Link Budget Analysis

(Duration: approx 120 Minutes)

Note: Please ask Questions Anytime!

Presenter: E. Kasule Musisi

ITSO Consultant
Email: [email protected]
Cell: +256 772 783 784
Skype: ekasule
This will Module will provide an overview of the information that is
required to perform a link budget and their impact on the
Communication link

Link Budget tool:

•Has much of the information we’ll cover in its database
•Make’s your job much easier

2
 Components of a satellite circuit
The satellite receives
the signals, filters
them, converts the
frequencies then
Satellite amplifies them for
transmission down to
the Earth

The antenna Antenna

transmits/receives and
Antenna focuses the energy of
the signal
towards/from the
satellite. The BUC amplifies and
converts up the signal BUC LNB
The LNB amplifies the
BUC LNB for transmission by the
received signal and antenna
converts down its
frequency for reception The modem modulates
by the modem and demodulates the
Modem signal and is connected Modem
to other user
equipment (router, TV,
etc)
 Simplified digital communications chain:

Analog Analog- Channe Channe Digital

Information Digital Digital Modula
Informati l l Coded Modula ted
Converte Encode Informa
r on
tion tor Signal
r

Voice, Video 1001010101 1001010101101 Satellite

… Transmiss
MHz ion
Mbps Mbps

Analog Analog- Channel Digital Receive

Information Digital Decoder Demodul
Digital Informa ated Demodula d Signal
Converte tion Signal tor
r
Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying some
characteristics of a periodic waveform, Carrier signal Modulating signal
(no information)(with information)
called the carrier signal, with a modulating
signal that contains information.
Characteristics that can vary are the amplitude,
frequency and phase.
Typical modulations used in satellite communications
are PSK and QAM.
The order of the modulation how many different
symbols can be transmitted with it.
E.g. Order 2: BPSK
Order 4: QPSK, 4-QAM
Order 8: 8-PSK, 8-QAM
Order 16: 16-PSK, 16QAMConstellation diagram for QPSK
Channel Coding

• Channel coding (FEC: Forward Error Correction) consists of ad

bits to the useful information to allow detection and correcti
caused by the transmission channel.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
• The FEC is usually given as a fraction
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠

• The FEC is usually given with the modulation scheme.

• E.g.: QPSK 3/4 means that:
− A QPSK modulation is used (order 4)
− And for every 3 bits of useful information, 1 redundant bit is added.
• Said otherwise, 4 bits are required to send 3 bits of information
• Or 25% of the bits sent are useless from the user point of view (but still necessary
errors)
Efficiency

On the importance of efficiency

• From user point of view, the key parameter is Information Ra
or kbps)
• The required bandwidth in MHz for a given information rate i
to the modulation and coding scheme (modcod).
− The higher the modulation order (2𝑛 ), the less bandwidth is required
− The higher the FEC ratio, the less bandwidth is required
− Other parameters also matter: roll-off factor (α), Reed-Solomon codin
𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
• The efficiency is defined as the ratio : that is the numbe
𝑀𝐻𝑧
can be transmitted in a given MHz. The unit is bit per second
• The higher the efficiency, the more cost-effective a service i
Efficiency

On the importance of efficiency – Examples

• 2 Mbps link using QPSK-3/4 (order 4 = 22 ), with 25% roll-off factor and no
4
− Required bandwidth is: 2 × 1 + 0.25 × 3 ÷ 2 = 1.67 𝑀𝐻𝑧
− Efficiency is 1.20 bps/Hz
• Same 2 Mbps link using 8PSK-3/4 (order 8 = 23 ), with 25% roll-off factor a
Solomon:
4
− Required bandwidth is: 2 × 1 + 0.25 × 3 ÷ 3 = 1.11 𝑀𝐻𝑧
− Efficiency is 1.80 bps/Hz
• Same 2 Mbps link using 8PSK-7/8 (order 8 = 23 ), with 25% roll-off factor a
Solomon:
8
− Required bandwidth is: 2 × 1 + 0.25 × 7 ÷ 3 = 0.95 𝑀𝐻𝑧
− Efficiency is 2.10 bps/Hz
 Efficiency
• The selection of a modcod is constrained by the signal
over noise ratio at reception:
− The higher the modulation order, the higher the signal to noise
ratio must be for the modem to be able to demodulate it.
• Signal over noise ratio is affected by:
− Link conditions – propagation attenuation and impairments
− Available power – on ground and on the satellite (PEB)
− Performance of the satellite
− Antenna size at reception
− Capabilities of the modem
• A satellite link budget analysis will determine what
modcod can be used and what are the required
bandwidth and power.
Efficiency

What is a good efficiency?

• In general, the higher the efficiency, the better, but
…
− Efficiency is not the only parameter to consider
− Service availability, cost of equipment, network topology, …
are also key factors
• Sometimes a lower efficiency is acceptable to reduce
required investment or size of equipment.
− Example: a Direct-To-Home service with small receiving
antennas and cheap demodulators will typically have a lower
efficiency than a CBH service using large antennas and
efficient modems.
 Summary

• The modcod scheme determines the efficiency which tells how

many MHz are required to transmit one Mbps.
• The achievable efficiency is constrained by link conditions,
satellite characteristics and available ground equipment.
• A link budget analysis is required to determine the maximum
efficiency.
• Efficiency can be increased with better ground equipment
(antenna, modem, amplifier) → tradeoff to be made between
investment (CAPEX) and cost of bandwidth (OPEX) A signal
transmitted by satellite has to be modulated and coded
(modcod).
Questions so far?

12
 Link Budget Information
• Site latitude
• Site longitude • Satellite receive G/T
• Altitude • Satellite saturation flux density SFD
• Frequency • Satellite gain setting
• Polarization • Satellite EIRP (saturation)
• Availability • Transponder bandwidth
• Rain-climatic zone • Transponder input back-off (IBO)
• Antenna aperture • Transponder output back-off (OBO)
• Antenna efficiency (or gain) • Transponder intermodulation interference
C/IM
• Coupling Loss
• Required Overall Eb/No
• Antenna mispointing loss • Information rate
• LNB noise temperature • Overhead (% information rate)
• Antenna ground noise temperature • Modulation
• Forward error correction (FEC) code rate
• Adjacent channel interference C/ACI
• Roll off factor
• Adjacent satellite Interference C/ASI • System margin
• Cross polarization interference C/XPI • Modulation
• HPA intermodulation interference C/I • Bit Error Rate (BER)
• Satellite longitude

13
 Link Availability
▪ Uplink in %
▪ Downlink in %
▪ End to End Link = 100-[(100-Au)+(100-Ad)]
– Example: 99.75 % uplink, 99.75 % downlink
= 100 – [(100-99.75)+(100-99.75)]
= 100- (.25)+(.25)
End to End Link = 99.50 %

▪ Uplink and Downlink rain attenuation must also be added

– Minor impact on C-Band
– Major impact on Ku-Band
• Caution:
− Do not use a large difference in uplink and downlink availability to meet
End to End availability requirements
Rain-Climatic Zones

15
 Rain-Climatic Zones
14 GHz Rain Attenuation vs. Availability for ITU rain Zones
14 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone
AV(av.yr.) A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

99.999 4.15 6.56 8.42 10.93 12.83 16.62 17.88 19.13 20.98 25.23 35.24 36.75 49.19 50.47

99.995 2.49 3.93 5.04 6.55 7.69 9.96 10.71 11.46 12.58 15.12 21.12 22.02 29.48 30.25

99.990 1.94 3.06 3.93 5.10 5.99 7.76 8.34 8.92 9.79 11.77 16.44 17.15 22.96 23.55

99.950 1.01 1.60 2.05 2.66 3.12 4.05 4.35 4.66 5.11 6.14 8.58 8.95 11.98 12.29

99.900 0.74 1.17 1.50 1.95 2.29 2.97 3.19 3.42 3.75 4.51 6.30 6.56 8.79 9.02

99.700 0.44 0.69 0.89 1.15 1.35 1.75 1.88 2.02 2.21 2.66 3.71 3.87 5.18 5.32

99.500 0.34 0.53 0.68 0.89 1.04 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.70 2.05 2.86 2.98 3.99 4.10

99.000 0.23 0.37 0.47 0.61 0.72 0.93 1.00 1.07 1.18 1.42 1.98 2.06 2.76 2.83

98.000 0.16 0.25 0.32 0.42 0.49 0.63 0.68 0.73 0.80 0.96 1.34 1.40 1.87 1.92

97.000 0.13 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.39 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.76 1.06 1.11 1.48 1.52

96.000 0.11 0.17 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.64 0.89 0.93 1.25 1.28

95.000 0.09 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.47 0.56 0.78 0.82 1.09 1.12

16
 Rain-Climatic Zones

12 GHz Rain Attenuation vs. Availability for ITU rain Zones

12 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone
AV(av.yr.) A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

99.999 2.86 4.61 5.98 7.85 9.28 12.17 13.13 14.09 15.53 18.84 26.77 27.99 38.22 39.32

99.995 1.71 2.76 3.58 4.71 5.56 7.29 7.87 8.45 9.31 11.29 16.05 16.77 22.91 23.57

99.990 1.33 2.15 2.79 3.66 4.33 5.68 6.13 6.58 7.25 8.79 12.49 13.06 17.84 18.35

99.950 0.70 1.12 1.46 1.91 2.26 2.96 3.20 3.43 3.78 4.59 6.52 6.82 9.31 9.58

99.900 0.51 0.82 1.07 1.40 1.66 2.17 2.35 2.52 2.77 3.37 4.78 5.00 6.83 7.02

99.700 0.30 0.49 0.63 0.83 0.98 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.64 1.99 2.82 2.95 4.03 4.14

99.500 0.23 0.37 0.49 0.64 0.75 0.99 1.07 1.14 1.26 1.53 2.17 2.27 3.10 3.19

99.000 0.16 0.26 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.87 1.06 1.50 1.57 2.14 2.21

98.000 0.11 0.18 0.23 0.30 0.35 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.59 0.72 1.02 1.07 1.46 1.50

97.000 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.24 0.28 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.47 0.57 0.81 0.84 1.15 1.18

96.000 0.07 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.24 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.48 0.68 0.71 0.97 1.00

95.000 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.42 0.59 0.62 0.85 0.87

17
 Rain-Climatic Zones

6 GHz Rain Attenuation vs. Availability for ITU rain Zones

6 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone

AV(av.yr.) A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

99.999 0.31 0.51 0.67 0.89 1.06 1.42 1.54 1.66 1.84 2.25 3.28 3.44 4.84 5.00

99.995 0.18 0.30 0.40 0.53 0.64 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.10 1.35 1.97 2.06 2.90 2.99

99.990 0.14 0.24 0.31 0.42 0.50 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.86 1.05 1.53 1.61 2.26 2.33

99.950 0.07 0.12 0.16 0.22 0.26 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.45 0.55 0.80 0.84 1.18 1.22

99.900 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.59 0.62 0.86 0.89

99.700 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.24 0.35 0.36 0.51 0.53

99.500 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.27 0.28 0.39 0.41

99.000 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.19 0.27 0.28

98.000 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.19

97.000 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15

96.000 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.13

95.000 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.11

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 Rain-Climatic Zones
4 GHz Rain Attenuation vs. Availability for ITU rain Zones
4 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone
AV(av.yr.) A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

99.999 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.57 0.60 0.77 0.79

99.995 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.46 0.47

99.990 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.27 0.28 0.36 0.37

99.950 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.19

99.900 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.14

99.700 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08

99.500 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

99.000 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04

98.000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

97.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

96.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

95.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

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 Coupling Loss
▪ Uplink
– The total loss between HPA output and the antenna
• Waveguide components
• OMT
• Feed
• Filter truncation

Downlink
− The total loss between antenna and LNA/LNB input
• Feed
• OMT
• Waveguide components

20
 Antenna Mis-pointing Loss

▪ Allows for the pointing loss between the ground station antenna and
the satellite antenna
– It is unlikely that the antenna will be targeted exactly due to initial
installation errors

– Antenna stability due to wind

– Station keeping accuracy of the satellite

▪ A typical allowance for mis-pointing is 0.5 dB

− A large antenna without tracking may require more due to the narrow
beamwidth

21
 LNA / LNB Noise Temperature
▪ C-Band are normally quoted as Noise Temperature in Kelvin
▪ Ku-Band are normally quoted as Noise Figure in dB
– Noise Figure to Noise Temperature
• Noise temperature (T) = 290 * (10^(Noise Figure/10)-1)
Example: Noise Figure = 1.0 dB
Noise Temp = 290 * (10^(1.0/10)-1 = 75K

– The higher the frequency the more difficult and expensive it is to

achieve low noise figures

▪ The LNA/LNB is one of the most critical components of an antenna

system receive system
– Major factor in determining the systems figure of merit (G/T)
− Frequency stability of LNB critical depending on type of service
− Low data rate carriers???
22
 Antenna Noise Temperature

Factors that contribute to

antenna noise

23
 Antenna Noise Temperature
▪ The total noise temperature of the antenna , ( Tant = T sky +T gnd) depends
mainly on the following factors:
– Sky Noise (Tsky)
• The sky noise consists of two main components, atmospheric and the
background radiation (2.7K)
• The upper atmosphere is an absorbing medium
• Sky noise increases with elevation

– Ground Noise (Tgnd)

The dominant contribution to antenna noise is ground noise pick up through
side lobes
Noise temperature increases as the elevation angle decreases since lower
elevation settings, will pick up more ground noise due to side lobes
intercepting the ground
A deep dish picks up less ground noise at lower elevations than do shallow
ones

▪ Since antenna noise temperature has so many variable factors, an estimate

is perhaps the best we can hope for
24
 Antenna Noise Temperature
▪ Typical 3.6m antenna - Offset
Elevation angle (deg) Noise temp (C band) Noise temp (Ku band) (K)
10 24 31
20 16 23
30 15 21
40 14 20

▪ Typical 6m antenna
Elevation angle (deg) Noise temp (C band) Noise temp (Ku band)
10 39 55
20 30 40
40 23 37

25
 G/T
▪ Spec An plots showing G/T difference
▪ 4.5m 9.3M
C+N/N ≈ 17.5 dB C+N/N ≈ 22.5 dB
NF ≈ -65 dBm NF ≈ -70 dBm

4.5 m 9.3 m

26
 Adjacent Satellite Interference (C/ASI)

▪ The level of ASI is a function of several parameters:

– Orbital separation between the

desired and the interfering satellites

– Antenna side lobe performance of

the interfering uplink earth station

– Antenna side lobe performance of

the receiving earth station
– Spectral Power density of the
carriers

– Typically in the range of

18 to 30 dB
27
 Cross Polarization Interference C/XPI
▪ A value for the carrier to cross polarization interference noise ratio
C/XPI in dB

▪ Specifies the expected interference level with respect to the wanted

carrier

▪ Typical values, irrespective of whether the uplink or downlink C/XPI is of

interest, are in the range 24 to 34 dB

Total Cross-Pol Isolation

Total XPI =-20log[10(Sxp/20)+10(Exp/20)]
40
Satellite X-Pol = db
35
Antenna X-Pol = dB
31.1
Total X-Pol Isolation = dB

28
 Cross Polarization Interference C/XPI
▪ Frequency re-use by dual polarization doubles the available frequency
spectrum at each orbital location using orthogonal signals (V-H)
▪ Since orthogonal polarization is not perfect in actual implementation

– There is some coupling between the orthogonal signals generated by the

transmitting antenna and at the receiving antenna
• These couplings can create signal degradation
− In addition, the transmitted wave and the orientation of the receiving
antenna polarizer also affect the polarization angle and, hence,
introduce degradation to the receiving antenna polarization
performance
– The rotation of the antenna polarizer angle with respect to the satellite
downlink wave’s tilt angle effects the receiving antenna polarization
isolation performance.

29
 HPA Intermodulation (C/IM)

F1
Spectrum
Amplifier
Analyzer
F2

As Pin is increased, the

intermodulation signal will
increase with power three times
as fast as the carrier signal.

30
Questions so far?

31
 Satellite Information
▪ Satellite Longitude
– Orbital position
▪ Satellite receive G/T
– Value to the specific location of the uplink earth station
– Obtained from satellite operators or G/T contour maps
▪ Satellite saturation flux density SFD
– The power needed to saturate the satellite's transponder
▪ Satellite gain setting
– Most satellites have a gain step attenuator, which affects all
carriers in the transponder
– May, or may not, be include in the SFD specification
▪ Satellite EIRP (saturation)
− Transponder's effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at
saturation in the specific direction of the receive earth receive
station Value to the specific location of the uplink earth station
− Obtained from satellite operators or G/T contour maps
32
Example of EIRP Contour

33
 Satellite Information
▪ Transponder bandwidth
– Satellites full transponder bandwidth
▪ Transponder input back-off (IBO)
– Input back off, or operating point, relative to saturation to reduce
intermodulation interference
▪ Transponder output back-off (OBO)
• Related, in a non linear fashion, to the input back-off
▪ Transponder intermodulation interference C/IM
– Specifies the carrier-to-intermodulation noise ratio in dB
– Depends on such factors as center frequency and the exact number,
type and positions of other carriers sharing the transponder

– Increasing the input back-off also reduces the effect of this

interference.
− There is little C/IM effect if only one carrier is present in the
transponder
 Carrier Information
Required Overall Eb/No for desired BER
− Depends on
• Modulation Type
• FEC Rate
• Coding

35
 Carrier Information

▪ Information rate
– User information rate of the data in Mbps

▪ Overhead (% information rate)

– Amount of "overhead" added to the information data rate to account for
miscellaneous signaling requirements
• i.e. Reed Solomon

▪ Modulation
– Type of modulation
• BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, etc.

▪ Forward error correction (FEC) code rate

− Code rate used with forward error correction
• 0.5, 0.667, 0.75, .875, etc.

36
 Carrier Information

▪ Roll off factor

– The occupied bandwidth of a carrier is normally taken to be 1.1 times the
symbol rate, thus the roll off factor is 1.1

▪ System margin
– Accounts for uncertainty in the various input parameters and to allow for
difficult to quantify non-linear effects such as AM-PM conversion and
perhaps terrestrial interference

▪ Bit error rate (BER)

– The BER of the link
– 10-7 was typical of legacy systems
– 10-9 is desirable for IP links

37
Questions so far?

38
Controllable Parameters

39
 Link Budget Parameters
▪ The majority of link budget parameters are out of your control

▪ Those that you may control

– Antenna size
• Transmit
• Receive
– Existing or new

– LNA / LNB
• Noise Temperature

− Carrier
• Modulation type
• FEC rate
• Coding
 Link Budget Parameters
▪ Antenna
– Typically as small as possible
• Cost
• Zoning requirements
• Aesthetics

▪ LNA / LNB
− Noise Temperature
• Major impact on system G/T
− Frequency stability
• Critical for low data rates

41
 Link Budget Parameters

▪ Carrier – (modulation, FEC, coding)

– Satellite bandwidth required
• Balanced power and bandwidth operation
– i.e. 10% transponder power, 10% transponder bandwidth

▪ HPA power requirement

– Ensure proper backoff to prevent intermodulation and spectral regrowth

− Antenna requirements
• Larger transmit, less HPA power required
• Larger receive, less satellite power required

42
 Link Budget Parameters

Effect of Modulation & FEC

Bandwidth For Various Modulation & Coding Types

16QAM 7/8

16QAM 3/4

8PSK 5/6

8PSK 2/3
QPSK 7/8

QPSK 3/4

QPSK 1/2

-110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Relative Bandwidth (%) - For Same Data Rate

43
 Symbol Rate and OBW Calculations
Bandwidth Calculation
Symbol Rate = Information Rate/(Modulation * FEC Rate)
Information Rate = 1544 kbps
Modulation Type = 2 1 = BPSK, 2 = QPSK, 3 = 8PSK, 4 = 16QAM
FEC Rate = 0.75 .5, .75, .875, etc
Symbol Rate = 1029.3 kHz
Occupied Bandwidth = 1132.3 kHz
Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon
Symbol Rate = Information Rate/(Modulation * FEC Rate * Coding)
Information Rate = 1544 kbps
Modulation Type = 2 1 = BPSK, 2 = QPSK, 3 = 8PSK, 4 = 16QAM
FEC Rate = 0.75 .5, .75, .875, etc
Inner = 188
Outer = 204
Reed Solomon 0.92 Overhead
Symbol Rate = 1116.9 kHz
Occupied Bandwidth = 1229 kHz

44
Satellite Carrier Spacing

▪ Occupied Bandwidth (OBW)

– Bandwidth the carrier actually occupies
• Typically 1.1 - 1.2 x Symbol Rate

▪ Allocated bandwidth (ABW)

– Satellite bandwidth allocated for the carrier
• Equal Symbol Rate (SR) carriers
– ( SR ) x 1.4 = Carrier Space Traditional
– ( SR ) x 1.2 = Carrier Space Practical

• Different Symbol Rate carriers

− ( SR1 + SR2 ) x 0.7 = Carrier Space Traditional
− ( SR1 + SR2 ) x 0.6 = Carrier Space Practical

45
Eb/No and C/N
▪ Convert C/N to Eb/No

Eb/No = C/N + (10*log(OBW/DR)

Bandwidth = 750.9 kHz
bps = 1024 kbps
C/N = 10.65 dB
Eb/No = 9.30 dB

▪ Convert Eb/No to C/N

C/N = Eb/No - 10*log(OBW/DR)
OBW = 750.9 kHz
DR = 1024 kbps
Eb/No = 9.3 dB
C/N = 10.6 dB
46
Performance as effected by Channel Spacing
Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers QPSK
Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8

Eb/No Degradation vs. Carrier Spacing

QPSK 3/4 Turbo

0
-0.5 Adjacent
level
Eb/No Degradation

-1
-3 dB
-1.5
0 dB
-2
3 dB
-2.5
6 dB
-3
-3.5
-4
0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50
Carrier Spacing Normalized To Symbol Rate

47
Performance as effected by Channel Spacing
Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers 8PSK
Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8
Eb/No Degradation Versus Carrier Spacing
8-PSK 3/4 Turbo
0.0
Adjacent
Eb/No Degradation

-0.5 level
-3 dB
-1.0
0 dB
3 dB
-1.5
6 dB
-2.0

-2.5
0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
Carrier Spacing Normalized To Symbol Rate

48
Performance as effected by Channel Spacing
Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers 16QAM
Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8

Eb/No Degradation Versus Carrier Spacing

16-QAM 3/4 Turbo

0.0
-0.5 Adjacent
Eb/No Degradation

-1.0 level
-3 dB
-1.5
0 dB
-2.0
3 dB
-2.5
6 dB
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
Carrier Spacing Normalized To Symbol Rate

49
 Carrier Spacing at Low Data Rates
▪ Low Data Rate carriers
– Must take into consideration frequency drift possibilities for all
uplink carrier equipment
– Use worse case frequency drift based on the equipment specs
Example: Symbol Rate = 19.200 kbps
1.2 channel spacing = 23.040 kHz
Mod Freq Stability = 0.255 kHz
U/C Freq Stability = 3.055 kHz
Spacing with drift = 22.510 kHz
– Carriers could be impacted by ACI
• Use 1.3 or 1.4 spacing for low data rate carriers

50
 Coding

▪ Reed Solomon

– Advantages
• 2 dB better Eb/No performance over Viterbi
• Excellent when combined with 8PSK TCM

− Disadvantages
• Increased Latency
• ≈ 10% bandwidth for overhead
• Hard decision decoder

51
 Coding

▪ Turbo Product Codec

– Advantages
• Best BER performance at given power level
• Typical 1.8 dB improvement over Reed Solomon
• Less latency then Reed Solomon
• Soft Decision Decoder
• Fade Tolerant

− Disadvantages
• Compatibility between vendors

52
Questions so far?

53
 Link Budget
▪ Where to start
– TX antenna gain (Size and efficiency)
– RX antenna gain (Size and efficiency)
– LNA noise temperature
– Modulation Type

– FEC Rate
– Coding
– Required Eb/No for desired availability
– Uplink rain margin
– Downlink rain margin

▪ Run calculation
 Link Budget Results
▪ Verify bandwidth % vs. power % of transponder
– Bandwidth greater than power
• Smaller receive antenna
• Higher order modulation

• Higher FEC rate

– Power greater than bandwidth

• Larger receive antenna
• Lower order modulation
• Lower FEC rate

– Change Eb/No requirements

Repeat calculations
BER Performance

56
 Link Budget Representation (C/N)

Earth terminal Satellite Earth terminal

+72
+60 Transmitter At antenna Carrier level at
output aperture down converter
+30 Satellite input
output
Path loss
+15 +9.3 at 6.0 GHz
0 Transmitter
circuit Antenna
loss gain Antenna receiver
–30
Power, Path loss Carrier
level at
dBW –60 at 4.0 GHz
input
Carrier to RX
level at
–90 Noise
antenna
aperture
–120
C/N C/N
~29 dB ~14 dB
–150
Satellite input
–180
–195

Gain, losses, and noise over the up and downlinks

of a communication satellite system

57
Questions so far?

58
Spectral Power Density

59
 Spectral Power Density
▪ What is Spectral power density?
– The amount of power in dBW over a specified frequency span (dBW/Hz,
dBW/4kHz, dBW/40kHz)

▪ Intelsat typical C-Band limits for antenna > 3.8 meter:

Minus (-) 43 dBW / Hz

▪ Intelsat typical Ku-Band limits for antenna > 1.9 meter:

Minus (-) 42 dBW / Hz
▪ Smaller antenna may be used but there are power density restrictions

▪ Why do we have restrictions?

- Prevent uplink interference to adjacent satellites
▪ Actual power density allowable coordinated on a satellite by satellite basis

60
 Spectral Power Density

Increase of OBW results in a decrease in dBW/Hz

dBW / Hz
-25

-30

CW
-35 OBW ˜ 25 Khz
Power Density = -28.98 dB/Hz

-40

-45

1024 kbps QPSK Rate ¾

OBW ≈ 750 Khz
-50 Power
2048 Density = -43.76
kbps QPSK dB/Hz
Rate ¾
OBW ˜ 1500 Khz
Power Density = -46.76dB/Hz

kHz -800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 Cf 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

61
 Spectral Power Density
▪ Power Density may be given in:
– dB/Hz for both C and Ku-Band
– dBW/4 kHz for C-Band

– dBW/40 kHz for Ku-band

Power Density
Feed Flange Power 10.52 dBW
11.27 Watts 11.27 Watts
Occupied Bandwidth 750.90 kHz 750.90 kHz
0.000015 Watts / Hz 0.000015 Watts Hz
-48.24 dBW / Hz -48.24 dBW / Hz
Power Density -12.22 dBW / 4 kHz -12.22 dBW / 4 kHz
-2.22 dBW / 40 kHz -2.22 dBW / 40 kHz

62
 Spectral Power Density
▪ Example
– 64 kbps, QPSK, Rate ¾ with 40 Watts transmit power
– 1024 kbps, QPSK, Rate ¾ with 40 Watts transmit power

– 64 kbps = -31.32 dBW / Hz

40.00 Watts
54.20 kHz Calculated Occupied Bandwidth
0.000738 Watts / Hz OBWHz / Watts
-31.32 dBW / Hz 10*log (Watts/Hz)

– 1024 kbps = - 43.36 dBW / Hz

40.00 Watts
867.00 kHz
0.000046 Watts / Hz
-43.36 dBW / Hz

63
 C-Band Power Density Restrictions
C-band
Antenna Size Mid-band Gain (dBi) Antenna Pattern Antenna Off-point Density Limits
(m) 60% Restriction (dB) Restriction (.5 dB) Total Restriction dBW/Hz
1.20 35.58 8.35 3.63 11.98 -54.98
1.30 36.28 7.98 3.51 11.49 -54.49

1.40 36.92 7.48 3.44 10.92 -53.92

1.50 37.52 6.85 3.30 10.15 -53.15
1.60 38.08 6.10 3.20 9.30 -52.30
1.70 38.61 5.22 3.05 8.27 -51.27
1.80 39.11 4.23 2.88 7.11 -50.11
1.90 39.58 3.13 2.76 5.89 -48.89
2.00 40.02 1.92 2.64 4.56 -47.56
2.10 40.45 0.61 2.45 3.06 -46.06
2.20 40.85 0.00 2.33 2.33 -45.33
2.30 41.24 0.00 1.94 1.94 -44.94
2.40 41.61 0.00 1.46 1.46 -44.46
2.60 42.30 0.00 1.32 1.32 -44.32
2.80 42.94 0.00 0.88 0.88 -43.88
3.00 43.54 0.00 0.76 0.76 -43.76
3.50 44.88 0.00 0.78 0.78 -43.78
3.70 45.36 0.00 0.46 0.46 -43.46
3.80 45.60 0.00 0.16 0.16 -43.16

64
 Ku-Band Power Density Restrictions
Ku-band
Mid-band Gain Antenna Pattern Antenna Off-point Density Limits
Antenna Size (m) (dBi) 60% Restriction (dB) Restriction (.5 dB) Total Restriction dBW / Hz
0.60 36.83 7.57 3.42 10.99 -52.99
0.65 37.52 6.85 3.30 10.15 -52.15
0.70 38.17 5.97 3.22 9.19 -51.19
0.75 38.77 4.93 3.10 8.03 -50.03
0.80 39.33 3.74 2.93 6.67 -48.67
0.85 39.85 2.33 2.82 5.15 -47.15
0.90 40.35 0.92 2.72 3.64 -45.64
0.95 40.82 0.00 2.60 2.60 -44.60
1.00 41.26 0.00 2.42 2.42 -44.42
1.10 42.09 0.00 2.25 2.25 -44.25
1.20 42.85 0.00 1.98 1.98 -43.98
1.30 43.54 0.00 1.69 1.69 -43.69
1.40 44.19 0.00 1.50 1.50 -43.50
1.50 44.79 0.00 1.20 1.20 -43.20
1.60 45.35 0.00 1.00 1.00 -43.00
1.70 45.87 0.00 0.75 0.75 -42.75
1.80 46.37 0.00 0.47 0.47 -42.47
1.90 46.84 0.00 0.28 0.28 -42.28
2.00 47.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 -42.00

65
End

66