xy plane with a constant acceleration of (–2.0i + 4.0j) m/s2. At the instant the
particle achieves its maximum positive x coordinate, how far is it from the origin?
a. 36 m
b. 20 m
c. 45 m
d. 27 m
e. 37 m
52
A particle leaves the origin with a velocity of 7.2 m/s in the positive y direction and
moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration of (3.0i – 2.0j) m/s2. At the instant
the particle moves back across the x axis (y = 0), what is the value of its x
coordinate?
a. 65 m
b. 91 m
c. 54 m
d. 78 m
e. 86 m
At t = 0 a particle leaves the origin with a velocity of 5.0 m/s in the positive y
direction. Its acceleration is given by a = (3.0i – 2.0j) m/s2. At the instant the
particle reaches its maximum y coordinate how far is the particle from the origin?
a. 11 m
b. 16 m
c. 22 m
d. 29 m
e. 19 m
At t = 0, a particle leaves the origin with a velocity of 12 m/s in the positive y

direction and moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration of (2.0i – 4.0j) m/s2.
At the instant the particle moves back across the x axis (y = 0), what is the speed of
the particle?
a. 16 m/s
b. 17 m/s
c. 18 m/s
d. 14 m/s
e. 22 m/s
53
At t = 0, a particle leaves the origin with a velocity of 12 m/s in the positive x

direction and moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration of (–2.0i + 4.0j)
m/s2. At the instant the y coordinate of the particle is 18 m, what is the x
coordinate of the particle?
a. 30 m
b. 21 m
c. 27 m
d. 24 m
e. 45 m
54
Projectile Motion
The free-fall acceleration is constant over the range of motion. , It is directed downward.
The initial velocity can be expressed in terms of its components.
▪ vxi = vi cos q and vyi = vi sin q
The x-direction has constant velocity.
▪ ax = 0
The y-direction is free fall.
▪ ay = -g= -9.8 m/s2
Conceptualize
▪ Establish the mental representation of the projectile moving along its trajectory.
Categorize
▪ Confirm air resistance is neglected.
▪ Select a coordinate system with x in the horizontal and y in the vertical direction.
Analyze
▪ If the initial velocity is given, resolve it into x and y components.
▪ Treat the horizontal and vertical motions independently.
55
Range and Maximum Height of a Projectile
When analyzing projectile motion, two

characteristics are of special interes.t
v i2 sin2i
The range R
g
v i2 sin2 i
The maximum height h 
2g
Vi sin  i
The total time t 
g
56
In different cases of projectile motion, use

Projectile Motion
ax = 0, ay = -9.8 m/s2
Horizontal motion Vertical motion
V fx  Vix V fy  Viy  9.8t
x  Vixt 1
y  Viy t  9.8t 2
2
9.8 2
y  V fyt  t
2
V fy2  Viy2  2(9.8)y
A projectile is fired in such a way that its horizontal range is equal to three times its
maximum height. What is the angle of projection?
The shown figure represents the parabolic trajectory of a ball going from A to E. The
direction of the acceleration at point C is:
a) Straight down
b) The acceleration of the ball is zero.
c) Straight up
d) Up and to the right
57
A firefighter, a distance d from a burning

building,
directs a stream of water from a fire hose at
angle  i
above the horizontal as in Figure. If the initial
speed of the stream is vi, at what height h does
the water strike the building?
An object is projected from the origin with an initial speed of (19.5 m/s) at an angle of
(45) above the horizontal. If the object is to strike a target at a horizontal distance d
from the projection point. Calculate the time of flight of the object?
a) 8.5
b) 5.0
c) 2.81
d) 6.3
58
A dart is thrown horizontally toward A at (20 m/s) as shown. It hits B after (0.13 s) . The
distance AB (in cm) is:
A soccer player shoots the ball with an initial speed of (8 m/s) and an angle of (30o) with
the horizontal. The goal keeper catch it after (2 seconds), how far is the goal from the
player (in m)?
a) 13.9 b) 16 c) 55.4 d) 27.8 e) 20.8
59
A projectile is thrown from the top of a building with an initial velocity of (30 m/s) in the
horizontal direction. If the top of the building is (30 m ) above the ground, then the
speed (in m/s) of the projectile just before it strikes the ground is:
The airplane shown is in level flight at an altitude of 0.50 km and a speed of 150 km/h.
At what distance d should it release a heavy bomb to hit the target X? Take g = 10m/s2.
A) 150 m
B) 295 m
C) 420 m
D) 2550 m
E) 15, 000 m
60
A large cannon is fired from ground level over level ground at an angle of 30 o above the
horizontal. The muzzle speed is 980m/s. Neglecting air resistance, the projectile will
travel what horizontal distance before striking the ground?
A) 4.3km B) 8.5km C) 43km D) 85km E)

170km
projectile is thrown from the top of a building with an initial velocity of (30 m/s) in the
horizontal direction. If the top of the building is (30 m) above the ground, how fast will
the projectile be moving just before it strikes the ground?
a)35 m/s b)39 m/s c)31 m/s d) 43 m/s
The initial speed of a cannon ball is 0.20 km/s. If the ball is to strike a target that is at
a horizontal distance of 3.0 km from the cannon, what is the minimum time of flight for
the ball?
a. 16 s
b. 21 s
c. 24 s
d. 14 s
e. 19 s
61
A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of a building 0.10 km high. The ball strikes
the ground at a point 65 m horizontally away from and below the point of release.
What is the speed of the ball just before it strikes the ground?
a.43 m/s
b.47 m/s
c.39 m/s
d.36 m/s
e.14 m/s
62
Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion occurs when an object moves in a circular path with a constant speed. The
associated analysis model is a particle in uniform circular motion.
An acceleration exists since the direction of the motion is changing .
The acceleration is always perpendicular to the path of the motion. The acceleration always
points toward the center of the circle of motion. This acceleration is called the centripetal
acceleration.
The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration vector is given by
v2
aC 
r
The direction of the centripetal acceleration vector is always changing, to stay directed
toward the center of the circle of motion.
The period, T, is the time required for one complete revolution. The speed of the particle
would be the circumference of the circle of motion divided by the period. Therefore, the period
is defined as
2 r
T
v
Tangential Acceleration The magnitude of the velocity could also be changing. In this case, there
would be a tangential acceleration. The motion would be under the influence of both tangential and
centripetal accelerations.
63
The tangential acceleration causes the change in the speed of the particle. The radial
acceleration comes from a change in the direction of the velocity vector.
Figure beside represents the total acceleration of

a particle moving clockwise in a circle of radius
2.50 m at a certain of time. At this instant, find
(a) the radial acceleration,
(b) the speed of the particle
(c) its tangential acceleration.
64
A car accelerates from 10 m/s uniformly to 30 m/s in 2 s. The acceleration of the car (in
m/s2) is:
a) 5 b) 2 c) 10 d) 4
A bead (‫ )خرزة‬slides on a vertical loop of 5.0 m, as shown in the figure beside.

If the speed of the bead, when it at point A is 10 m/s.
Find the magnitude of its total acceleration?
5m
A
As shown, a small sphere moves counter clockwise
with a constant speed of 2 m/s a round a flat circle of

1.0 m radius. The acceleration of the sphere (in m/s2) at
point P2 is:
a) 2 ( î  ˆj ) b) 2 ˆj c) 2 ( î  ˆj )
d) 2 ( î  ˆj ) e) 2 (î  ˆj )
65
A projectile is shot vertically upward with a given initial velocity. It reaches a maximum
height of 100 m. If, on a second shot, the initial velocity is doubled then the projectile
will reach a maximum height of:
A) 70.7 m B) 141.4 m C) 200 m D) 241 m

E) 400 m
A toy racing car moves with constant speed around the

circle shown below. When it is at point (A) its coordinates
are (x = 0, y = 3m) and its velocity is (6m / s)iˆ .
When it is at point B its velocity and acceleration are:
A)  (6m / s ) ˆj and (12 m / s 2 )iˆ , respectively

B) (6m / s ) ˆj and  (12 m / s 2 )iˆ , respectively
C (6m / s ) ˆj and (12 m / s 2 )iˆ , respectivel
D) (6m / s ) ˆj and 0, respectively
66
An object moving at a constant speed requires 6.0 s to go once around a circle with a
diameter of 4.0 m. What is the magnitude of the instantaneous acceleration of the
particle during this time?
a.2.2 m/s2
b.2.7 m/s2
c.3.3 m/s2
d.3.8 m/s2
e.2.9 m/s2
A race car moving with a constant speed of 60 m/s completes one lap around a circular
track in 50 s. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the race car?
a. 8.8 m/s2
b. 7.5 m/s2
c. 9.4 m/s2
d. 6.3 m/s2
e. 5.3 m/s2
A car travels counterclockwise around a flat circle of radius 0.25 km at a constant speed of
20 m/s. When the car is at point A as shown in the figure, what is the car's acceleration?
a. 1.6 m/s2, east

b. Zero
c. 1.6 m/s2, east
d. 1.6 m/s2, north
e. 1.6 m/s2, west
67
The speed of a particle moving in a circle 2.0 m in radius increases at the constant rate of
4.4 m/s2. At an instant when the magnitude of the total acceleration is 6.0 m/s2, what is
the speed of the particle?
a. 3.9 m/s
b. 2.9 m/s
c. 3.5 m/s
d. 3.0 m/s
e. 1.4 m/s
68
Chapter Five : Force and Newton’s Laws
In the description of an object in motion included its position, velocity, and acceleration. There was no
consideration of what might influence that motion.
Two main factors need to be addressed to answer questions about why the motion of an object will
change.
▪ Forces acting on the object
▪ The mass of the object
Forces in everyday experience
▪ Push on an object to move it
▪ Throw or kick a ball
▪ May push on an object and not be able to move it
Newton’s Second Law
When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Algebraically,
a
F  F  ma
m
F is the net force
Newton’s Second Law can be expressed in terms of components:
▪ F x  ma x
The SI unit of force is the newton
▪ F y  ma y (N).
▪ 1 N = 1 kg·m / s2
▪ F z  ma z
69
Analyze
▪ Draw free-body diagrams for each object
▪ Include only forces acting on the object
▪ Find components along the coordinate axes
▪ Be sure units are consistent
▪ Apply the appropriate equation(s) in component form
▪ Solve for the unknown(s)
Newton’s Third Law, Alternative Statement
The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in direction.
▪ One of the forces is the action force, the other is the reaction force.
▪ It doesn’t matter which is considered the action and which the reaction.
▪ The action and reaction forces must act on different objects and be of the same type.
70
A force F applied to an object of mass m1 produces an acceleration of 3.00 m/s2. The

same force applied to a second object of mass m2 produces an acceleration of 1.00 m/s2.
(a) What is the value of the ratio m1/m2? (b) If m1 and m2 are combined, find their
acceleration under the
action of the force F.
A 3.00-kg object undergoes an acceleration given by  

a  2.00î  5.00ˆj m / s 2 . Find the
resultant force acting on it and the magnitude of the resultant force.
A woman weighs 120 lb. Determine (a) her weight in newtons and (b) her mass in
kilograms.
71
Two forces F1 and F2 act on a 5.00-kg object. If F1 = 20.0 N and F2 = 15.0 N, find the
accelerations in (a) and (b) of Figure.
Three forces, given by    

F1  2.00î  2.00 ˆj N , F2  5.00 î  3.00 ˆj N , and
 
F3  45.0î N , act on an object to give it an acceleration of magnitude 3.75 m/s2. (a)
What is the direction of the acceleration? (b) What is the mass of the object? (c) If the
object is initially at rest, what is its speed after 10.0s?(d) What are the velocity
components of the object after 10.0 s?
72
A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable

tied to two other cables fastened to a support,
as shown. The upper cables make angles of 37°
and 53° with the horizontal. These upper cables
are not as strong as the vertical cable and will
break if the tension in them exceeds 100 N. Does
the traffic light remain in this situation, or will
one of the cables break?
73

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Dr.

Derar Altarawneh Physics 101

Used to describe the position of a point in space

• Cartesian Also called rectangular coordinate system,

Examples volume, mass, speed, and time

Examples displacement, velocity acceleration, and force

• Text uses bold with arrow to denote a vector: A

A  B , if A = B and they point along parallel lines

Continue drawing the vectors “tip-to-tail” or “head-to-tail”.

The resultant is drawn from the origin of the first vector to

Measure the length of the resultant and its angle.

• Use the scale factor to convert length to actual

When you have many vectors, just keep repeating the

process until all are included. The resultant is still

• This is called the Associative Property of Addition.

Continue with standard vector addition procedure.

Two points in a plane have polar

If the rectangular coordinates of a

Component Method of Adding Vectors

Graphical addition is not recommended when:

▪ High accuracy is required

▪ If you have a three-dimensional problem

Component method is an alternative method

▪ It uses projections of vectors along coordinate axes

A component is a projection of a vector along an axis.

▪ Any vector can be completely described by its components.

It is useful to use rectangular components.

▪ These are the projections of the vector along the

Assume you are given a vector A

It can be expressed in terms of two other vectors A x and A y

These three vectors form a right triangle.

• The x-component of a vector is the projection along the x axis.

The components are the legs of the right triangle

The components can be positive or negative and will

have the same units as the original vector.

The signs of the components will depend on the

A unit vector is a dimensionless vector with a magnitude of

Unit vectors are used to specify a direction and have no other

The symbols iˆ, ˆj, and kˆ represent unit vectors

They form a set of mutually perpendicular vectors in a right-

The magnitude of each unit vector is 1

Ax is the same as Ax and Ay is the same as Ay etc.

The complete vector can be expressed as:

So Rx= Ax+Bx, Ry= Ay+By, and Rz = Az+Bz

In the shown figure A  4 units. If C  A  B and vector C is

a) 8.7 units b) 10.4 units

c) 12.1 units d) 6.9 units

If A  3 iˆ - 4 ˆj and B  2 iˆ + 2 ˆj , then the vector C  2 A - B has a magnitude of:

a) 10.8 b) 34 c) 3.5 d)8

In the shown figure, if the magnitude of A is 12 and the magnitude of B is 8, the

magnitude of the x-component of A  B is:

If A  6iˆ  8jˆ then 4A has a magnitude of:

Scalar Product of Two Vectors

• The scalar product is commutative.

• The scalar product obeys the distributive law of multiplication.

Dot Products of Unit Vectors

Using component form with vectors:

A  Ax î  Ay ˆj  Azkˆ A  3î  ˆj  kˆ , B   î  2ˆj  5kˆ , and

In the special case where

  is smaller angle between the vectors