Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF COMPUTATIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS TO BIOSTATISTICS ASSIGNMENT I

PREPARED BY:
 BEZAWIT UGR/4155/12
SINTAYEHU
 ABYALEW UGR/8722/12
ESHETE
 BEREKET UGR/0741/12
ESTIFANOS
 BETHELEM UGR/0250/
REDA
 BIRIKE DEREJE UGR/0477/12
 GODADA UGR/9615/12
FISEHA
 MEKDES 12UGR/0640/12
YOSEPH
 BETEL AYELE UGR/8648/12
 AHMED UGR/7255/12
MUHAMMED
 KALID UGR/3782/12
MEHAMMED
 ATITEGEB UGR/0219/12
AYANA

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Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Ahmed

 Date: December 15, 2022

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

1. For a hypothetical research situation below, identify the population and the sample.
a) A private university desires to estimate the percentage of its students who have full time jobs.
You interview 50 of its students and ask whether they hold full time jobs.

 Population: the entire student body of the private university

 Sample: the 50 students I interviewed

b) All persons in a Kebele are called by telephone and asked to name the candidates that they
favor for election to the Kebele leading committee.

 Population: All people that live in the kebele

 Sample: all persons in the kebele that were telephoned
c) On five different locations it took a lawyer 21, 26, 24, 22 and 21 minutes to derive from her
home to her midtown office.
 Population: all the locations available between her home and her midtown office
 Sample: the 5 locations that she timed

2. Classify the following sentences as belonging to the area of descriptive statistics or

inferential statistics.
a) As a result of recent cutbacks by oil-producing nations, we can expect the price of
gasoline to double in the next year.
 Inferential statistics
b) At least 5% of all killings reported last year in city X were due to tourists .
 Descriptive statistics
c) Of all patients who received this particular type of drug at a clinic Y, 75% later
developed significant side effect.
 Descriptive statisctics
d) Adane concludes that his chance of passing the first year this academic year is at least
80% based on the statistics that 75% of the freshmen passed last year.
 Inferential statistics
3. Classify each of the following first as qualitative or quantitative and second as
nominal (categorical), ordinal, interval or ratio measurements.
a) Times for swimmers to complete a 50-meter race

 Quantitative, ratio
b) Months of the year Meskerm, Tikimit…

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

 Qualitative, nominal
c) Socioeconomic status of a family when classified as low, middle and upper classes.
 Qualitative, ordinal
d) Blood type of individuals, A, B, AB and O.

 Qualitative, nominal

e) Pollen counts provided as numbers between 1 and 10 where 1 implies there is almost
no pollen and 10 that it is rampant, but for which the values do not represent actual
counts of grains of pollen.
 Quantitative, ordinal
f) Regions numbers of Ethiopia (1, 2, 3 etc.)
 Qualitative, nominal
g) Quintals of wheat produced in Ethiopia last year
 Quantitative, interval

h) For 16 persons arrested for driving while intoxicated you record whether they live in
urban, suburban, or rural areas. Your raw scores are
Suburban Rural Rural Urban

Urban Suburban Rural Urban

Urban Suburban Urban Suburban

Rural Suburban Urban Urban

 Qualitative, nominal
i) You observe 20 overweight persons and classify them as high, medium or low physical
activity levels. Your data are as follows.

Low Low High Medium

Medium Low Low Low
Low Low Medium Low

 High Medium Low Low Qualitative, ordinal

Low Low Medium Medium

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

4. For each of the hypothetical research situations described identify the scale of
measurement and indicate whether the data are discrete or continuous.
a. Number of complaint letters received by a firm’s administrator
 discrete
b. You measure the body lengths (in inches) of 10 full term infants as birth and record the
following:
17.5 19.5 17.5 19 20
21 18 18 19.5 10.75
 Continuous
c. Number of tomatoes on each plant in a field
 discrete
d. Number of students taking a National Examination each year
 discrete
e. Miles driven by city -bus drivers each day
 Continuous
f. Number of cartons of corn oil manufactured each day
 Discrete
g. Weights of new-born children at Black Lion hospital
 Continuous
5. Find the class boundaries class marks and class widths for the following
intervals.
a. 6-13 c. 0.378 – 0.677
b. (-8) – (-1) d. 68.99 – 88.97
 Class Mark = (Upper Limit + Lower Limit)/2
 Class boundaries are the numbers used to separate classes. The size of the gap between classes
is the difference between the upper class limit of one class and the lower class limit of the next
class. In this case,
 The lower boundary of each class is calculated by subtracting half of the gap
value from the class lower limit. On the other hand,
 the upper boundary of each class is calculated by adding half of the gap value to
the class upper limit.
 Class width= upper boundary – lower boundary
Class interval Class Class mark Class width
boundaries
a 6–13 5.5–13.5 9.5 8
b (-8)–(-1) (-8.5)–(-0.5) -4.5 8
c 0.378–0.677 0.3775–0.6775 0.527 0.3
d 68.99–88.97 68.985–88.975 78.98 19.99

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

6. Which of the diagrams is most appropriate for each of the following data set? Draw the
diagrams.
a) Students enrolled to a certain department from year 1 to 3
Year Male Female
1 50 20
2 45 15
3 40 10

60
50
50 45
40
40

30
20
20 15
10
10

0
year 1 year 2 year 3

Male Female

b) Net profit (in million birr) earned by different companies in 1980

Company Net profit
A 20
B -15
C 30

Net profit

30

-15

20

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Company C Company B company A

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

7. Construct a frequency distribution of weights of miniature poodles if the class marks are 6.5,
8.5, 10.5, 12.5 and 14.5 kgs with corresponding frequencies 8, 12, 22, 17 and 3.
Step 1: we subtract the first class mark from the second class mark.
 8.5-6.5=2 Class boundary Frequency (No
of miniature
Step 2: divide the difference you obtained by 2(half it) (Weight in Kgs)
poodles)
 2/2=1 5.5–7.5 8
Step 3: subtract and add the number you obtained to each 7.5–9.5 12
class mark. 6.5+1=7.5 and 6.5-1=5.5 9.5–11.5 22
 The added value(7.5) will be the upper boundary 11.5–13.5 17
 The subtracted value(5.5) will be the lower boundary 13.5–15.5 3

8. Present the following information in a suitable tabular form.

 -In 1945 out of a total of 1750 workers, 1200 were members of trade union. The number of
women was 200 of which 175 did not belong to a trade union.
 -In 1950, the number of union workers increased to 1580 of which, 1290 were men and the
number of non-union workers fell to 208 of which 180 were men.
 -In 1955 there were 1800 workers of whom 1600 belonged to trade union.

1945 1950 1955

Trade-union Non trade- Trade-union Non trade- Trade- Non trade-
members union members members union members union union
members members
Men 1175 375 1290 180
Women 25 175 290 28 1600 200
Total =1200 =550 =1580 =208
Total
number
=1750 =1788 =1800
of
workers

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

9. The following frequency table is constructed from the heights of 80 plants recorded in a
certain biological research.
Classes Percent
59.0-60.4 10.00
60.5-61.9 13.75 a. Is the variable discrete or continuous
62.0-63.4 21.25  Continuous
63.5-64.9 26.25
65.0-66.4 15.00
66.5-67.9 10.00
68.0-69.4 3.75
100
Class boundary frequenc Class mark Cumulative frequency Less-than cum More-than cum
y frequency frequency
58.95-60.45 8 59.7 8 0 80
60.45-61.95 11 61.2 19 8 72
61.95-63.45 17 62.7 36 19 61
63.45-64.95 21 64.2 57 36 44
64.95-66.45 12 65.7 69 57 23
66.45-67.95 8 67.2 77 69 11
67.95-69.45 3 68.7 80 77 3
total=80 80 0
b. Sketch the histogram of the data, the frequency polygon and the less than ogive.
 In order to sketch the graph, first we need to build a comprehensive frequency distribution
table to obtain the proper data

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

Frequency Polygon
25
21
20
17

15
12
11
10 8 8

5 3

0 0
0
0 59.7 61.2 62.7 64.2 65.7 67.2 68.7 69

Series 1

less than ogive

90
80
80 77
69
70

60 57

50

40 36

30
19
20
8
10
0
0
58.95 60.45 61.95 63.45 64.95 66.45 67.95 69.45

less than ogive

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

10. The following is the distribution of weights of 125 mineral specimen collected on the
field trip.
Weight No. of
(Grams) Specimen
0.0-19.9 19
20.0-39.9 38
40.0-59.9 35
60.0-79.9 17
80.0-99.9 11
100-119.9 3
120-139.9 2
125

i) If possible, find the number of specimen which weigh

a) at most 40.0 gram: unknown/ not possible to know
b) 40.0 gram or more: 68
c) Less than 40.0 gram: 57
d) at least 120.0 gram: 2
e) Exactly 20.0 gram: unknown/ not possible to know
ii) Draw an appropriate Diagram / Graph for the distribution.

Frequency Polygon
40 38
35
35

30

25
19
20 17

15
11
10

5 3 2
0 0
0
0 9.95 29.95 49.95 69.95 89.95 109.95 129.95 130.95

Series 1

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

11. Given below are raw data on ages of 40 employees of a certain organization. Construct
a frequency distribution including the class boundaries, class marks the relative
frequencies, the less than and more than cumulative frequencies using 8 classes.
62 58 53 27 30 31 26 34 49 47 48

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

41 50 61 40 47 41 43 50 45 43 32
37 31 35 38 29 65 58 43 44 41 37
27 62 65 36 42 63 50

Class frequency Class Relative Cumulative Less-than More-than

boundary mark frequency frequency cum cum
frequency frequency
25.5-30.5 5 28 12.5 5 <25.5=0 >25.5=40
30.5-35.5 5 33 12.5 10 <30.5=5 >30.5=35
35.5-40.5 5 38 12.4 15 <35.5=10 >35.5=30
40.5-45.5 9 43 22.5 24 <40.5=15 >40.5=25
45.5-50.5 7 48 17.5 31 <45.5=24 >45.5=16
50.5-55.5 1 53 2.5 32 <50.5=31 >50.5=9
55.5-60.5 2 58 5 34 <55.5=32 >55.5=8
60.5-65.5 6 63 15 40 <60.5=34 >60.5=6
total=40 total=100 <65.5=40 >65.5=0

12. The frequency distribution below shows the number of freshmen, sophomore, juniors, and seniors
who attended a workshop on job opportunities in the news media. Construct a Pie Chart for the data.
Gro Freq
up uenc
y
Fres 18
hme
n,
Soph 12
omo
re
Juni 6
ors
Seni 4
ors
total 40

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 Fundamentals to Biostatistics (Stat 4091) – Exercise I

students frequency pie chart

senior
4
10%
junior
6
15% freshman sophmore
freshman
18
45%
junior senior

sophmore
12
30%

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