6.

Manoeuvre the ship

1. How can the effects of Squat be minimized, when a ship is proceeding in shallow water?

a. Maintain a speed of about six (6) knots and use minimal rudder when
manoeuvring
b. Decrease the speed and keep the ship to the centre of the channel where the
water is probably deepest
c. Maintain a slow speed just sufficient to maintain steerage
d. Enter the shallow water with a stern trim and proceed at a moderate speed.

2. Two ships travelling in opposite directions are to pass each other in a narrow river, as
illustrated. Explain what is likely to happen as they pass each other?

a. Due to interaction, the bows will repel each other, and then when
alongside each other the two ships will be sucked together and finally the
sterns will be repelled as they start to pass clear
b. Due to interaction, the bows will attract each other as they approach, then they
will repel each other alongside and as they pass clear, the sterns will be
attracted.
c. As they approach, rudder should be applied quickly to avoid sheering into the
path of each other. Then as they are alongside they will be attracted and finally
repel each other as they pass clear.
d. There will be very little effect between the two ships as they pass.

3. Ships vary considerably in design and underwater shape, but does the ship's trim ever have
any influence on its steering abilities?

a. No, the ship will have the same steering ability and is unaffected by trim
b. Yes, a ship often steers better if trimmed by the bow
c. Yes, the ship often steers better if trimmed by the stern
d. Yes, it is usually best to be on an even keel and have no trim at all

4. The ship is required to be stopped in the water as quickly as possible, but without major
changes to the ship's heading. What is the most effective method to achieve this?

a. Put the engine full astern and keep the rudder amidships
 b. The use of the rudder hard over both sides combined with reducing
engine power, a method known as "high frequency rudder cycling"
c. Make a complete turn while reducing the engine power.
d. Make a zig zag manoeuvre while reducing the engine power.

5. The engines are going astern and the ship is making sternway of about 1.5 knots with the
rudder hard to starboard. What effect will this have on the ship's progress?

a. The rudder will have no effect when the ship is making sternway, it should be
in the amidships position when going astern
b. This will give the stern a lift force to port
c. There will be no lift force and the ship will go straight astern.
d. This will give the stern a lift force to starboard

6. The ship is steaming at Full Ahead when the engines are reversed to "Full Astern" to stop
the ship. The ship has a single, right-handed fixed pitch propeller. What would be the
anticipated reaction of the ship, if there is no wind or current?

a. The ship will probably continue on a straight course, but lose forward speed.
b. It is unpredictable and could be any of the other alternative answers.
c. The ship will probably sheer to starboard and gradually lose headway
d. The ship will probably sheer to port and gradually lose headway.

7. What would be the correct definition of the term "Squat"?

a. Squat is the reduction of underkeel clearance and the possible change of

trim of a ship when it moves through shallow water due to a reduction in
water pressure.
b. Squat is the reduction of underkeel clearance of a ship when it moves through
shallow water due to a reduction in water pressure.
c. Squat is the loss of effectiveness of the rudder and propeller as a ship moves
through shallow water due to the reduction of water pressure.
d. Squat is the reduction of underkeel clearance due to increase of water flow
under the keel and an increase in the water pressure.

8. Which of the following answers correctly specify the following most common rudders? a)
UNBALANCED, b) BALANCED, c) SEMI-BALANCED and d) UNDERHUNG
BALANCED. i.e. The number in the picture is related to the letter adjacent to the name of the
rudder.

a. 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d and 4 = a
b. 1 = c, 2 = d, 3 = a and 4 = b
c. 1 = d, 2 = a, 3 = b and 4 = c
d. 1 = a, 2 = b, 3 = c and 4 = d

9. You are sailing in shallow water with a 15% Under Keel Clearance. Turning the ship
around, what space do you need compared to deep water?

a. Need less space than normal

b. The turning diameter of your ship is the same for all water depths
c. Need more space than normal
d. To port less, to starboard more space

10. Two ships are meeting in a restricted channel as illustrated. Which of the following
actions would be the most suitable to take on both vessels as they approach and pass each
other?

a. Slow down if possible without losing steerage and be prepared for prompt
application of rudder to counteract any swing as they approach and pass
each other.
b. Maintain speed and a straight course on the starboard side of the channel
c. Keep as far as possible on the starboard side of the channel and maintain speed
to retain effective steerage.
d. Increase speed slightly to pass each other as quickly as possible and thereby
reduce the effects of "ship to ship" interaction

11. What depth of water would be considered as "Shallow Water" in relationship to a change
of the ships manoeuvring characteristics?

a. When the "Under Keel Clearance" is equal to the draught of the ship
b. When the "Under Keel Clearance" is less than 50% of the draught of the
ship
c. When the "Under Keel Clearance" is less than 15% of the draught of the ship.
d. When the "Under Keel Clearance" is less than a quarter of the draught of the
ship.
12. Where would the "pivot point" be considered to be located when the ship is proceeding at
full speed ahead and there is no wind or current?

a. At amidships
b. At a position near the stern of the ship
c. At about 1/6 of the ship's length from the bow
d. At about 1/6 of the ship's length from the stern

13. The ship's engine is going astern and the ship is picking up sternway. The rudder is
amidships and the ship has a single, right-handed, fixed pitch propeller. What would be
expected to happen?

a. The ship will probably start to change heading to starboard and stern
speed will increase
b. The ship will probably start to change heading to port and stern speed will
increase
c. The ship will probably go straight astern without a change in heading and the
stern speed will increase
d. The ship will move astern at an increasing speed and the stern start to swing
off to starboard

14. The maximum rudder angle on your ship is 35 degrees. Do you think this is the angle that
the rudder is most effective?

a. No, the rudder is most effective at angles between 10 and 20 degrees

b. No, the most effective rudder angle is about 25 to 30 degrees, this is
because the rudder is "stalling" at 35 degrees angle
c. Yes, the rudder is most effective at max angle
d. No, the rudder is most effective at small rudder angles

15. If a ship requires 2 nautical miles to stop in the water from a "crash stop" when
proceeding at full ahead in deep water. What will the stopping distance be in shallow water?

a. A shorter distance
b. Similar distance to deep water
c. A greater distance
d. About 1.5 nautical miles
16. On the figure there are four (4) possible definitions of the term "AIR DRAUGHT" given.
Which one is the correct one?

a. Air draught is given by B on the figure

b. Air draught is given by A on the figure
c. Air draught is given by D on the figure
d. Air draught is given by C on the figure

17. A ship normally turns (swings) around a point which is not the centre of gravity. What is
this point normally called?

a. Centre of Floatation
b. Pivot Point
c. Centre of Turn
d. Centre of Buoyancy

18. A tug is moving towards the bow of the ship to make fast and is in the vicinity of the
ship's shoulder, as illustrated. What specific danger should be considered when making this
approach to the bow?

a. The tug may be turned across the bow of the ship and also suffer a lose of
stability with a danger of being turned over if touched by the ship
b. The positive pressure field at the ships bow may repel the tug and make the
connection very difficult to establish
c. The stern of the tug may be sucked in towards the bow and also suffer a
reduction in the positive GM, making it very unstable.
d. All of the alternative answers

19. A ship is equipped with a right-handed fixed pitch propeller, which when going from Full
Ahead to Full Astern will make the ship sheer to starboard. Can anything be done to reduce
this change in heading?

a. The rudder can be put to Hard to Port to reduce the water flow to the
right side of the propeller
b. The rudder should be kept amidships when going astern and there is little that
can be done to reduce the swing to starboard
 c. The rudder should be put Hard to Port to reduce the water flow to the left side
of the propeller
d. The rudder can be put from side to side in a "Rudder Cycling" movement

20. A balanced rudder has some of the rudder area forward of the rudder axis. About how
much area should this be to call it a balanced rudder?

a. It should be about 50%

b. It should be about 20%
c. It should be about 5%
d. It should be about 55%

21. A ship is steaming at "Full Ahead" when the engines are changed to "Full Astern". Would
this reversal of engines produce the same results in deep water as in shallow water (where the
under keel clearance is equal to about half the draught)?

a. The speed will reduce quickly and the transverse thrust will swing the ships
head to starboard as the ship slows down.
b. The reduction in speed and turning effects will vary very little between deep
and shallow water.
c. The effectiveness of the rudder and propeller are greatly reduced and
therefore the results will be considerably different.
d. The shallow water will produce an increase in water velocity and a reduction
in pressure.

22. The rudder is in the hard over position with the propeller stopped and the ship turning
slowly. On a ship with a single fixed pitch right handed propeller and no thrusters, what can
be done to make the ship increase the speed of turn without significantly increasing the
forward speed of the ship?

a. Give full astern on the engines until ship has stopped and then full ahead on
the engines with rudder hard over
b. Give dead slow ahead on the engines and leave the rudder in the hard over
position.
c. Give the engines a short kick ahead
d. Give half astern on the engines as this will increase the rate of turn.
23. The ship is sailing in shallow water with reduced Under Keel Clearance. If the ship is
steaming with the engines at full RPM, what would be the speed in comparison to the speed
achieved in deep water?

a. Faster than deep water

b. The same as deep water
c. It would be very difficult to maintain full deep sea RPM on the engines and
therefore difficult to assess the speed
d. Slower than deep water

24. The ship has a right-handed propeller and is swinging to starboard when the engines are
slow ahead and the rudder is to starboard. The engines are stopped and the rate of swing
rapidly slows down. How could the swing to starboard be maintained without the ship
making much headway.

a. By applying the rudder hard over to starboard and going ahead on the engines.
b. Astern on the engines will allow Transverse Thrust to continue the swing
c. Transverse Thrust will reduce the swing and therefore a kick ahead is
necessary with full starboard helm applied.
d. The only effective method is by using the bow thruster to push the bow to
starboard.

25. The ship is starting to slow down after steaming at full ahead speed. What will happen to
the position of the "pivot point"?

a. Same position as when the ship is steaming at full speed ahead

b. The "pivot point" will move towards the bow of the ship
c. It will move to the side of the centre line
d. It will move aft as the ship slows down

26. The ship is to berth alongside a quay in calm conditions of no wind or current. The ship
has a single fixed pitch right handed propeller. Which angle of approach would be considered
the most favourable?

a. No. 2
b. No. 1
c. No. 3
d. The decision should be left to the pilot who is in charge of the manoeuvre.
27. The vessel is in a 360 degrees turn with engine full ahead. If the engine speed is reduced
during the turn, will there be any change in the turning diameter?

a. Yes, the turning diameter will increase if the speed is reduced.

b. Yes, the turning diameter will be smaller if the speed is reduced.
c. No, the turning diameter will not change if the speed is reduced.
d. No, the turning diameter will only change if the rudder angle is reduced

28. Two vessels are meeting each other in confined waters. What would be the effects of
interaction between the two vessels as they approach each other?

a. The bows of the ships will be sucked together

b. Slower than deep water
c. Each vessel will experience an increase in speed
d. There will be no effects in these circumstances

29. A ship is passing through a narrow channel and keeping to the starboard side of the
fairway, as illustrated. What could be expected in this situation?

a. The ship will suffer bank rejection and the bow will be pushed away from
the bank
b. The ship will suffer ship to shore interaction and the bow will be sucked
towards the bank
c. The ship will be sucked towards the bank and the stern will be pushed away
due to ship-to-shore interaction.
d. The ship's rudder will suffer a lack of effectiveness due to the shallow water,
but should not be affected by the bank being close to the bow.

30. The ship's rudder is full over when the ship's engines are full ahead. Will the turning
effect (lift force) of the rudder be changed when the engine is stopped?

a. Yes, the Lift or turning force will be reduced to about 50% of the original lift
force when the engines are stopped
b. No, the turning force applied by the rudder will be maintained within about
90% of the lift force when going full ahead
c. No, the lift force is unaffected by the speed of the propeller.
d. Yes, the lift force will be dramatically reduced when the engines are
stopped
31. What would be the effects of a ship passing into shallow water?

a. There is no noticeable difference in performance of the ship

b. The ship is less responsive to both rudder and propeller.
c. The speed is not affected, but more rudder is required to steer the ship
d. The vessel has a tendency to swing to port with a single fixed-pitch right-hand
turning propeller.

32. Which of the following hull shapes would normally provide a directionally stable ship?

a. A short ship with a narrow beam

b. A short ship with a wide beam
c. A long ship with a narrow beam
d. A long ship with a wide beam

33. Who is responsible for the number and the position of any tugs to be used during a
mooring operation?

a. The Master, with consideration of the advice of the pilot

b. The Pilot is fully responsible for the number and use of tugs within the port
area
c. It will be only the wind speed that will determine the required number of tugs
and how they are used.
d. The Port Authority will dictate the tug requirements and their use within the
port limits

34. Which type of vessel suffers from the greatest squat effects?

a. Vessel with a low Block Coefficient

b. Vessel with a large length to beam ratio
c. Vessel with a small length to beam ratio
d. Vessel with a high Block Coefficient

35. When a ship is lying at anchor in a tidal area using both forward anchors, to what
particular aspect should the officer of the watch be paying special attention?

a. When the ship swings to the tide the direction of swing should be
controlled to avoid the anchor cables becoming wrapped round each
other.
 b. The tension on both cables should be similar, to avoid one dragging and all the
weight of the ship remaining on the other anchor only.
c. The two anchors will restrict the ships swing with the tide and the ship may
not lie to the prevailing current and wind
d. The ship will become controlled by the tide and the wind will not be allowed
to have any effect on the direction the ship lies at anchor.

36. What is the correct understanding of the term "bank effect"? If a ship was approaching the
bank at an angle, what would be the effect on the ship?

a. The vessel's stern is pushed away from the bank

b. The vessel's bow is pushed away from the bank
c. The vessel’s bow is attracted by the bank.
d. The whole vessel would continue straight towards the bank and would require
a large helm order to avoid going aground

37. What is the correct understanding of the term "a ship with good Directional Stability"?

a. A ship which when the rudder is left amidships, it will continue on

approximately a straight course
b. A ship which will maintain its course unless large rudder angles are applied.
c. A ship which when a rudder angle is applied and the ship starts to swing, will
continue to swing even after the rudder is returned to amidships
d. A ship where the amount of positive transverse stability (GM) will vary with
the direction of the ship's head.

38. A ship turns around a point known as the "pivot point". Where is the position of this
invisible point when the ship is stopped and "dead" in the water?

a. About one third the ship's length near the stern of the ship
b. At the Centre of Flotation of the ship
c. About one third of the ship's length near the bow.
d. At about same position as the centre of gravity of the ship

39. The ship has completed a 360 degree turn at full speed in deep water. The ship is now to
repeat the turn at full speed in shallow water. What will be the difference in the turning circle
diameter?
 a. The turning diameter will be smaller in shallow water
b. The turning diameter will be the same for all depths
c. It will be the same provided the UKC is 25%-50%
d. The turning diameter will be increased in shallow water

40. The position of the pivot point when making Sternway is approximately:
A. Amidships
B. One eight of the length of the ship from the stern
C. One quarter of the length of the ship from the bow
D. One quarter of the length of the ship from the stern

41. The graph represents the decrease of speed, against time, on a 100,000 deadweight tanker
which was proceeding at full speed of 13.3 knots and at minute 0 the engine was stopped. Is
the decrease in speed ore likely to be:

A. None of the other options

B. Series 1

C. Series 2
D. Series 3

42. In the above diagram of a ship's turning circle the distance A is known as:
A. Stopping Distance
B. Advance

C. Tactical Diameter
D. Transfer

43. In the above diagram of a ship's turning circte the distance 8 is known as
A. Diameter of the turn
B. Transfer
C. Radius of the turn
D. Tactical Diameter

44. Your ship is on a course of 240° True. A person has fallen overboard on the port side and
after letting go smoke and light floats, in order to carry out a Williamson Turn would you:
A. go hard to starboard until you are heading 300° True, then hard to port until you are on
060° True
B. go hard to port until you are heading 180° True, then hard to starboard until you are
on 060° True
C. go hard to starboard to 285° True, then hard to port until you are on 060° True
D. go hard to port until you are heading 195° True, then hard to starboard until you are on
060° True.

45. When a single screw ship with a right handed propeller is stopped in the water and the
engine is put half ahead, transverse thrust effect will:
A. Swing the stern to starboard and the bow to port
B. Swing the stern to port and the bow to starboard
C. Have no noticeable effect
D. Swing the bow and stern to starboard

46. In the above diagram of a ship's turning circle point C is known as:
A. The Foremast
B. The Pivot Point
C. Centre of Flotation

D. Heading Point

47. When operating with conventional screw tugs, what is the function of the "Gob" or "Gog"
rope:
A. to improve the bollard pull of the tug
B. to secure the tug to the ship
C. to prevent "girting"
D. to keep the tug at the correct place on the ship's side when pushing

48. A ship is being turned short round in a tidal stream that is running at three knots. If
turning short round in still water normally takes 12 minutes, what allowance, should be made
for the drift of the ship during the turn?
A. no allowance
B. 3 cables
C. 6 cables

D. 12 cables

49. In a narrow canal, a ship proceeding at half speed ahead swings towards the port bank of
the channel. As the bow approaches the bank, would it initially:
A. be first pulled towards the bank, then rejected away
B. be pulled towards the bank by bank suction
C. be unaffected
D. be rejected away from the bank by the pressure

50. A ship turns around a point called the “pivot point”. What is the position of this point
when the ship is going astern ?
A. At about 1/4 of ship's length from the stem.
B. At the stern.
C. At about 1/4 of ship's length from the stern.
D. At the midships.