3 SQUARES AND SaUARE

RoOTS
sQUARES
When a umber
For ary ber
is
multiplied by itself, the product obtained is
, if s
m=r=A, then A is called called the square of the
44 4 =16 the square of n. For example, number
16 is called the square of 4.
Perfect Squares
A natural numiber is called a
perfect square or a
Some enamples of square number if it is the square of
perfect squares are a natural riumber
11
The numbers 1, 4. 9. 16, 25, 36 59,1,4-2 29- 3/3.25-5 5 and 61 -99
etc. are called
Table 3.1 Squares of first 20 periect squares
natural numbers
Number 1 2
5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289
324 361 400
REMARK: Mernorising this t2ble of
squares of atural nurnbers will be useful in
quick calculations.]
INTERESTING PATTERNS INVoLVING SQUARE
NUMBERS
Relationship between Triangular Numbers and Square Nurmbers
vumbers whose dot
paterrs can be arranged as triangjes are krowTI as trianguiar numbers. The examples
of
triangular numbers are. 1, 3, 5. 10, 15.
21

umbers whose dor patems can be arrar zed as squares, as shown below, are known as square numbers

- 6 16 15-10 25 5
3-1-42
As is cdear irom :he 2bo e dot paerns, ve zet 3 souart rumber ty addirg two consecutive triangular

hus, we can curclude that,

The surn of Two Consecutive Trianglar umtT.
 Numbers
The Sum of First n Odd
it it can be as the sum of successive odd
a square only expressed nath.ural
A natural number is pertect
numbers.

13+5+7 16 1+3+5+ 7+9=25

1 1+3 4 1+3+59

the sum of successive odd

table where the pattern of finding
Consider the examples in the following numbers.
natural numbers starting fronm1 will give perfect square
Numbers Square Numbers
Sum of Successive Odd Natural
1 12

4 22
1+3
9 33
1+3+5
16 42
1+3+5+7 25 5
1+3+5+7+9

. . .

1+3+5+7+9+ +(21-1)
sum
odd natural numbers is
can conclude that the of first n
From the table, you

Natural Numbers
Sum of Consecutive sum of two consecutive
can be written as the
an odd natural number
In this pattern the perfect square of
natural numbers.
Natural Numbers
Sum of Consecutive
Square of Odd Numbers
9 = 4 +5

25 12+ 13

49 24 + 25

81 40+ 41
9
121 60 + 61
11
the Sum or
are
whose perfect squares
some odd natural numbers
Observe the above table that illustrates
consecutive natural numbers.

Examples: 289 144.5 Add t0.5

() Consider the square of odd number 13. 2
n 144.5 +0.5 145
169 144.5 0.5 144,
84.5 Add +0.5

84.5-0.5= 84, 84.5+0.5 =85 13144 + 145

.. 13=84 85
Also, this pattern gives rise to Pythagorean triplets (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25), (9, 40, 41), (11, 60, 61) e

(30 ICSE Mathematics 8

Pythagorean Triplets
+

if . Also for every natural

Three natural numbers a, b, c are said to form a Pythagorean triplet a b =
numbernm> 1, (21, - 1, m' + 1) form a Pythagorean triplet.

m 2m m-1 m+1 Pythagorean triplet

2x2- 4 22-1 3 2+1- 55 3, 4, 5
6 33+1 1 0 6, 8, 10
2 x3 3-1-8
4 2x4 8 4-1 15 4+1 117 8, 15, 17

55 2x5 10 5-1 24 5+1 26 10, 24, 26

Square of an Odd Number

The square of an odd number is 1 more than a multiple of8.

Square of Odd Numbers Multiple of8+1

33 9 (8x1) +1
x + 1
25 (8 3)
49 (8 6)+1
92 81 (8x 10) +1
112 121 ( 8 x 15) +1

Also observe that m = 1,3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ... are triangular numbers.

Product of Two Consecutive Even or Odd Natural Numbers

This pattern relates to applying the identity (a + bla-b) = a*-b for finding the product of two consecutive
even or odd numbers. As the difference between two consecutive even or odd numbers is 2, they can be
written in the following way for finding out their
product easily.
Two consecutive odd numbers 15 x 17 (16- 1) (16+ 1) =16 - 1 256-1= 255
Two consecutive even numbers 24 x 26 (25-1) (25+ 1) = 25 -1 -625 - 1 = 624
In general, for any natural number n, we have
(n +1) x (n - 1) = n? - 1

Squares of Numbers having 5 in the Units Place

To square a 2-digit number ending in 5.
(i) Write 5 =25 and put it as ending numbers.
i) Place the product of ten's digit and its consequent, before 25.
Example: 65-6 x725 75-78|25 95-9 10 25
42 25 56 25 90 25
It can be used for 3-digit numbers also.

115 11 12 25 125-12x 13||25

132 25 156 25
Proof: A two digit numbers ending in 5 is written as 10r + 5.
+ =
(10r +5) +100x + 25 + + -
(r 25 +
=(10x)* +2(10x)(5) (5) 100x 100x 1) x(r 1) hundreds+ 25
Forexample, 852 = 8(8 + 1) hundreds +25 7200 + 25 7225

Squares and Square Roots

(31)
 Squares of Numbers Ending in 1
(41) = (40+ 1P- (40+ 1) (40+ 1)- 40+ 40x 1 + 40 * 1 +lH=40(40 +2)+1 =40 x 42 + 1

41-4421-1681
Similarly, s-882|1-6561
Now using this method complete the following table.

712
11-112 1-121 812=
21-2x22||1-441 912
31-332|1- 101-10x102 1
41
1112=
51
1212=
61=

Quick Calculations of Squares of 2-digit Numbers

Steps 1. Write the square of each digit.
Steps 2. Find the product of the digits with 2 and add by putting 0 in units place.

Example:
1. 32-3 2 2. 63-6 3
9 04 36 09
+1 20-2 x3 x2=12 +3 60 - 2 x6 x 3 = 36
10 24 39 69

3. 74 7 4 4. 89-
49 16 64 81
+5 60-2 x7x4 =56 +14 40 - 2 *8 x 9 = 144
54 76 79 21

This method is based on the identity (a + b)} = a + b+ 2ab.

Some more patterns of Square Numbers

(11) = 121
a. b. (7) = 49
(101) = 10201
(67)' = 4489
(10101 = 102030201
(667)' =444889
(1010101} = 1020304030201 and so on
(6667) 44448889
(66667) = 4444488889 and so on
PROPERTIES OF PERFECT SQUARES
Given below are some useful properties of pertect squares
Property 1:
The square of an even number is even and
the square of an odd number is
This property follows from the odd.
general rule of multiplication that the product of two odd numbers is odd
and the product of two even numbers is even.
Property 2: A number ending in odd number of zeroes
cannot be a
That means, a number
perfect square.
having even number ot zeroes can be a
number of zeroes. perfect square but not a number with odd

32 ICSE Mathematics8
 +00 and 1,60,UUU.
Example: The numbers 100,

20 NOTE conclude
V100 10, v400 can only be used to
Property 2
number is not a perfect
100 x 100 that a given
v160000 =16 x numbers
and does not m e a n that all
= 4 x 10 x 10 = 400 square. lt
zeroes are
even number of
which end in
squares. numbers
and 4,00,000 are not perfect For example,
The numbers 1000 pertect squares. even
a r e ending
in
200 and 30,000 not
1000 1000 x10 = 10v10 are
of zeroes, but they
number
and 10 is not a pertect square.
pertect squares.

100 x 100 =10040

V400000 =40 x
and 40 is not a pertect square.
NOTE to c o n c u d e
Property 3 used only
Property 4 c a n be
its square ends in 1. not a pertect square.
number ends in 1 or 9, that a given number is
(i) If a which
that numbers
number ends in 2 or 8, its square ends in 4. It does not imply
(i) If a 3, 7, 8 a r e perfect
do not end in digits 2,
a number ends in 3 or 7, its square ends in 9. numbers 59, 104,
(ii) If the
squares. For example, or
or 3
number ends in 4 or 6, its square ends in 6. in digits 2
(iv) If a 86 and 91 a r e not ending
is a pertect square.
number ends in 5, its square ends in 5. 7or 8 but n o n e of them
(v) If a
(vi) If a number ends in 0, its square ends in 0.
7 or 8 is not a
perfect square.
number ending with digits 2, 3,
Property 4: A have the 8 in
are not perfect squares as they digits 2, 3, 7,
Example: The numbers 122, 153, 4267 and 2568
the units place.
a remainder of 1 or0NOTE
Property 5: A perfect square leaves more useful to conclude that
Property 5 is
when divided by 3. number is not a perfect square
a given
144 is divided by 3, the remainder is 0. than to prove that it is a perfect square.
Example: If
If 256 is divided by 3, the remainder is 1.
Consecutive Numbers
Difference of Squares of 2
numbers be n, n + 1.
Let the two consecutive
= +
= (m 1) + (1)
+1)2-n? (n + 1 + m) (x+ 1 -x)
(1 find their sum.
their difterence, we can just
and finding
So, instead of squaring each number
=
+ = 75
Examples: (38)- (37) (38 37)
=
= 157
(79)-(78) (79 + 78)
Whether a Given Number
is a Perfect Square
Finding pertfect square.
as a product of pairs of all its factors, it is a
can be expressed
If the given number can be
and 1S not a pertect square because 144
In the following examples, 144 is a pertect square 0t
all its factors.
expressed as a product of pairs of
x x 2 x 3)
a. 144 2x2x2x2 x 3x3= (2 x2 x3) (2
of all its factors, hence, 144 is a pertect square.
144 is expressed as the product ot pairs
b. 500 =2x2x5x5 x5 have a hence 500 is not a perfect
ot 500, we ind that factor 5 does not pair,
Making pairs of the factors
square.
Squares and Square Root (33
 be muit 2 1008
1008 should
the smallest number by which 2 504
E PLE 1: Find
SOLUTION: First find the factors of 1008. 252
have à pair. so
2 126
337 number

7 does not and the

1008 2 2 2 2 find that 63
we b e c o m e pairs
of 1008, will
of the factors of 1008 21
a k i n g pairs the factors
then all it a perfect
by 7, to make 7
r 1o08 1s multiplied multiplied
square. should be 1
will be a pertect 1008
obtained which
number by square.
smallest it a pertect
n e r e t o r e ,
the divided to make
must be 2 2904
2904
which
squareis7. number by
smallkest 2 1452
A M P L E 2
i n d the

get 2 726
SoLUTION: Factorising 2904, we
is 3 363
2 3 11 <11 a r e not
paired. square
2904 2 2 and 3 make ita perfect
that 2
w e find divided to 11 121
of the factors must be
pairs which 2904
Making number by 11 11
Theretore,
the s m a l l e s t

23=6
2904-6=484
484 2 2 1 1 1 1 ,

which is a pertect square.

ACTIVITYY
Squares
Adjacent
Pairs m a k e number.
numbers is a square
two adjacent
The sum of 3 12
1 13
3619 17
17 21
6 15
19 10

15
23 26 10
such pattern.
one more
to make
Try
Exercise3.1 pattern
and fill
Observe the following
and b.
the first three in the blanks.
Observe the patterns in
a.

l l in the missing
digits. (111 =12321
(1111) = 1234321
(11 121

(101=10201 (11111) =1_5

0 0 1 = 1002001
(111111)
100001 (1111111) =.
10001 natural numbers.
or odd
as the squares of even
Cass.fv the following
1210000, 729, 256
376, 225,
41. 144, ) , 169, in its units place.
he square rt the number 47 has in units place.
the digit
the number 84 has
The quare of in units place.
612 has thee digit
ot the rumber
suare

CSE Mathermatic
 Whh amng the is a
ollwing oertet seque
b288 c, 1051 d, 400
Withwut atual
multiplication, tind the squares of the tollowing.
7% . d. 125
.
. 41 h. 91
N the followin Jertect suuares as the sum of two consecutive natural numlbers
a. 1 b. 19 23 d. 15
Write the quares ot the by
tollowing quich caleulation method.
.7 d. 87
Find the num ot the
tollowing without adlding
a.13S7- b. 1 3 5 7 9 11
c. 3S+7 9 I113 15 17
9Using prme tavtorisation, tind out which ot the tollowing is not a
. 1375
pertect square.
b. o25 c. 1024 d. 729
10. Using 2m, m1 m1 find the Pythagorean triplets for the tollowing values of m.
b..7 C. 8 d. 9
11. Evaluate thw
tollowing using properties ot pertect squares.
a. (29) (28) b. (o8) (67) c. (121-(120) d.(278)(277)
12 Find the product ot
tollowving in simple way: a

IHINT: 17 19- (18 1)(18 1)- 18 1- 324 1

a. 13 15 b. 2931 d. 24 26
c. 495

sQUARE ROOTS
When n is multiplied by itselt to give product A, then n is the square root of A. This detinition implies that
it A , then n is the square root ot A.
The statement that n is the square root ot A is enpressed symbolically as VA .
Now, observe the tollowing enanples ot square roots.
42 where 2 is the square root ot 4, i.e., V42
25 5 where 5 is
the square root of 25, i.e., v25 -5
Allsquare numbers have both a positive square root and a negative square root. For example, both 2 2
and (-2)x(-2) are equal to 4. It means both +2and -2 are
the square roots ot 4, i.c., NOTE
Square root of 4 2 or-2 The symbol v indicates only positive
So, a square root can be vither negative or positive. But a rot of the number. So, v4 =2, v9-3 etc.
negative number does not have a squ.re root.
It a square number is represented by a then its square root is represented
geometrically,
by the side of the square that is cqual to a. Study the tollowing examples.
suare of areaa',
Cm 1 cm 1 cIn

1 Cm
1 cm cm

cm cm

1 cm

Area t 4 cm Side 4cm Areat 9cn Side=a-\- 3 cm

Squares .and Square Roots
35
 in the Square Root
The Number of Digits
ln this method, we pair the digits in the pertect square number and place bars over each pair startin
the units digit. A bar is also placed over the unpaired number. Then the number of bars is equal
to the
number of digits in the square root of the pertect square number. Observe the following examples +
ples based
on this method.
has two bars, hence its square root (88) has two digits.
NOTE
77 44 If the number of digits is
53 14 41 has three bars, hence its square root (729) has three digits. odd, the first pair
from
9 98 56 has three bars, hence its square root (316) has three digits. left has only 1 digit.

ExAMPLE 3: Find the square root of 160000.

SoLUTION: 160000 = 16 x 10000

V16 = 4 and v10000 = 100
Now
Theretore 160000 = 4 x 100 = 400

PERFECT SQUARESs
METHODS OF FINDING THE SQUARE ROOT OF
of the following two methods.
The square root of a perfect square may be found by any
Prime factorisation method 3. Long division method
1. Short cut method 2.

Short Cut Method

1. Finding the Square Root by numbers whose square root is a 2-digit number
5
This method is used for finding square root of 3, 4 or digit
of numbers ending in 5.
of nunmbers from 1 to 10 and squares
We must know the squares
82 92 102
33 43 5 62
1 23 100
25 36 49 64 81
9 16
22 and 82 end in 4 3 and 72 end in 9
12 and 9 end in 1
Observe that
52 ends in 5
42 and 6 end in 6

we the numbers starting from the right.

1. First pair
Steps: root is
of the square.
digit of the square by observing the units digit
2. Units
the square root is from the first (or first two) pair.
3. The tens digit of

Examples: 2. 784
529 a. 7 84 22=4<7<9 =3
the numbers
a. 5 29 pair Choose smaller number 2 for tens digit
number 5 lies between
the first 22 and 8 end in 4
b. Now b. The last digit is 4. Both
9.
22= 4 and 3 = Answer can be 22 or 28.
number 2 for tens
smaller digit. =
We choose 625
=
C. So compare with 252
= 49
is 9. Now 33 9 and 7?
C.
Units digit Now 784 > 625
between 23 and 27.
To choose Ans 28
number.
We compare
with the given
d. 25
25 625> 529

Ans 23

ICSE Mathematics 8
36
 .12
C h e 10
Cha o tr terts digit 10-1 112 121-11
ast digit is Last digit iso
Rth 4 arni o' ennd in o
t h and end in
C h o e between t04 or
ltn
h u e btwvn as or o7.
c.105-11025 112

Ans-t0
Ans=o
Prime Factorisation Method
S
A
number 4 are a t e a t h n its squan nt is 5
ttthe prine tactus ot any
v e the tlkwng eranples ot tinding suare nnts ot vrtxt sudrs
Factors of Square Roots
Factors of Squares
lo 2222 422

2x3
o=23r2r3
15 3 5
225-35x3x5
uniertike the tollowing steps.
br prime tactoristion vwi neeni to
To tind the squarn r r
à
Step 1. Rewrite the given number as paniuct ot prime tactors
Make pairs ot the same tactors.
Step2 and tini their paxiut.
Take a tdtur out ot everv pair ot prime tactors
Step 3.
root ot 196.
EAMPLE 4: Find the square
The tactors ot 19o a e
SoLUTION: prime
19 =2 14
is
The square r u t Ot 1°o
root ot 5o9
ExAMPLE 5: Find the square
5 2 01 1 =7
SoLUTION: 5929 =7s} 1l s1

3. Division Method ot a number are enpiained below

Long division metinui to
find the square root
in the long
The steps involved number
root ot the 393120 whose
Consider tinding the square Find the number
Step 2.
bar over every pair is to or less
Place a square equal
Step 1. trom the 39)
ot digits starting than the number (i.e..
the number bar.
units digit. (lt under the lettmost
the leftmost < < . So, take 6 as the
In this case 3
of digits is odd.
number 39 a s the dividend
divisor and the
one digit.
bar will have only
3).
nd getthe remainder (i.e.,

Duble the quotient and

( Step 4. a blank on 39 31 29
under nter it with
the number
Step 3. Bring next
31) to the right (tor the
the nent bar (i.e., divisor).
remainder 331
the rnght of the
digit ot the nert 12
dividend
to the n e w
get
(i.e., 331).
Roots 37
Squares and Suare
 Step 5. Obtain the largest possible digit (by trial and error method) to fill the blank
with the new divisor. The same digit (in this case 2) would also become the 2
next digit in the quotient. Divide 331 with 122 and get the remainder. 6 39 31 29
36
122 331
Step 6. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5 till all the bars have been used. The final quotient (i.e,
627) is the square root of the given number 3,93,129. 244
87
393129 = 627 6 2 7 Quotient
6 39 31 29
36
122 331
244
1247 8729
8729
0 Remainder

ExAMPLE 6: Find the square root of 56644. 2 3 8

SoLUTION: Grouping in pairs from the right side 2 5 66 44 NOTE
44x 4 176 +2 4 For each pair ot numbers,
43 1 66 there is a corresponding
'Take 43 x 3 129
+3 1 29 digit in the square root.
468 x 8 = 3744 468 37 44
37 44
Thus, 238 is the square root of 56644.
0

ExAMPLE 7: Find the smallest number which must be subtracted from 5607 to make it a
perfect square.
SoLUTION: We try to find the square root of 5607 by long division
74 74
method.
7 56 07 7 54 76
We get 131 as remainder. Now, if we subtract this remainder from
49 49
5607, we get 144 707 144 76
5607 131 =
5476, which is a perfect square. 576 576
131 is the smallest number which must be subtracted from 5607 131 0
to make it a perfect square.
ExAMPLE 8: Find the smallest number which must be added make it to 4931 to a perfect square.
oLUTION: We try to find the square root of 4931 by the long division method.
A931 is not a perfect square since we get a remainder of 31.
7
7 49 31
The perfect square less than 4931 is 4900 or 70 and next
perfect square will be (71). 49
Therefore, we have 70 4931712 14 31
71- 5041
Therefore, if we add the difference between 5041 and 4931 to 4931, we get a
perfect square.
Difference of 5041 and 4931 5041 -4931 110
Actding 110 to 4931, we get 4931+ 110-5041, which is a perfect square.

33 CSE Mathematics
EXAMPLE9: Find the greatest 4-digit number which is
SoLUTION: The
a
perfect square.
greatest 4-digit number is 9999. Now we try to find whether 9999 is a 99
pertect square.
We get remainder 198 9 99 99
showing that 9999 is not
perfect square.
a
Subtracting 198 trom 9999, we can make it
81
9999 198 9801
a
perfect square. 189 18 99
9801 99 17 01
9801 is the
largest 4-digit number, which is 1 98
ENAMPLE 10: Find the smallest
perfect square. a

4-digit number which is a perfect square.

SoLUTION: The smallest 4-digit number is 1000. 31
We try to find the square root of 1000 3 10 00
1000 39 = 961 = 313
by long division method. 9
The result shows that 1000 is not
61 1 00
is (32)= 1024.
a
perfect square. The perfect square greater than 1000
61
the smallest 4-digit number which 39
is a
perfect square is 1024.
ExAMPLE 11: Find the
square root of the smallest square number divisible
by 6, 8 and 15.
SoLUTION: To get the smallest number divisible by 6, 8, 15, we first find the LCM of
6, 8 and 15. 2 6, 8, 15

LCM of 6, 8 and 15 =120 2 3, 4, 15

Prime factorisation of 120 2 x2*2*3x5 3 3, 2, 15

1, 2, 5
Clearly120 is not a perfect square, therefore 30 (= 2 x3x 5) is the
which 120 is to be smallest number by
multiplied to make it a perfect square.
120x 30 3600
Thus, 3600 is the smallest square number divisible
by 6, 8 and 15.
And, 3600 V36 x 100 = 6 x 10 = 60

I 1.
Exercise 3.2
Find the square root of the following numbers by short cut method.

a. 289 b. 361 C. 529 d. 441

e. 2916 f. 3136 8. 2704 h. 3969
2. Find the square root of the following by prime factorisation.

a. 484 b. 1089 C. 784 d. 1764

3. Find the square root of the following by the long division method.

a. 5929 b. 2809 Cc. 12544 d. 53361

e. 605165 f. 33856 8. 77841 h. 276676
. The square root of 810000 is
5. Find the least number that has to be subtracted from the following to get a perfect square.

a. 4931 b. 18255 c. 27285

Squares and Square Roots 39

 as many rupees as
student contributed
school went for an outing. If each 2704, find the n u m b e r of studen
ents
b. students of a
collected was
he the total amount
there are students and
sit in rows in a such a way
who went for the outing. to make
students

Find out how m

the PT teacher
wants
number
of
rows.
many
7. In a school of 4500 students, r o w is the
as the same

in each
that the number of studen and breadth 54.
result of this arrangement. field of length
96 m m.
students are left out as a rectangular
to that of a
8 park is equal
red or a square of the square.
Find the length of the side

NUMBERS
RATIONAL of pertect squares
FINDING THE SQUARE ROOT OF property
the following
number can be found using
e square root of a rational
then
If a and b are perfect squares,
a
Va x b =Va x vb and b
u s e of
this property.
based on the
examples
Observe the following
v50.
value of v72
x

ExAMPLE 12: Find the 60

vmx Vn Vm n, we
x have =
3 x 3 x5 x5
= 2 x2x3x5=

SOLUTION: Using property

2x2 x
2 2 x

3) x(2 x5 x5) = x

V72 x v50= V72 x 50 = V(2 x 2 x2x3x 169

ExAMPLE 13: Find the square root of 256

v256 16
V169 =13 and
=

SoLUTION:

169169-13
Therefore, V256 256 16
29
root of 4 jg
Find the square
ExAMPLE 14:
29225 225 15

SoLUTION 49 49 49
root of
ExAMPLE 15: Find the square

104 (ii) 5+ 12
i) 54 x 294
()234 6 x7 21 x 6 126
x6x6X 49
=
3 x

SoLUTION: (i) 54 x 294

10426x42x42
i) 234 39,x6 3x6,

(ii) 5+122 v25+ 144 V169 13

Observe that the square root is not 5 12.

+

FINDING THE SQUARE ROOT OF A DECIMAL NUMBER

Depending on whether or not the given decimal number is a perfect square, we get an absolute
Let us learn how to find out the square root of a decimal number.
approximate square root as answer.
ICSE Mathematics 8
40
When Decimal is a Perfect
Step 1. Place bars on the
Square
integral part of the decimal, starting from units
Step 2. Also place bars on the decimal place.
number ot digits after decimal part starting from the first decimal place. If necessary, make the
Step 3. Start finding the square root of the by affixing a zero.
even

entire decimal
number by the long division
method.
(NOTE
Step 4. Place the decimal as soon as the While finding the square root of a rational
up in the division process.
integral part is used number, if both the numerator and the
Step 5. Continue the division, and denominator are not perfect squares,
is zero.
stop when the remainder it will be easier to convert the rational
number into decimal form and findits
The quotient obtained after step 5 is the square root. square root by the long division method.
ExAMPLE 16: Find the square root of
7.3441
SoLUTION:
2.7 1
7.34 41
Common Error
47 34 Incorrect Correct

3 29 Pairing digits as Start from the decimal point

and pair to the right of the
541 41 24 1
point and also to the left of
541 the point

241.2270
7.3441 =2.71

When Decimal is Not a Perfect Square

the square root of a pertect square decimal.
In this the procedure is the same as that of tinding
case,
root. Also, if we require the quotient
will be an approvimate square
However, in this case, the a n s w e r there are three
we will affin zeroes
in the given number such that
corrected up two decimal
to places,
the decimal.
pairs of numbers after
root ot 2.6l correct up
to two decimal places.
ExAMPLE 17: Find the square

SoLUTION: 1.6 1 5
2.61 000
Common Error

Incorrect Correct

5 15 225 15
321 500
.51.5and 225-1.5
and 1225 35
1225 3 5

1225-35 12.25 3.5

2.61 615

be written as i.62
Approximatelv,
it can

Squares and Square

Roots
41
ExAMPLR 18: Find the square root of 2 correct up to two decimal places
SoLUTION: We write 2 as 2.00 00 00
1.4 1 4
1 2.00 00 00
1 Common Error
Correct
24 1 00 Incorrect
96 2 1414
2 1.414
281 400 20 14.14
v20) 14.14
281
2824 11 900
11 296
604
2 1.414
v2 1.41
Approximately equal to 1.41, hence,
0.00030976
309.76, 3097600, 0.030976,
ExAMPLE 19: Given V30976 =
176, find the square root of
SoLUTION:
30976100 176 10-
1760
309 176 17.6 V3097600
309.76 100 10
Vo.030976 =

30976 176 0.176

1000
0.00030976 100000000
30976
1760.o176
10000
V1000000
Exercise 3.3
root of the following
1. Find the square
196 64 49
121
b. 225 C 441 d. 169
a 625
2. Find the value of the following
a. 32 98 b. 1 2 2 7 C. 4 8 V108 d. v104 234
3 Evaluate the following.
19 b. 294
96
a25
4. Find the square root of the following to the nearest integer.
a. 350 b. 150 .5000 d. 720
42) ICSE Mathematics8
 calculations.
S. Observe (a) a d then fhnd the sjuare root of (b). (d. (d). (e) and (f) without doing any
a. 2 1 0 147 b. v216.(09 C. v2.1609
f. v2160900 =
d. 0.021609 e. v0.00021609
shits
HINT: Itthe decmal point is shifted by two places in the square number, the decimal point
by one place in the square root.]
The area of a square field is 132.25 km'. Find the perimeter of the field.
Find the square root of
a. 0.25 b. 11.56 d. 9604 e. 8.0656
c. 16129
f. 6.150-4 i. 3340.84 . 4596.84
8. 13.9876 h. 1049.76
k. 5715.36 1. 51.696l m. 81796 n. 56169 o. 32.2624
8. If 4096 students are arranged on a playground in such a manner that there are as many students in
a row as there are rows on the ground. How many rows are there?
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
When we round off a given number we use significant figures or digits. For example, instead of saying
the price of an item is R 1987, we may say that it is approximately 2000. While measuring the length of
a screw or a nail instead of saying 2.8 cm, we may say it is 3 cm.
Rules for determining significant digits
1. The digits 1, 2, 3, .. 9 are all significant.
2. Zeroes are significant, if they ocur between two non-zero digits. For example, the zeroes in 102, 12.03,
130.04 are significant. Here the position of decimal point is not considered for counting the significant
digits.
3. The ending zeroes of an approximated decimal number are significant.
For example,
i. 14.80 means approximated to nearest paise. All 4 digits are significant.
ii. 92.670 kg means approximated to the nearest gram. It has 5 significant digits.
4. The zeroes used to locate the decimal point are not significant.
For example 0.3, 0.04, 0.005 have only one significant digit in each. The zeroes in the beginning of the
numbers are not significant.
5. The ending zeroes of a whole number are not always signiicant, unless it is specified.
For example,
i. 8400- the last 2 zeroes are not significant. But if the same number is mentioned it is to the nearest
rupee then all 4 digits are significant.
ii. The zeroes in 68000 are not significant. But when 68O00 indicates that it is correct to nearest integer
then all 5 digits are significant. Here it could have been 67999.6 or 680004 etc. which when rounded
off to nearest integer became 68000. So in this case the ending zeroes are significant.
NOTE
A 4 digit whole number does not become a 2 digit whole number when asked to round off to
2 significant figures. For example, 7341 rounded off to 2 significant figures is 7300 and not 73.
Squares and Square Roots 43
Round off as Indicated
ExAMPLE 20: Give the followving numbers to 3 significant digits. e. 0.01274
b. 0.005634 C. 192.78 d. 68.041
a. 30.296
i. 2.3549
f. 415.67 8. 18.03 h. 1.195
SoLUTION: c. 192.78 = 193
b. 0.005634 0.00563
a. 30.296 - 30.3 f. 415.67- 416
d. 68.04 - 68.0 e. 0.01274 0.0127
i. 2.3549 2.35
h. 1.195 = 1.20
8. 18.03 - 18.0
EXAMPLE 21: Round off the following numbers to 2 significant iBures
d. 3695.7
C. 5.036
a. 4406 b. 2567.8
8. 2.449
e. 89.53 f. 19.61
SOLUTION: d. 3695.7 = 3700
c. 5.036 =
5.0
a. 4.406 - 4.4 b. 2567.8 2600
2.449 =
2.4
e. 89.53 9 0 f. 19.61 20 g.
Exercise 3.4
1. Round off the following numbers to 2 significant figures.
c. 79.83 d. 0.01304 e. 4.967
a. 3789 b. 2304
2. Round off the following numbers to 3 significant figures.
c.0.07057 d. 0.4003 e. 0.2996
a. 34.47 b. 0.01234
3. Round off the following numbers to 4 significant figures.
a. 17.835 b. 46.796 c. 0.610467 d. 67895 e. 35.7449
REVISION EXERCISE
1. Find out by prime factorisation, whether
a. 2225 is a perfect square. b. 4356 is a
perfect square.
2. Find the least number that has to be subtracted from 62575 to make it a perfect square. Also
find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.
3. Find the number of digits in the root of
square 18496.
4. What will be the units digit of the square
of 74?.
5. Find the smallest
three-digit number which is a
perfect square.
6. Find the hundreds digit of the
square root of the square number 3,15,844.
7. What is the smallest number
by which 1323 must be divided to make it a
perfect square?
44 ICSE Mathematics 88
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Fill in the blanks.
1. (51) is
2 2
3.
4. 1+3+5+7+9+11+13 +15+17 is the square of
192- 18
5. V1.44=
6. V9+122
7. Find the number
which
a. is a
pertect square greater than 200 and less
than 300. The units
b. is the
digit of its square root is
square of the
largest one-digit prime number.
S. The square root of the number 3,99,424 has
9. The tens
digit of the digits.
square root of 2601 is
10. 23+3 +( =7
11. v144+ v625 =
12 3+ 4 +122
Squares
Images Another such pair is
Squares
10 100 001 012 Images
11-121 121 11 102
102 40401 2012
10404
103-1060906013012
12 144 441 212
13 169961 312 112 44521
12544
2112
113-12769 96721 3113
Observe that Squares of 0,1,2,3 are
single digits. Therefore the squares of combinations of these numbers
give such pairs whose images are also pertect squares
LET'S RECALL
1. If a natural number be
m can expressed as 1, where n is also a rnatural number, then m is a
square
number.
2. All
square numbers end with the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 in the units place.
3. All
perfect square numbers ending in zero have even number of zeroes at the end.
. All square numbers leave a remainder of 0 or 1 when divided by 3.
5. If a
positive number is not a
perfect square, then its aPproximate square root can be obtained by
the division method.
6. If n is not a perfect square, then its square root is not a natural number.
Squares and Square Roots
45