PRACTICAL RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION. METHODS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
● Qualitative research is a form of data collection that seeks to understand concepts and
opinions without relying on numerical input. This type of research can be used for
in-depth insights into problems or generating new ideas for future studies.
● The qualitative research method mainly emphasizes obtaining information from
open-ended and conversational communication.
● It is a type of research that typically gathers different forms of data like an interview,
documents, and observations.
● It is a more communicative method. Qualitative research methods enable people to
build their trust in the researcher. The information which is obtained from such
research is raw and unadulterated.
Goal (qualitative study)
● You need to set one specific goal in your study.
○ Experiences
○ Perception
○ Factors that influence
○ Effectiveness
● Interview is the best way to Gather information.
○ Other options, observations and open-ended surveys.
Participants, area and locale
● Your participants are the main source of information.
● You have to carefully and purposively choose them.
● Set criteria or qualification that will make them qualified to your study.
● How many participants do you need in your study?
● Be Realistic
● Participants must exist in the Area and Locale
How are you planning to conduct your
study?

Is it attainable within the given time frame?

REMINDERS IN WRITING THE MANUSCRIPT
● Use the given template and do not change the format.
● Always use Third-person POV >> The Researchers…
● Make sure it is written coherently.
❖ Background of the study
● This is where the Rationale is located.
● Why do we need to conduct this research?
● Include some reference that will help your study.
● Normally written in 2-4 paragraphs, but still depending on the study.
● Includes researchers’ own words and citation (in-text citation)
❖ Statement of the problem (sop)
● GENERAL PROBLEM:
○ This study aimed to >>your complete title<<

SPECIFICALLY IT SEEKS TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

● Research questions are important as it helps you in defining the objectives which you are trying to accomplishing
after completion of the investigation process.
● Writing a research question is very much important as it helps you to remain the focus.
● It also supports you in defining the coverage/extent of your study (scope).
● Research questions support you in making a determination of the sample in order to collect useful and valuable
facts about the subject.
● Effective research questions provide you with a framework that you can use for the assessment of work.
● It is the research question that helps you in determining the activities that need to execute for accomplishing
desired objectives
❖ Thesis statement
● Thesis statements are generally proved by forming hypotheses based on
them. This may also be based on theories and the assumption of those
theories may become a thesis statement of a particular research study.

● The researchers' assumptions in the study.

● Doesn't require a long paragraph.

1-2 sentences will suffice.
❖ Scope and delimitation
● Extent of your study. (parameter)
● Not only limited to the participants, locale or area.
● This also covers descriptors of your respondents (criteria)
● This covers the extent of your goal.
❖ Significance of the study

● Who will be Beneficiaries of the study and how they

will be benefited.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TOPICS (BROADER)
Abm strand possible topics
● How can a small or local business get succeeded at the international level?
● Is there any impact of wages on the productivity of employees?
● What is the relationship between the strategic management of the business and its
productivity?
● How can staff motivation affect the impact on business productivity?
● How can a company manage and measure employee retention?
● How can business employees manage the conflict rising in their working team?
● What are the reasons motivating the company to again start a new business after the failure
of the last one?
● How do marketing strategies enhance the productivity of the company?
● What are the mediums and channels that require for business communication?
● Impact of brand awareness on consumer/brand loyalty: A study of packaged milk brands
Stem strand possible topics
● Role of green chemistry in mitigating the problem of global warming. (Science)
● Importance of installing antivirus software on the computer and other online devices. (Technology)
● Online video games and their impact on the social behavior of an individual with time. (Technology)
● The effect of smog on the human and animal respiratory system across the world. (Science)
● Consequences of prolonged subjection to the noise pollution which is harmful to the human. (Science)
● How digital technology is different from analog regarding electrical communication engineering.
(Engineer)
● Role of electrical engineers in the welfare of society and their success in the field so far.
● Difference between wireless and conventional wires-based communication technology.
● What does the Pythagorean theorem explains and its uses in modern-day problems in solving geometrical
questions?
● What is the day to day applications of statistical mathematics in our life?
● How we can apply the principles of probability in our daily life to ease our way of living with the help of
science and its applications?
❖ LITERATURE REVIEW
● An area that a researcher examines concepts related to their research.
● It is a critical recap on what has already been searched in your topic.
● It could be in books, journal articles, newspaper, thesis, research,
dissertation, etc (other sources)
● All of the citations must follow the statute of limitations which is 10
years and this part should have a minimum of 8-10 citations.
❖ LITERATURE REVIEW - why it is important?

● To find out what’s already known in your topic and how other researchers
have approached it.
● To give your readers a critical overview of what you have found.
● To find our the gap. (What’s missing)
 Where can you find relevant reviews?
● Library catalogue

● Google Scholar

● JSTOR

● EBSCO

● Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)

● Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)

● EconLit (economics)

● Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

❖ Synthesis
● Analysis of all the citations or literature review that you included in your paper.
● Summarized version - using researchers’ own words.
● Synthesis is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to
review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to
the research.
● You can also give a brief introduction what approach will be used in this study.
 cHAPTER 2: METHODS
● Provide an introductory paragraph that will explain your research's

purpose and the procedure that the research will undertake.

● 2 sentences will suffice.

❖ design
● Refers to the plan, path, blueprint, and overall strategy
utilized to carry out research through collection,
interpretation, analysis, and discussion of data. (Padama,
2021)
● Describes the Research Mode and the Specific Research
Types (Ana PH, 2021)
❖ design
● Qualitative Research Design (Approaches)
★ Case Study
★ Ethnography
★ Phenomenology
★ Historical
★ Action Research
★ Grounded Theory
❏ Case study
● A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the
boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.
● An in-depth study of one person, group, or event.
● In case study, nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is
analyzed to seek patterns and causes behavior.
● Deals with sociology
❏ Ethnography
● Ethnographic research comes from the discipline of social and cultural
anthropology.
● Identifies a culture-sharing group and what is of interest to study about this
group.
● Seek to place the phenomena studied in their social and cultural context.
● Records culture, beliefs, ideas, behaviors, language, and rituals primarily
through conducting interviews and observations. A cultural theme is
specified that will be examined in light of this culture-sharing group.
❏ Phenomenological
● Phenomenology is a type of qualitative research in that its focus is
in answering the 'what is it' question

● Phenomenology is an approach to qualitative research that focuses

on the commonality of a lived experience within a particular
group on that phenomena.
❏ historical
● Describing and examining past events to better understand the
present and to anticipate potential effects on the future. To identify
a need for knowledge that requires a historical investigation.
❏ Action research
● Used to find and solve one or more problems, or practical issues that are of
importance to the participants in their own settings.
4 basic steps:
• Identifying the problem or question
• Group conduct meeting or brainstorming
• Joint analysis of research data or information
• Taking action to rectify the problem or illuminate the
question.
❏ GROUNDED THEORY
● The theory is “grounded” in actual data, which means the analysis and
development of theories happens after you have collected the data.
● It takes place when there is a discovery of new theory which underlies your
study at the time of data collection and analysis.
● Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that attempts to uncover
the meanings of people’s social actions, interactions and experiences. These
explanations are called ‘grounded’ because they are grounded in the
participants’ own explanations or interpretations.
❖ Conceptual framework
● Mental Image of the phenomenon, the case that the researcher is seeking to
prove, to explain, and to understand.
● A conceptual framework illustrates what you expect to find through your
research. It defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how
they might relate to each other.
● In paradigm, it shows the flow of the entire Research Process
● This is the Diagrammatic and Textual Image of the Research.
● Please avoid outdated diagrams such as the IPO (Input-Process-Output)
format.
❖ Definition of terms (optional)
● Define here all of the difficult/ unusual terms in your study. Use operational
definition.
● Operational Definition - refers to a detailed explanation of the technical
terms and measurements used during data collection.
❖ Instrument
● The term research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to collect
or obtain data, measure data and analysis data that is relevant to the subject
of your research.
● The format of a research instrument may consist of questionnaires, surveys,
interviews, checklists or simple tests.
● The choice of which specific research instrument tool to use will be decided
on the by the researcher. It will also be strongly related to the actual methods
that will be used in the specific study.
❏ Types of Research Instrument for Qualitative Research
1. Interview- Interviews are a tool mainly for the collection of qualitative data
and are popular as a data-collection tool because of their flexibility.
● Interviews are active interactions between two or more people leading to a
negotiated contextually based result.
● Interviews require specialized skills from the interviewer, who will need to
negotiate a good partnership with the respondent to ensure a highly detailed
and valid set of qualitative data is collected and transcribed effectively.
❏ Types of Research Instrument for Qualitative Research

Interviews can be:

• Conducted as a one-time occurrence
• Conducted as multiple, longer sessions
• Structured, semi-structured, unstructured
❏ Types of interview
➢ Structured Interview - In structured interviews, questions are planned and
created in advance. All candidates are asked the same questions in the same
order.
➢ Semi Structured Interview - A semi-structured interview is a type of
interview in which the interviewer asks only a few predetermined questions
while the rest of the questions are not planned in advance.
➢ Unstructured Interview - A semi-structured interview is a type of interview
in which the interviewer asks only a few predetermined questions while the
rest of the questions are not planned in advance.
❏ Types of Research Instrument for Qualitative Research
2. Observation - Observation is a systematic data-collecting technique that
involves watching individuals in their natural environment or in a naturally
occurring situation.
● The data collection is laborious and time-consuming and may have to be
repeated to ensure reliability. However, observation schedules based on a set
of expectations can make data collection easier.
❖ PARTICIpants
● Knowing your research objectives is the first step to determining who your ideal
respondents are.
● Describe the participants, who will be used in the study. State their characteristics
that are significant to your study, the eligibility criteria, which might include their
age, sex, gender identity. State here as well the sampling technique used in
choosing the respondents.
● A qualitative sample consists of verbal and written feedback in the form of
thoughts, opinions, and observations. Qualitative samples might include focus
groups, in-depth interviews, observed product testing, or other discussions.
Usually, qualitative research can be achieved using a smaller sample size.
❖ Procedure
● Explain here the step-by-step process of how the data will be gathered and
interpreted.
● Describe the procedure in chronological order.
● Provide enough detail to enable the reader to understand the collection of
data. In ethical consideration, the researcher should note that the anonymity
and protection of data by the subject is under the Data Privacy Act of 2012
and if they were given informed consent before the conduction of data
gathering.
❖ Data analysis
● It is defined as process of systematically searching and arranging interview
transcripts, manuscript, and observation notes, or other non-textual materials
that the researchers accumulate to increase the understanding of
phenomenon.
● It is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical
techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data.
● For qualitative studies, explain here how the data will be analyzed (e.g.,
discourse, narrative, thematic, or historical analysis).