Script:

Good afternoon/morning everyone, especially to our panelist, advisers and co-reserachers who are
present for todays’ research proposal defense. Before we formally start the presentation proper, allow
as first to introduce ourselves (name). And we are the researchers.

This afternoon/morning we are going to present our research proposal entitled “ The Viability of
Bubalus Bubalis Carabenesis (carabao) manure as Substitute Constituents in Papermaking”. So let’s
begin!

Nikki: At this juncture, may I call on Mr. Vecina, Ms. Bagadiong, and Mr. Agunday to introduce the
Chapter 1 of the study. Starting with background of the study.

Vecina: People's lives depend heavily on papers. It has completely changed how we
communicate, document history, and compose academic papers. In lined with this, according to
Study Mentor, 2017 , Paper is a term used to describe a product derived mostly from plant or
animal fibre that has been formed into a sheet and is used for printing, reading, or writing.
Furthermore, the word "paper" comes from the plant papyrus, which is used to make paper.
Julie: And to make paper, cellulose fibers which has brief, threadlike structures and that are
needed as a main raw material, this is in accordance to China Printer Company, 2022.
Eljay: In agreement with this, this fundamental raw material in papermaking can be removed in
significant quantities from wood. Mainly it can be from softwood trees, hardwood trees, and
some are from recycled fiber, and rags. However, as a result papermaking causes a lot of
environmental issues. In fact, The World Counts (2014) asserts that, paper and pulpwood plantations
and mills use 40% of the world's commercially cut timber, endangering natural habitats in the process.

Julie: Moreover, the pulp and paper business plays a significant role in the issue of deforestation
and is partially to blame for the annual destruction of forests and the endangerment of some
species that dwell in them. Thus, paper's whole life cycle harms the environment, from
production to disposal.
Vecina: To lessen the environmental issues created by paper manufacturing, alternatives sources
for papermaking should be use. One example of this is the use of herbivore manure, specifically
the carabao dung as an alternative source for papermaking. As mentioned in the article
Beneficial Uses of Manure and Environmental Protection, (2015), nutrients, organic matter,
solids, energy, and fiber are just a few of the many recyclable parts found in manure. Therefore,
manure being one of the materials that has a recyclable fiber, it can be a alternative sources in
paper making.
Eljay: Another, recycled material that we can use to make handmade paper are the waste or used
papers. Waste paper such as newspapers; telephone books; bags (brown paper, shopping bags);
boxes and etc., has the common components of paper. As a result, it is very suitable to re-use it
in making handmade paper.
Julie: And lastly, waste materials that can also be used in making paper is the rice hulls/husk.
Rice hull is the outer part of the rice. It is also the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice.
Rice hulls came from the plant of rice or Oryza Sativa. Rice hull contained 15.2% lignin, 20.56%
ash with kappa number of 99.48. With these benefits, it is possible to use rice hulls as an
alternative source of paper.
Vecina: You may wondering, why we chose this particular topic. And this is the reason, making
paper is one of the uses for trees. Alternative sources of paper should be used in place of trees to
help preserve the environment. The goal of the research study is to investigate the viability of
using carabao manure as a main component and be the rice hulls and recycled papers as another
ingredient to be combine as an alternative supply of paper thus, it will help to reduce
environmental threats to trees, and regulate difficulties with paper disposal.
Julie: Because it is economical and environmentally friendly, the researchers chose carabao
manure, rice hulls, and recycled papers. In addition to this, carabao dung is readily available in
the environment and simple to obtain as a result of improper carabao feces in communities.
Likewise to the rice hulls and recycled papers where it is improperly thrown.
Vecina: So for now, May I call in Mr. Agunday to introduce the Statement of the problem
Eljay: Thank you Mr. Vecina. To have a clear and concise description of the topic, a problem statements
are created as a result. This study will aim to use carabao manure with recycled materials like rice husk
and papers as an alternative ingredients to produce paper. Specifically, this study will aim to answer the
following questions: first, What is the level of acceptability of CaraPooPer made from the different set-
ups, with respect to smell, color, texture, durability and writing effectiveness of art medium on paper as
perceived by respondents?

a) For the Set-up A it include (carabao manure only)

b) For Set-up B (carabao manure with rice hulls)
c) And for Set-up C (carabao manure with recycled papers)

Second, what is the quality of the CaraPooPer made from different set-ups, in terms of smell, color,
texture, durability and writing effectiveness of art medium on paper?

a) For the Set-up A it include (carabao manure only)

b) For Set-up B (carabao manure with rice hulls)
c) And for Set-up C (carabao manure with recycled papers)
Third, Is there a significant difference among Treatment A, Treatment B, and Treatment C in terms of
smell, color, texture, durability and writing effectiveness of art medium on paper made from:

a. Set-up A (carabao manure only)

b. Set-up B (carabao manure with rice hulls)
c. Set-up C (carabao manure with recycled papers)
Fourth, Is there any significant difference in terms of smell, color, texture, durability and writing
effectiveness of art medium on paper among:

a) Set-up A which consist of (carabao manure only) and Commercial paper?

b) Set-up B which consist of (carabao manure with rice hulls) and Commercial
paper?
c) Set-up C which consist of (carabao manure with recycled papers) and
Commercial paper?

And lastly, what is the best combination of recycled ingredients as an alternative source of paper?

Eljay: Now let me give the floor to Ms. Bagadiong for the Significance of the Study.

Julie: This study is undertaken to determine the viability of different set-ups for making
alternative source of paper. The results of the study will be great benefits firstly at, academe,
they will gain by having a fresh source of paper to use for their projects as a result of this, second
farmers, This study will help them to gain knowledge and process of making paper out of
carabao manure as another source of their income. Third, community this study will furnish
information to them that the solid wastes of carabao can be useful product relatively to paper and
encourage them to reuse and put it for a better use. Fourth, the paper industry will find this study
useful in their search for new materials, such as carabao manure to have a sustainable source of
cellulose in papermaking and lastly the future researchers will also gain from the study if they
use it as a roadmap for conducting similar future research.
Julie: For the scope and delimitation, I’d like to call Mr. Vecina.
Vecina: The focus of this study is to determine the viability of carabao manure with distinct
recycled materials, such as, rice hulls and papers. The researchers also will add chlorine to
enhance the color of the CaraPooPer. The other ingredients which do not fall as part of the set-up
are not within the scope of this research. On the other hand, there will be only three set-ups in
total to be conducted by the researchers: (A) carabao manure without any mixture of recycled
materials, (B) carabao manure with rice hulls, and (C) carabao manure with recycled papers.
Furthermore, there are five processes that will be involve in making CaraPooPer: (1) Soaking,
(2) Boiling, (3) Refining, (4) Mixing (5) Coloring, (6) Filtering, (7) Moulding and (8) Drying.
Chemical analysis and other procedures that do not fall in the said processes are not within this
study’s scope.
In this study, the data collection will be conducted on at least 63 students in Senior High
School from Palta National High School, the school year 2022-2023 who will be the respondents
of this study. The 63 respondents will be selected randomly. This research will not cover those
students who are not studying as grade 12 SHS students from PNHS. The study will focused on
testing the criteria that only deal with smell, color, texture, durability and writing effectiveness in
the given population. This study will not extend in determining the other characteristics and
properties of the set-ups.
Pau: There are a lot of other researchers who have done related topic before, and the result of
their studies are helpful in implying us with thoughts on how to improve our research. They also
gave us an ideas of the outcome we are expecting. Now, let me, together with Mr. Bagadiong
present some related literatures that supports our study.
Vince: Let me start by giving related literatures from local. Native Filipinos frequently made
paper out of the raw leaves of the abacá plant by using small knives to etch characters and
sentences into the leaf. The Philippines' abundant natural resources that are fibrous enough to
generate decent paper have been the subject of experiments by makers and artists since the
1970s. The abacá plant, which was formerly only used for writing while it was in its raw form, is
now processed and used by manufacturers and artists as paper. In line with this, unacademy,
2022, pointed out that papers has an organic components that is very important in making it,
paper is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and/or other lignin compounds (such Na-
lignite, for instance), that can range from 70% to 100% of its total weight. However, paper
production causes a lot of environmental issues in Philippines. The country’s paper sector adds
to the nation’s garbage production, this is in accordance to Parayno, Ph. D & Busmente.
Furthermore, they also mentioned that…… As a result of this, In order to reduce the effects of
paper production, which has a quick impact on the number of trees, and to reduce the amount of
garbage that people make, and preserve our environment alternative source of paper are
proposed. In the article published by Marco Catania, 2019, some of unexpected materials that are
already being used to produce paper are old T-shirts, dung of herbivore animal, skin and peel of
fruit and vegetables, stones, plants other than trees, seaweed, and leather. As stated by Marco
Catania, 2022 dung of herbivore animal can also be the alternative source in papermaking.
Carabao mainly eat grasses, animals like carabao eat low-grade biomass (Alexander Bismarck,
Ph.D. (2018). It must have cellulose in it. Research indicates that, depending on the animal, the
cellulose content of the dung might reach 40%. One of the most crucial components in the
creation of paper is cellulose.
On the other hand Glushankova, et.al, (2018), stated that cellulose, lignin, and mineral
ash are the three primary ingredients of rice hulls. In the article by Rice Knowledge Bank, (n.d),
the covering on a rice seed or grain is known as the rice husk or rice hull. By weight of the rice
hulls, the amount of mineral ash ranges from 15% to 20%. The ash is made up of amorphous
silica (opal-type). Likewise, similar to many other common organic fibers, rice husk has a
chemical makeup that includes cellulose (40–50%), lignin (25–30%), ash (15–20%), and
moisture (8–15%). (Hwang and Chandra, 1997). Since rice hulls are a fibrous plant and contain
the ingredients needed to make paper, they can be used as an alternative to other paper-making
materials.
Furthermore, In the Philippines ,recycled fibers or waste papers are the main raw
materials used to make paper. Depending on the desired level of finished product quality,
recycled fiber may be combined with imported wood pulp at a specific ratio (Parayno, Ph. D &
Busmente, n.d,). And According to the article Standards for recovered paper towards
environmental sustainability and paper industry revitalization, (n.d.), there are several economic
and environmental advantages to recycling paper. Reusing RCPs helps preserve natural resources
by lowering the amount of municipal solid trash produced and dumped in landfills, as well as by
reducing the need to cut down as many trees. Additionally, the paper industry's usage of 100
percent recycled products helps to protect forest resources and reduce floods.
Pau: Let me present you the related literature from foreign. The name of the reedy plant papyrus,
which grows aplenty along the Nile River in Egypt, is where the term paper originates.
Additionally, Daniel Matthews, (n.d.), declared that the first paper was created by the Chinese in
100 A.D. using rags, hemp, grasses, and stone mortars. WOrlwide, the paper production faces
challenges, specifically in the environment. In fact, according to to the article Paper Waste: Why
Does It Matter? (2021), paper waste is a major issue in many workplaces and sectors. Up to 70%
of a company's total waste may be made up of paper due to printing errors, junk mail, billings,
and packaging. Also, The world counts asserts that An average person uses 200 to 250 kilos of
paper annually in the USA, Japan, and Europe. That’s why, alternatives sources in papermaking
should be in placed instead of trees. One of this is the dung of a herbivore, as mentioned by
Zinara Rathnayake, 2019, Adult elephants may consume more than 300 pounds of food in a
single day, most of it being grass, twigs, foliage, and tree bark. They may urinate 16 to 18 times
in that time, resulting in the production of more than 200 pounds of feces. Elephant excrement is
a renewable resource in the little town of Randeniya in Sri Lanka's lower marshes. Another is the
use of rice husks, In 2019, 72% of the paper consumed in Europe was recycled, ranking it as one
of the most recycled materials. Paper recycling is the most environmentally friendly method of
waste management, and the use of recycled fibers complements the demand for virgin wood
fiber in the production of paper and board products (The Two Sides Team, 2020).
Vince: Now let me give you more evidences by presenting related studies from local. In the study
conducted, entitle THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE
SOURCE OF PAPER, (2014) by the students from Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School,
concluded that horse dung was an acceptable substitute for trees as a source of paper. The horse
excrement paper also worked well for writing and had good color, durability, and texture. Another is
from the study conducted by Joy Manango entitles as Garlic Peel as an Alternative Source of Fibre, (n.d.)
the experiment used garlic peel to make an alternate type of paper. The ability of the garlic peel to serve
as a substitute source of fibre for the creation of paper was subsequently demonstrated. If the garlic
peel is refined further, its effectiveness as source for making substitute paper is high. Additionally, the
study conducted by Iloilo Doctors’ College entitled Cogon Plant as an Alternative for Paper Production,
(2020) concluded that Imperata cylindrica, can serve as an alternative raw material for the manufacture
of pulp and paper. And lastly, Vidanes & Jerusalem conducted the study of The Potential of Rice (Oryza
sativa L.) Husk and Used Paper as a Source of Fibre in Cardboard Production. The study's findings
demonstrate that, with a result of 4.225 in the weighted mean, cardboard made from rice (Oryza sativa
L.) husk is extremely acceptable with regard to its usability.
Pau: Another evidences are from the studies conducted in foreign. The study that was conducted by Esa
et.al, 2022 entitled Bamboo Fibre as an Alternative Source for Pulp and Paper. For a researcher,
Gigantochloa scortechinii and Bambusa vulgaris have become favored species. Both species' chemical
characterizations show that they both include lignin, ash, and an alpha-cellulose content of more than
34% and more than 50%, similar to that of hardwood fibre. Moreover, The study conducted by Jaffur &
Jeetah on Production of low cost paper from Pandanus utilis fibres as a substitution to wood, 2019
showed that it is possible to recycle P. utilis leaves , it can be concluded that Vacoas fibres can be used
to produce affordable non-wood paper that satisfies paper standards.

Pau: to give you more details, let me give you the conceptual framework of our study. In Figure 1,
modifications will be made to focus on the controlled, independent and dependent variables of
this study. This model will help to illustrate what the researchers are planning for the variables. It
further highlights the needed variables for the set-ups and what needed to be assessed in those
set-ups as well.
Vince: For our Research hypothesis, our null hypothesis stated as:
I. There will be no significant difference among Set-up A, Set-up B and Set-up C in terms of
smell, color, texture, durability, and writing effectiveness of art medium on paper.
II. There will be no significant difference in smell, color, texture, durability, and writing
effectiveness of art medium on paper between:
a. Set – up A and Commercial Paper
b. Set – up B and Commercial Paper
c. Set – up C and Commercial Paper
III. There will be no significant difference in using the carabao manure as the main material
instead of wood for paper manufacturing.

And our Alternative hypothesis stated as:

I. There will be a significant difference among Set-up A, Set-up B and Set-up C in terms of smell, color,
texture, durability, and writing effectiveness of art medium on paper.

II. There will be a significant difference in smell, color, texture, durability, and writing effectiveness of art
medium on paper between:

a. Set – up A and Commercial Paper

b. Set – up B and Commercial Paper

c. Set – up C and Commercial Paper

III. There will be a significant difference in using the carabao manure as the main material instead of
wood for paper manufacturing.
Chapter
:We will now move to the chapter 3 of the research methodology of research design, which will
be discuss by …
: This study will employed quantitative true experimental in making the CaraPooPer set- ups.
The true experimental design will be used to demonstrate the viability of Bubalus Bubalis
Carabenesis (carabao) manure with other recycled materials as a substitute constituents in paper
making. The researchers will able to determine if the CaraPooPer set ups has a good quality in
terms of color, smell, texture, durability, and writing effectiveness using the FlexStick neo
Smooth Ink Pen 0.5, using this research design.
: and for the respondents/participants , let’s have Ms. …
:for the researcher participants/ respondents, This research will be conducted in Palta National
High School. The research population will be comprised of Grade 12 SHS students of PNHS
only. A total of 63 SHS students that will be randomly choose will serve as respondents.
: For research instruments , I will give it to Ms. …
: and for research instruments, There will be 3 set-ups of the final product, first is the set-up a ,
and score sheets as research instrument to gather data on the respondents. The gathering of data
will