totally acts similarly with printed monopole antennas in middle and lower frequency bands.

This gure is approximately indicative of omnidirectional radiation pattern in xz plane.

A monopole antenna with circular-shaped patch and a wrenchshaped design at the center was proposed for modifying the blind spot at the performance of antenna. Proposed antenna with modied patch and with truncated ground plane has desirable return loss level and radiation pattern characteristics with two square and circular-shape linked notches. Constructed antenna properly covers the UWB spectrum and operates from 3.1 to 11.91 GHz. Proposed antenna with proper dimensions and aforementioned characteristics are suitable for UWB systems.
REFERENCES 1. H. Schantz, The art and science of UWB antennas, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2005. 2. Q. Wu, R. Jin, J. Geng, and M. Ding, Printed omni-directional UWB monopole antenna with very compact size, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 56 (2008),896899. 3. K.G. Thomas, and M. Sreenivasan, Printed elliptical monopole with shaped ground plane for pattern stability, Electron Lett 45 (2009),445446. 4. D. Valderas, J. Melendez, and I. Sancho, Some design criteria for UWB planar monopole antennas application to a slotted rectangular monopole, Microwave Opt Technol Lett46 (2005),611. 5. W. Wang, S.S. Zhong, and S.-B. Chen, A novel wideband coplanar-fed monopole antenna, Microwave Opt Technol Lett43 (2004),5052. 6. M. Moosazadeh, C. Ghobadi, and M. Dousti, Small monopole antenna with checkered-shaped patch for UWB application, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett9 (2010),10141017. 7. M. Ojaroudi, C. Gobadi Kohneshahri, and J. Noory, Small modied monopole antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) application, Microwave Antennas Propagat3 (2009),863869. 8. M. Ojaroudi, C. Gobadi, and J. Nourinia, Small square monopole antenna with inverted T-shaped notch in the ground plane for ultra-wideband (UWB) application, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett8 (2009),728731. 9. Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS).ver. 10, Ansoft Corp., Pittsburgh, PA, 2005.
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A TUNABLE DUAL BAND NOTCH ON A UWB PRINTED SLOT MONOPOLE ANTENNA BY USING OPEN CIRCUIT STUBS
Figure 8 Measured radiation pattern of the proposed antenna. (a) 4, (b) 6, (c) 7, and (d) 9 GHz Sajad Mohammad Ali Nezhad, Gholamreza Dadashzadeh, and Ali Foudazi Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author: [email protected] Received 8 November 2010 ABSTRACT: A new printed wide slot antenna with single- and dualband notch behavior is presented. The base of antenna is a simple forkshaped radiating patch, which covers the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range. By using additional protrudent open circuit stubs on the base patch, multiband notch behavior is obtained. Effects of varying the added stubs parameters on the antenna performance show that the center frequency of band rejections can be nely tuned. The proposed dual-band notch antenna covers 2.410 GHz with two bands rejection

design at the patch and improving it, currents are regularly concentrated around this slot. Figure 6 shows characteristics of measured and simulated return loss to the proposed antenna. From this gure, its obvious that a slight difference occurred between simulated and measured results in the position of resonance about 10 and 11 GHz, which caused by SMA port effects in laboratory. Figure 7 shows measured antenna gain from 3 to 11 GHz for the proposed antenna. Measured radiation pattern at frequencies of 4, 6, 7, and 9 GHz in H-plane(xz plane) and Eplane(yz plane) plotted in Figure 8. From the results of these patterns measurement, it can be found that presented antenna

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C for WiMAX (3.33.9 GHz) and WLAN (5.76 GHz) bands. V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:19311935, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/ mop.26095

Key words: slot antenna; ultrawideband antenna; dual-band notch 1. INTRODUCTION

Design of a small-size antenna that covers the UWB frequency range and also is suitable for use with portable communication systems is highly desirable. Several articles have been published [15], which have used different shapes of printed microstripfed wide slot antennas to obtain wide band performance. Such antennas have great features such as being completely uniplanar, low prole, light weight, easy integration with active devices or monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), low cost, easy fabrication, and stable radiation patterns across the operating band. Because of overlap between different frequency bands form commercial and industrial applications, using band rejection networks have been highly increased. Thus, to avoid interfering between communication frequency bands, different works have been reported of which most of them have tried to avoid interfering between the UWB and other commercial bands, which include WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands. To do this, various techniques were used to design a microstrip-fed printed wide slot antenna with band-notch characteristics. By using slits on ground plane, a band-notch behavior for WLAN frequency band is obtained for a UWB antenna [6]. Also, it is shown that by using open-circuit stubs on ground plane, a band-notch antenna can be attained [7]. By introducing a narrow slot on radiating patch at appropriate position, a UWB antenna with notch characteristic on WLAN band is presented [8]. Furthermore, the elimination of both WiMAX and WLAN bands together to reduce the interference between UWB and other practical bands were desired in [9, 10]. In this letter, a novel method to achieve a single- and dualband-notch behavior on a base UWB antenna is presented. To obtain single- and dual-band notch characteristics, single and dual open circuit stubs are used, respectively. The length of stubs xed at value of quarter-wavelength for each band stop. The added stubs are responsible for band rejection and can be easily tuned to eliminate both WiMAX (3.33.9 GHz) and WLAN (5.76 GHz) bands. The simulations are carried out using the commercially available software package HFSS. The simulation and measured results of dual-band notch antenna are agreed and show good bands rejection at both desired bands. Also, an omnidirectional and stable radiation pattern and consistent group delay over the UWB band are obtained.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN

Figure 1 Multi-band notch antenna conguration (a) Simple forkshaped antenna (b) Single-band notch antenna (c) Dual-band notch antenna and (d) Side view of antenna. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

directional radiation characteristics. As shown in Figure 1(a), the distance between the lower side of radiating patch and ground plane is xed at g. To obtain a band-rejection network, a parallel open-circuit stub can be added on the base antenna. As shown in Figure 2, the loaded printed wide slot antenna with an open-circuit stub can be modeled as an open-circuited stub in parallel with the unloaded antenna with radiation resistance R. To realize notch characteristic, a protrudent strip, which acting as an open circuit stub, of length La and width Wa, is added within the base patch. The conguration of single-band notch antenna is shown in Figure 1(b). At the frequency range that the open-circuit stub length is almost k /4, the stub leads to the desired high attenuation and impedance mismatching, resulting in bandstop behavior [11]. As shown, to excite the added stub efciently, it can be located

The conguration of base antenna with a simple structure is shown in Figure 1(a). The base antenna has small size of 28 32 1 mm3, which is fabricated on a FR4 substrate with er 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02. To design a wideband antenna with multiband notch characteristic, a fork-shaped radiating patch can be a good candidate. The dimensions of base fork-shaped radiating patch are considered so that the antenna operates over UWB range. A microstrip line of width Wf and length Lf is considered to feed the base patch. To achieve 50-X characteristic impedance, Wf is xed at 1.86 mm. A simple rectangular slot with dimension of 24 20 mm2 is used at the bottom side of antenna to realize both wider impedance bandwidth and omni-

Figure 2

Equivalent Circuit for single-band notch conguration

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Figure 3 Reection Coefcient of the simple fork-shaped antenna. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

along the feed line, which the maximum current is own around. Also, to design a dual-band-notch behavior, two open-circuit stubs should be used in the middle part of fork-shaped patch. Figure 1(c) shows the conguration of dual-band notch UWB antenna. At the frequency that the open-circuit stub length is almost k/4 leads to the desired high attenuation and impedance mismatching, resulting in dual-band stop behavior. Therefore, the length of each strip is set at the value of quarter-wavelength for each desired band notch. Spacing between the added stubs is S. The effects of stubs length and S are studied and discussed.

Figure 5 frequency

Current distribution of single-band notch antenna at notch

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A simple structure and appropriate candidate of microstrip-fed printed wide slot antenna to achieve the UWB frequency band is shown in Figure 1(a). The reection coefcient of fork-shaped radiating patch is presented in Figure 3. It is obvious that the antenna covers the UWB frequency range. The parametric study of single added stub on the antenna performance is shown in Figure 4. It is clear that by changing the length of stub, La, the notch frequency can be nely tuned to an appropriate value. As shown, by increase the length of stub the notch frequency decrease. The added stub is quarterwavelength long for the desired frequency of band notch. A single-band notch UWB antenna is considered to operate over UWB range with a band stop on 5.76 GHz (WLAN) band. As shown in Figure 5, current distribution on the added path at the frequency of quarter-wavelength is in the opposite direction of the base radiating patch, resulting in a UWB antenna with single-band notch characteristics.

The dual-band conguration is also studied and the effects of the two added open stubs are presented. Figure 6(a) shows the effects of La and Lb on the base UWB antenna. It is obvious that the lengths of added stubs are k/4 for each notch frequencies. The effect of spacing between two stubs is presented in Figure 6(b) and shows that S has negligible effects on the center frequencies of band stops. By tuning the length of additional stubs, two band rejection at the frequency bands of 3.33.9 GHz (WiMAX) and 5.76 GHz (WLAN) can be obtained. Table 1 shows the overall length of La and Lb for single- and dual-band notch characteristics. Also, the dimension of designed and fabricated dual-band notch antenna for dual-bands rejection of 3.3 3.9 GHz and 5.76 GHz is presented in Table 2. Current

Figure 4 Parametric study of the single-band notch antenna. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 6 Parametric study of dual-band notch antenna (a) effect of strips length and (b) effect of separation between strips. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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TABLE 1

Open Stub Lengths for Different Bands Open Stub Length Notched Bands La (mm) 14 7 14 Lb (mm) Removed Removed 7

WiMAX (3.5 GHz) WLAN (5.8 GHz) WiMAX (3.5 GHz), WLAN (5.8 GHz)

TABLE 2

Dimensions of Dual-Band Notch Antenna W1 W2 L1 L2 Wa Wb La Lb 1 2 12 8 0.3 0.3 7 14

All dimensions are mm.

distribution of dual-band notch antenna is studied to better understanding of band-rejection network at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz in Figure 7. It is shown that the length of each protrudent strips is about quarter-wavelength long at notch frequencies. The current

Figure 8 Measured radiation pattern in both E- and H-plane of dualband notch antenna. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 7 Current distribution of dual-band notch at frequency of (a) 3.5 GHz and (b) 5.8 GHz

distributions on the added stubs at notch frequencies are in opposite direction of base patch resulting in notch behavior. Moreover, it is obvious that whenever the longer stub is activated, the current distribution on the smaller stub is negligible, shows the smaller stub is inactive. Whenever the smaller stub is activated, the current distribution on the longer stub is negligible, shows the longer stub is inactive. The normalized radiation patterns of proposed dual-band notch antenna for both E- and H-plane at 2.5, 4.5, and 7 GHz

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gle- and dual-band notch antenna is also realized with good out of band performance. The operation bandwidth of proposed antenna covers the frequency band from 2.4 to 10 GHz. Both simulated and measured results suggest that the proposed antenna is suitable for UWB communication applications and at the same time operates as a band stop with 5.76 GHz (WLAN) and 3.33.9 GHz (WiMAX) systems.
REFERENCES 1. Y.F. Liu, K.L. Lau, Q. Xue, and C.H. Chan, Experimental studies of printed wide-slot antenna for wide-band applications, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett 3 (2004). 2. P. Li, J. Liang, and X. Chen, Study of printed ellipticalcircular slot antennas for ultrawideband applications, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 54 (2006). 3. W.J. Lui, C.H. Cheng, and H.B. Zhu, Experimental investigation on novel tapered microstrip slot antenna for ultra-wideband applications, IET Microwave Antennas Propagat 1 (2007), 480487. 4. S. Cheng, P. Hallbjorner, and A. Rydberg, Printed slot planar inverted cone antenna for ultrawideband applications, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett 7 (2008). 5. A. Dastranj, A. Imani, and M. Naser-Moghaddasi, Printed wideslot antenna for wideband applications, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 56 (2008). 6. N. Farrokh-Heshmat, J. Nourinia, and C. Ghobadi, Band-notched ultra-wideband printed open-slot antenna using variable on-ground slits, Electron Lett 45 (2009). 7. W.J. Lui, C.H. Cheng, and H.B. Zhu, Frequency notched printed slot antenna with parasitic open-circuit stub, Electron Lett 41 (2005). 8. M. Naser-Moghadasi, G.R. DadashZadeh, A.-A. Kalteh, and B.S. Virdee, Design of a novel band-notched slot patch antenna for UWB communication systems, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52 (2010). 9. M. Zhang, X. Zhou, J. Guo, and W. Yin, A novel ultrawideband planar antenna with dual band-notched performance, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52 (2010). 10. J. Ma, Y.-Z. Yin, J.-Y. Deng, and Q. Ma, Design of an ultra-wideband antenna with a novel dual band-notched structure, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51 (2009). 11. B. Rahmati and H.R. Hassani, Frequency notched wide band planar monopole antennas, Prog Electromagn Res C 9 (2009), 131143.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Figure 9 Group delay of dual-band notch antenna. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

are presented in Figure 8. It is seen that the radiation patterns of designed antenna are omnidirectional in H-plane and directive in E-plane. Measured results of proposed antenna shows that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications. Also, stable radiation characteristics are shown, which is necessary for UWB antennas. To verify the capability of the proposed antenna to operate as an UWB antenna, the designed antenna should have a consistent group delay. The group delay of the dual-band notch UWB antenna can be obtained from sg db/dx, where b is the phase of the transfer function of the antenna. Figure 9 shows the simulation results of the group delay for the face-to-face conguration. It is obvious that the proposed dual-band notch antenna has a consistent group delay, which can be used for UWB applications. A photograph of the fabricated fork-shaped antenna with dual-band notch characteristics is displayed in Figure 10.

4. CONCLUSIONS

A printed wide slot antenna is proposed and implemented for UWB applications. The overall size of antenna is 28 32 1 mm3. The antenna, compact and small, has minimum design parameters, which have been investigated for optimal design. By using protrudent open-circuit stubs at appropriate positions, sin-

FIBER OPTIC CHEMICAL SENSOR USING FIBER COUPLER PROBE BASED ON INTENSITY MODULATION FOR ALCOHOL DETECTION
M. Yasin,1,2 S. W. Harun,1,3 C. F. Tan,3 S. W. Phang,4 and H. Ahmad1 1 Faculty of Science, Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia 3 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia 4 Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Received 16 November 2010 ABSTRACT: A simple intensity modulation based displacement sensor using ber optic coupler probe is proposed and demonstrated for sensing the concentration of alcohol solution. The intensity of light reduces almost linearly with the displacement and the sensitivity of the

Figure 10 Photograph of fabricated antenna. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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