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Linux Commands - javatpoint

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Linux Commands with Examples

The Linux command is a utility of the Linux operating system. All basic and advanced tasks can be
done by executing commands. The commands are executed on the Linux terminal. The terminal is
a command-line interface to interact with the system, which is similar to the command prompt in
the Windows OS. Commands in Linux are case-sensitive.
Linux provides a powerful command-line interface compared to other operating systems such as
Windows and MacOS. We can do basic work and advanced work through its terminal. We can do
some basic tasks such as creating a file, deleting a file, moving a file, and more. In addition, we can
also perform advanced tasks such as administrative tasks (including package installation, user
management), networking tasks (ssh connection), security tasks, and many more.
Linux terminal is a user-friendly terminal as it provides various support options. To open the Linux
terminal, press "CTRL + ALT + T" keys together, and execute a command by pressing the
'ENTER' key.
In this topic, we will discuss the top 50 most frequently used Linux commands with their examples.
These commands are very useful for a beginner and professional both. We have divided these
commands into following sections so that you can easily identify their usage:
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• Linux Directory Commands
• Linux File Commands
• Linux File Content Commands
• Linux User Commands
• Linux Filter Commands
• Linux Utility Commands
• Linux Networking Command

Linux Top 50 Commands

The following are the top 50 Linux commands:

Linux Directory Commands

1. pwd Command
The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working directory.
Syntax:
1. pwd  
Output:

2. mkdir Command
The mkdir command is used to create a new directory under any directory.
Syntax:
1. mkdir <directory name>  
Output:
3. rmdir Command
The rmdir command is used to delete a directory.
Syntax:
1. rmdir <directory name>  
Output:

4. ls Command
The ls command is used to display a list of content of a directory.
Syntax:
1. ls  
Output:

5. cd Command
The cd command is used to change the current directory.
Syntax:
1. cd <directory name>  
Output:

Linux File commands

6. touch Command
The touch command is used to create empty files. We can create multiple empty files by executing
it once.
Syntax:
1. touch <file name>  
2. touch <file1>  <file2> ....  
Output:
7. cat Command
The cat command is a multi-purpose utility in the Linux system. It can be used to create a file,
display content of the file, copy the content of one file to another file, and more.
Syntax:
1. cat [OPTION]... [FILE]..  
To create a file, execute it as follows:
1. cat > <file name>  
2. // Enter file content  
Press "CTRL+ D" keys to save the file. To display the content of the file, execute it as follows:
1. cat <file name>  
Output:

8. rm Command
The rm command is used to remove a file.
Syntax:
rm <file name>
Output:

9. cp Command
The cp command is used to copy a file or directory.
Syntax:
To copy in the same directory:
1. cp <existing file name> <new file name>  
To copy in a different directory:
Output:
10. mv Command
The mv command is used to move a file or a directory form one location to another location.
Syntax:
1. mv <file name> <directory path>  
Output:

11. rename Command

The rename command is used to rename files. It is useful for renaming a large group of files.
Syntax:
1. rename 's/old-name/new-name/' files  
For example, to convert all the text files into pdf files, execute the below command:
1. rename 's/\.txt$/\.pdf/' *.txt  
Output:

Linux File Content Commands

12. head Command
The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the first 10 lines of a file.
Syntax:
1. head <file name>  
Output:
13. tail Command
The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference between both commands is that it
displays the last ten lines of the file content. It is useful for reading the error message.
Syntax:
1. tail <file name>  
Output:

14. tac Command

The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as its name specified. It displays the file content in
reverse order (from the last line).
Syntax:
1. tac <file name>  
Output:
15. more command
The more command is quite similar to the cat command, as it is used to display the file content in
the same way that the cat command does. The only difference between both commands is that, in
case of larger files, the more command displays screenful output at a time.
In more command, the following keys are used to scroll the page:
ENTER key: To scroll down page by line.
Space bar: To move to the next page.
b key: To move to the previous page.
/ key: To search the string.
Syntax:
1. more <file name>  
Output:
16. less Command
The less command is similar to the more command. It also includes some extra features such as
'adjustment in width and height of the terminal.' Comparatively, the more command cuts the output
in the width of the terminal.
Syntax:
1. less <file name>  
Output:
Linux User Commands
17. su Command
The su command provides administrative access to another user. In other words, it allows access of
the Linux shell to another user.
Syntax:
1. su <user name>  
Output:

18. id Command
The id command is used to display the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).
Syntax:
1. id  
Output:

19. useradd Command

The useradd command is used to add or remove a user on a Linux server.
Syntax:
1. useradd  username  
Output:

20. passwd Command

The passwd command is used to create and change the password for a user.
Syntax:
1. passwd <username>  
Output:

21. groupadd Command

The groupadd command is used to create a user group.
Syntax:
1. groupadd <group name>  
Output:

Linux Filter Commands

22. cat Command
The cat command is also used as a filter. To filter a file, it is used inside pipes.
Syntax:
1. cat <fileName> | cat or tac | cat or tac |. . .   
Output:
23. cut Command
The cut command is used to select a specific column of a file. The '-d' option is used as a delimiter,
and it can be a space (' '), a slash (/), a hyphen (-), or anything else. And, the '-f' option is used to
specify a column number.
Syntax:
1. cut -d(delimiter) -f(columnNumber) <fileName>  
Output:

24. grep Command

The grep is the most powerful and used filter in a Linux system. The 'grep' stands for "global
regular expression print." It is useful for searching the content from a file. Generally, it is used
with the pipe.
Syntax:
1. command | grep <searchWord>  
Output:
25. comm Command
The 'comm' command is used to compare two files or streams. By default, it displays three columns,
first displays non-matching items of the first file, second indicates the non-matching item of the
second file, and the third column displays the matching items of both files.
Syntax:
1. comm <file1> <file2>  
Output:

26. sed command

The sed command is also known as stream editor. It is used to edit files using a regular expression.
It does not permanently edit files; instead, the edited content remains only on display. It does not
affect the actual file.
Syntax:
1. command | sed 's/<oldWord>/<newWord>/'  
Output:

27. tee command

The tee command is quite similar to the cat command. The only difference between both filters is
that it puts standard input on standard output and also write them into a file.
Syntax:
1. cat <fileName> | tee <newFile> |  cat or tac |.....  
Output:

28. tr Command
The tr command is used to translate the file content like from lower case to upper case.
Syntax:
1. command | tr <'old'> <'new'>  
Output:

29. uniq Command

The uniq command is used to form a sorted list in which every word will occur only once.
Syntax:
1. command <fileName> | uniq  
Output:

30. wc Command
The wc command is used to count the lines, words, and characters in a file.
Syntax:
1. wc <file name>  
Output:

31. od Command
The od command is used to display the content of a file in different s, such as hexadecimal, octal,
and ASCII characters.
Syntax:
1. od -b <fileName>      // Octal format  
2. od -t x1 <fileName>   // Hexa decimal format  
3. od -c <fileName>     // ASCII character format  
Output:

32. sort Command

The sort command is used to sort files in alphabetical order.
Syntax:
1. sort <file name>  
Output:
33. gzip Command
The gzip command is used to truncate the file size. It is a compressing tool. It replaces the original
file by the compressed file having '.gz' extension.
Syntax:
1. gzip <file1> <file2> <file3>...  
Output:

34. gunzip Command

The gunzip command is used to decompress a file. It is a reverse operation of gzip command.
Syntax:
1. gunzip <file1> <file2> <file3>. .  
Output:

Linux Utility Commands

35. find Command
The find command is used to find a particular file within a directory. It also supports various options
to find a file such as byname, by type, by date, and more.
The following symbols are used after the find command:
(.) : For current directory name
(/) : For root
Syntax:
1. find . -name "*.pdf"  
Output:

36. locate Command

The locate command is used to search a file by file name. It is quite similar to find command; the
difference is that it is a background process. It searches the file in the database, whereas the find
command searches in the file system. It is faster than the find command. To find the file with the
locates command, keep your database updated.
Syntax:
1. locate <file name>  
Output:
37. date Command
The date command is used to display date, time, time zone, and more.
Syntax:
1. date  
Output:

38. cal Command

The cal command is used to display the current month's calendar with the current date highlighted.
Syntax:
1. cal<  
Output:

39. sleep Command

The sleep command is used to hold the terminal by the specified amount of time. By default, it takes
time in seconds.
Syntax:
1. sleep <time>  
Output:

40. time Command

The time command is used to display the time to execute a command.
Syntax:
1. time  
Output:
41. zcat Command
The zcat command is used to display the compressed files.
Syntax:
1. zcat <file name>  
Output:

42. df Command
The df command is used to display the disk space used in the file system. It displays the output as in
the number of used blocks, available blocks, and the mounted directory.
Syntax:
1. df  
Output:
43. mount Command
The mount command is used to connect an external device file system to the system's file system.
Syntax:
1. mount -t type <device> <directory>  
Output:

44. exit Command

Linux exit command is used to exit from the current shell. It takes a parameter as a number and
exits the shell with a return of status number.
Syntax:
1. exit  
Output:

After pressing the ENTER key, it will exit the terminal.

45. clear Command
Linux clear command is used to clear the terminal screen.
Syntax:
1. clear  
Output:

After pressing the ENTER key, it will clear the terminal screen.

Linux Networking Commands

46. ip Command
Linux ip command is an updated version of the ipconfig command. It is used to assign an IP
address, initialize an interface, disable an interface.
Syntax:
1. ip a or ip addr  
Output:

47. ssh Command

Linux ssh command is used to create a remote connection through the ssh protocol.
Syntax:
1. ssh user_name@host(IP/Domain_name)</p>  
48. mail Command
The mail command is used to send emails from the command line.
Syntax:
1. mail -s "Subject" <recipient address>  
Output:

49. ping Command

The ping command is used to check the connectivity between two nodes, that is whether the server
is connected. It is a short form of "Packet Internet Groper."
Syntax:
1. ping <destination>  
Output:

50. host Command

The host command is used to display the IP address for a given domain name and vice versa. It
performs the DNS lookups for the DNS Query.
Syntax:
1. host <domain name> or <ip address>  
Output: