CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

History of ROTC
In the Philippines, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is one of three
components of the National Service Training Program, a civic education and defense
preparedness program for Filipino college students ROTC's mission is to provide
students with military education and training in order to mobilize them for national
defense preparedness. Its specific goals include preparing college students for
emergency service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines and training them to become
reservists and potential commissioned officers in the AFP.
ROTC began in the Philippines in 1912, when the Philippine Constabulary began
military training at the University of the Philippines. The university's Board of Regents
then made representations to the US Department of War through the Governor-
General, and received the services of a US Army officer who assumed the duties of a
professor of Military Science. On July 3, 1922, the first official ROTC unit in the
Philippines was established through this arrangement at the University of the
Philippines. National University was the first private college in the Philippines to
establish an ROTC unit in 1921. Later that year, Ateneo de Manila University, Liceo de
Manila, and Colegio de San Juan de Letran quickly followed suit, establishing their own
ROTC units. The Philippine Army established the Office of the Superintendent for
ROTC Units in 1936 to oversee all ROTC units in the country . President Manuel L.
Quezon issued Executive Order No. 207 in 1939 to implement the National Defense Act
of 1935, also known as Commonwealth Act No 1. This executive order made ROTC
obligatory at all colleges and universities with a total enrollment of 150 students and
greater. In addition, President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1706, also known
as the "National Service Law." On August 8, 1980. It made national service mandatory
for all Filipino citizens and established three types of service: civic welfare, law
enforcement, and military. Republic Act 7077, otherwise known as the "Citizen Armed
Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act.

Importance of ROTC
According to Pinol (2017) President Rodgrigo Roa Duterte has approved the return of
the reserved officers training course in Grade 11 and 12 of the country’s public and
private schools. Defense secretary Delfin Lorenzana. According to the defense chief,
ROTC inseminate patriotism, love our country,moral and spiritual values, respect for
human rights and adherence to constitution. According to Padilla (2017), “if the youth
understand the purpose of the training, they will learn a variety of skills including basic
life support, first aid training, basic self defense, combat preparation, survival skills, and
others”. Overall, we see that not only does the nation benefit, but we also learn a lot not
only about defense but also about self-discipline.
 Impact of Mandatory ROTC in SHS students

ROTC is thought and viewed to establish a culture of discipline and

accountability; it
gives a chance to instill ideals such as patriotism, nationalism, and
character
development; and it provides training to help students improve their
leadership abilities.
Army Captain began military teaching on America and #39;s college
campuses Alden Partridge,
former superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy (USMA)
( Coumberland and
Harford, 1996). The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) was a
program meant to
provide the Army with future officers. A fresh stream of educated leaders
to serve as
officers. Based on comparable initiatives and ideas used since the During
the Civil War,
ROTC became the principal source of officers for all branches of the
military. Army
ROTC is available at over 270 colleges around the US. ROTC was
introduced gradually
at SUNY Brockport. procedure that began with a cross enrollment with RIT
in 1975.
Pereira, L. (2003. Its objectives are multifaceted, including military
readiness and
academic performance. Using data from High School and Beyond, we
discover that the
program and #39;s impacts are dependent on the time and degree of
engagement. Students that
engage early in high school and stay in the program have higher test
scores, graduation
rates, and enlistment rates. In contrast, we find negligible impacts for
students
 participating in their last two years of high school. Bradley Mills, Edward
Sabornie.
(2022)
Effect of ROTC in students

The military experience, academic ability, personal values, job attributes

desired,
political viewpoint, bureaucratic inclinations, and other socio-psychological
traits of
ROTC students were found to differ from their peers. As older samples of
cadets and
non cadets were analyzed, these discrepancies got bigger. Due to the
cross-sectional
nature of the current study, it was not possible to determine the extent to which these
widening differences were due to: (a) selection differences present at the time of entry
into ROTC; (b) attrition from the ROTC group of cadets with an quot; deviant and quot;
profile; and/or
(c) actual changes in cadets brought about by exposure to a military career. Card, J. J.
(1977). The military has begun to adopt resilience training programs for officers and
commanders. These initiatives are intended to focus light on resilience and seek to
promote resilience. For example, the Army #39;s Master Resilience Training program is
meant to train commanders about resilience and leadership in a way that they can pass
on to their unit. Cadets in a college or university ROTC program take particular
coursework and training to prepare for their job as officers after graduation. Campbell ,
K.
N. (2014).
Synthesis:
This study is unique it focuses on the implementation of the ROTC Implementation
of the K-12 curriculum of SHS students. Means that it is linked because there is no
research done at VNHS-SHS S.Y. 2022-2023 regarding on Mandatory ROTC.
References:
Pereira, L. (2003). The History and Impact of Army ROTC at SUNY College at
Brockport.
Bradley Mills, Edward Sabornie. (2022) Variables that Predict Graduation for Students
with
Emotional Disturbance: An examination Across High Schools
Card, J. J. (1977). Differences in the demographic and sociopsychological profile of
ROTC vs non-ROTC
students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 11(2), 196-215.
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, November 30). Reserve Officers' Training Corps
(Philippines). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:57, January 3, 2023,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reserve_Officers
%27_Training_Corps_(Philippines)&oldid=1124772302
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