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    Lecture 2 Liquefaction SL

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    oloche robert
    1) Liquefaction occurs when loose, saturated granular soils lose strength due to excess pore water pressure generated during seismic shaking. 2) Several empirical methods can be used to assess the depth of liquefaction at a site, including the Eurocode 8, Japanese, and Idriss and Boulanger procedures. 3) The Eurocode 8 procedure involves estimating the cyclic stress ratio induced by the earthquake and comparing it to the cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction based on standardized SPT data, accounting for overburden pressure and hammer energy effects. If the induced stress ratio exceeds a threshold of the required stress ratio (typically 80%), liquefaction is considered likely.

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    Lecture 2 Liquefaction SL

    Uploaded by

    oloche robert
    67 views43 pages
    1) Liquefaction occurs when loose, saturated granular soils lose strength due to excess pore water pressure generated during seismic shaking. 2) Several empirical methods can be used to assess the depth of liquefaction at a site, including the Eurocode 8, Japanese, and Idriss and Boulanger procedures. 3) The Eurocode 8 procedure involves estimating the cyclic stress ratio induced by the earthquake and comparing it to the cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction based on standardized SPT data, accounting for overburden pressure and hammer energy effects. If the induced stress ratio exceeds a threshold of the required stress ratio (typically 80%), liquefaction is considered likely.

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    1) Liquefaction occurs when loose, saturated granular soils lose strength due to excess pore water pressure generated during seismic shaking. 2) Several empirical methods can be used to assess the depth of liquefaction at a site, including the Eurocode 8, Japanese, and Idriss and Boulanger procedures. 3) The Eurocode 8 procedure involves estimating the cyclic stress ratio induced by the earthquake and comparing it to the cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction based on standardized SPT data, accounting for overburden pressure and hammer energy effects. If the induced stress ratio exceeds a threshold of the required stress ratio (typically 80%), liquefaction is considered likely.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views43 pages

    Lecture 2 Liquefaction SL

    Uploaded by

    oloche robert
    1) Liquefaction occurs when loose, saturated granular soils lose strength due to excess pore water pressure generated during seismic shaking. 2) Several empirical methods can be used to assess the depth of liquefaction at a site, including the Eurocode 8, Japanese, and Idriss and Boulanger procedures. 3) The Eurocode 8 procedure involves estimating the cyclic stress ratio induced by the earthquake and comparing it to the cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction based on standardized SPT data, accounting for overburden pressure and hammer energy effects. If the induced stress ratio exceeds a threshold of the required stress ratio (typically 80%), liquefaction is considered likely.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 43
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are about liquefaction, its causes, assessment of liquefaction depth, and common effects such as loss of bearing capacity and settlement.

    Liquefaction occurs when loosely packed saturated sediments lose strength in response to strong earthquake shaking, causing the soil to behave like a liquid. This can result from increased pore water pressure and a reduction in effective stress within loose, saturated, granular deposits.

    The depth of liquefaction is influenced by factors like the seismic hazard as indicated by peak ground acceleration, the density and composition of soil layers, and the effective overburden pressure at different depths.

    Lecture 2 - Liquefaction

    Professor Suby Bhattacharya


    Chair in Geomechanics
    Reference:
    (1)Chapter 6 of the book for Theoretical
    aspects of Liquefaction:
    (2) Chapter 7 for Practical Aspects i.e.
    Engineering

    Do examples to find depth of Liquefaction


    Structural failure & Liquefaction
    1964 Niigata earthquake –
    Kawagichi-Cho building

    First serious observation – about Liquefaction


    After major earthquakes (1964 to 2001) –
    some examples

    1964 – Niigata

    1995 (Kobe)

    2001 (Bhuj)
    1999
    1999 (Turkey)

    What is common? Soil underneath liquefied


    2011 Tohoku earthquake

    Differential settlement of a building in Urayasu, Tokyo bay


    Japan – 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
    2011 earthquake – soil liquefied
    Disney Land - Tokyo
    2011 Tohoku earthquake – pop up of Manhole
    Effects of liquefaction (contd.)

    Liquefaction at Cemetery of SantAgostino in North Italy


    Earthquake, 2012
    Large amount of ejected grey silty sand covered the pavement
    Liquefaction induced damage to a concrete
    building (2016 Kumamoto Earthquake)

    BEFORE AFTER
    Tilting of stationary shop owing to liquefaction
    [Before and After] in Chikami (Minami-ku)

    BEFORE AFTER
    Front of the hospital before and after
    the earthquake – 2016 Kumamoto
    Earthquake

    BEFORE AFTER
    Liquefaction - Effects

    Loss of bearing capacity


    Lateral spreading

    Settlement

    Floating services
    Ground Response – Analysis [Source to site]
    Damaging Capacity of Ground Motions

    Acceleration

    a
    Velocity

    Peak ground acceleration (amax) is oftenGround


    used tomotion
    represent the severity of a particular earthquake. It is an
    unreliable indicator of damaging capacity due to the short duration of amax. It gives no information about
    frequency content.

    Peak velocity gives some information about longer period content – may be better correlated with damage.
    c

    Response spectrum gives the most information about the effect of ground motions on structures with varying
    structural periods and damping levels.
    What is the problem?

    For the given site, you will


    know the Seismic Hazard i.e.
    PGA (Peak Ground
    Acceleration) & the Ground
    Profile:
    • You need to know if the
    ground will liquefy?
    • If yes, to what depth?
    Liquefaction depth assessment
    Given a site:
    Example: Higashi-Nada
    area, in the Kobe city,
    Japan.

    To what depth will it


    liquefy?

    What can be governing


    parameters?

    (1)

    (2)
    What is liquefaction – a micro-mechanics view
    What is liquefaction?

    Bulk Modulus of water = 2GPa and therefore 0.001% straining


    would lead to 20kPa pressure
    What really happens?
    Concept of dilatancy
    Settlement – post liquefaction
    Sand boils: Mechanics behind the flow
    Effects of liquefaction
    Lateral Spreading

    Schematic illustration of lateral spreading. Photo: lateral spreading at Navlaki port,


    January 2001, S.P.G. Madabhushi.
    Liquefaction which may lead to lateral
    spreading
    What is soil liquefaction?

    Micro mechanics of liquefaction


    Process of excess pore water pressure development
    Read Section 6.5.4.2 in Chapter 6.
    Pore water pressure built up
    Implications of liquefaction
    𝑢
    • 𝑟𝑢 = ′ ;
    σ𝑣0
    • u = excess pore water pressure
    • σ𝑣0 ′ = initial vertical effective stress
    • Additional settlement also occurs as the large excess pore
    pressure dissipate following the hours of liquefaction.
    0.76 ( 𝑒0 +0.3𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 −1.3𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
    • ε 𝑣𝑝 = 1.6𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) (Shamoto and Zhang,
    1+𝑒0
    1966)
    • ε 𝑣𝑝 = permanent volumetric strain
    • 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum shear strain

    Settlement due to Volumetric Strain


    Identifying Liquefiable Soil
    It is obviously important to be able to identify whether a soil at site is
    susceptible to liquefaction or not. In order to liquefy, soils must be:-
    1. Saturated,
    2. Able to contract under shear (rules out clays), and
    3. Not so permeable that drainage can occur during shaking (rules out
    coarse gravels).
    100

    90

    80
    Boundaries
    70 for most
    Percent Finer (%)

    liquefiable soil
    60

    50
    Boundaries
    40
    for potentially
    liquefiable soil
    30

    20

    10 Bhuj Sand

    0
    1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10

    Particle Size (mm)

    Limits on particle sizes, following Ishihara et al. (1989)


    Methods of assessment of liquefaction
    depth

    1. Eurocode 8 Procedure [Needs Part 1 and Part 5]


    2. Japanese Code Procedure
    3. Idriss and Boulanger Approach
    Fundamental of this empirical procedure is: Estimating
    CSR (Cyclic Stress Ratio) of a soil element at each
    depth along the ground profile
    i.e. ratio of Shear Stress applied by the earthquake to a
    soil element divided by vertical effective stress.
    Action – What does the earthquake offer to the
    ground? – Shear Stress
    Resistance: How much a soil can resist? – denser the
    soil more resistance
    Resistance: How much a soil can resist? – denser the
    soil more resistance
    Observations, analysis and
    synthesis
    Euro Code 8 approach
    Step1: Obtain seismic shear stress  = 0.65    S  s
    e v
    α is design ground acceleration, To determine the value of S, ground type
    has been determined based on SPT data using Table 3.1 in Eurocode 8. S
    value is determined from the Table 3.2 in the same code based on ground
    type, sv is the total overburden pressure.
    Eurocode-8, 3.1.2,
    Table 3.1
    Eurocode-8, Part-1, 3.2.2, Table 3.2

    Eurocode-8, Part-1, 3.2.2, Table 3.3, for Ms>5.5


    Euro Code 8 approach (contd.)

    Step-2: The SPT data has been normalized to a reference effective


    overburden pressure of 100 kPa and to a 60% ratio of impact energy
    over theoretical free fall energy. For depth less than 3m, the measured
    SPT value has been reduced by 25%.

    Step-3: To normalize with respect to the effective overburden pressure,


    the measured SPT data has been multiplied by a factor of
    (100/s’v)0.5 where σ'v (kPa) is the effective overburden
    pressure acting at a depth where the SPT measurement has been
    done.

    Step-4: Energy normalization has been done by multiplying the


    measured SPT data by the factor of ER/60, where ER=(Measured
    Energy Ratio)x100
    Euro Code 8 approach (contd.)

    Step-5:Determine the cyclic stress ratio (ζe/σv‘) for causing liquefaction


    for a particular N1(60) for an earthquake of magnitude of 7.5 using the
    bottom figure. To apply this figure to earthquake magnitudes different
    from 7.5, the ζe/σv‘ has been multiplied by a factor CM of the code.

    Step-6:A soil has been considered susceptible to liquefaction whenever


    the earthquake induced shear stress (from Step1) exceeds certain
    fraction (generally 80%) of the critical stress (from Step 5) known to have
    caused liquefaction in the previous earthquakes.
    Eurocode-8, Part-5, Annex B, Figure B.1

    Eurocode-8, Part-5, Annex B,


    Table B.1
    These relationships are for a magnitude 7.5 earthquake

    SPT overburden and energy corrections

    (ER 60)
    1/ 2
    N1 (60) = N SPT 100 

     s ' vo 

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