FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

LABORATORY REPORT
Course HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
LABORATORY

Code BFC21201

Semester 1 2021/2022

Section 06

Group No. 01

Group Member No. Name Matric

1 MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN CF200101

MOHD HUSSIN

2 MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN CF200142

3 ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI ALI AF180286

4 NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID CF200224

5 BEATRICESIA LIJA CF200189

Lecturer Ir. Dr. ZAINORIZUAN BIN MOHD JAINI

Submission Date 29 NOVEMBER 2021

Mark Learning Outcome Mark Allocated Mark Received

CLO1 - PLO4 (C) 30%

CLO2 - PLO2 (P) 10%

CLO3 - PLO5 (A) 10%

TOTAL 50%

Examiner Comments:
STUDENT DECLARATION FOR ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

We hereby confess that we have conducted the laboratory and prepared the report by our effort. We
pledged that everything mentioned in this report are true. We also agreed that plagiarism and academic
dishonesty can have severe penalties and repercussions. If we violate this student declaration, we may
be subject to disciplinary action based on the regulations that is currently enforced in UTHM.

Signature : Signature :

Name : MUHAMMAD HAZIQ Name : MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN

IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD ZANORIN
HUSSIN

Matric No. : CF200101 Matric No. : CF200142

Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2021 Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2021

Signature : Signature :

Name : ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI Name : NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD

ALI YAZID

Matric No. : AF180286 Matric No. : CF200224

Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2021 Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2021

Signature :

Name : BEATRICESIA LIJA

Matric No. : CF200189

Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2021

Name of Group Members: SECTION: SEC6
1. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN (CF200101)
2. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN (CF200142)
3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAH ALI (AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA (CF200189)

10 Marks [CLO2, PLO2]

CRITERIA / Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark W Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL Scale
Demonstrate Unable to show the Less leaderships skills, Moderate leaderships Ability to show good Ability to show very
leadership skills leadership skills, there is no task (e-LAB skills, but students are leaderships skills with good leaderships skills
(20) – P1 there is no task (e- work) distribution able to distribute their good task (e-LAB with structured task (e- 4
Map to: LAB work) task (e-LAB work) work) distribution LAB work) distribution
Document distribution
e-meeting/
Skill of e- Unable to apply the Less technical skill Moderate technical Ability to show good Ability to show very
discussion
Laboratory basic technical skill using laboratory tools skill using laboratory technical skill using good technical skill and 4
Work using laboratory tools, but still laboratory tools competency using
(20) – P2 tools acceptable laboratory tools
Map to: e-LAB
Accuracy Able to perform Able to perform Able to perform good Able to perform very
5(ii)
(20) – P3 Unable to perform calculation and moderate calculation calculation and good calculation 4
Map to: e-LAB accurate calculation measurement, but not and measurement, the measurement, procedure and
5(iii) and measurement accurate accuracy is acceptable complete and accurate measurement, very
high accuracy
Technical Poor lab. testing SOP Good lab. testing SOP Excellent lab. testing
Competency Unable to deliver a and application of Moderate lab. testing and application of SOP and application of
and Decision SOP for lab. testing code of practise, as SOP and application of code of practise, as code of practise, as 8
Making and false in making well as in decision code of practise, as well as in decision well as in decision
(40) – P4 decision making well as in decision making making
Map to: e-LAB making
5(iv) and TOTAL MARKS (100 M)
e-LAB 5(v)
Name of Group Members : SECTION : SEC 6
1. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
2. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN (CF200142)
3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAH ALI (AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA (CF200189) 10 Marks [CLO3, PLO5]
CRITERIA /
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark W Marks
DOMAIN
Scale
LEVEL
Teamwork Unable to show the
Good participation in Very good commitment
teamwork spirit (no Less participation in Moderate
(35) – A2 group during e-LAB and participation as
participation) in group during e-LAB participation in group 4
Map to: Document work, shows the well as helpful in group
group during e-LAB work during e-LAB work
e-meeting/ e-discussion commitment during e-LAB work
work

Safety Unable to show Moderate awareness Ability to show good Ability to show very
Less awareness on
(20) – A2 awareness on safety on safety in the awareness on safety good awareness on 4
safety in the report
Map to: e-LAB 5(i) in the report report in the report safety in the report

Very poor professional Moderate

Discipline Poor professional Good professional Very good professional
attitude and time professional attitude
attitude and time attitude and time attitude, time
(20) – A1 management during and time
management during management during management with high 4
Map to: Document the meeting with management during
the meeting with the meeting with motivation during the
e-meeting/ e-discussion lecturer the meeting with
lecturer lecturer meeting with lecturer
lecturer
Discipline
X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =
(10) – A1
8
Mapp to: e-class
(CLASS ATTENDANCE) Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =

TOTAL MARKS (100 M)

 3
e-LAB MoM COGNITIVE RUBRIC
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUIL ENVIRONMENT
Name of Group Members: SECTION: SEC 6
1. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
2. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN (CF200142)
3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAH ALI (AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA (CF200189)

30 Marks [CLO1, PLO4

QUESTION /
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL
a(i) – C1
e-LAB 1

a(ii) – C1
a(iii) – C2
a(iv) – C2
a(v) – C2
a(i) – C1
e-LAB 2

a(ii) – C2
a(iii) – C2
a(iv) – C2
a(i) – C1
e-LAB
3

a(ii) – C2
a(iii) – C2
a(i) – C2
LAB 4
e-

a(ii) – C2
a(iii) – C2
OE 1
e-LAB
OEQ

OE 2
OE 3
REPORT FORMAT/
WRITING SKILL
TOTAL MARKS
(100 M)
 CONTENTS

No. Topic Page

1 E-LAB 1: Shear force and shear stress in beam 1-10

2 E-LAB 2: Bending moment and bending stress in

11-21
beam

3 E-LAB 3: Deflection of beam 22-34

4 E-LAB 4: Buckling of compression member 35-48

5 E-LAB 5: Mechanical properties of tension member 49-64

6 E-LAB 6: Open Ended Questions 65-67
 TITLE : E-LABORATORY 1 : SHEAR FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS IN BEAM

COURSE CODE : BFC21201

COURSE NAME : HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
FACULTY : FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SECTION :6
GROUP :1
1. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN
(CF200142)
2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
GROUP MEMBER 3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI ALI
(AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID
(CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA
(CF200189)
LECTURER : IR. DR. ZAINORIZUAN BIN MOHD JAINI

SEMESTER/ SESSION : 3/ 2020/2021

SUBMISSION DATE : 29/11/2021

MARKS :

1
e-LAB (CLO 1): Shear Force and Shear Stress in Beam

1. In this experiment, you will determine the shear force and shear stress of the
beam at the cut-section. Carry out the following instructions, referring to
Figure 1.1.

Pinned
Support

Force Digital Meter

SHEAR FORCE IN BEAM

Vx

Figure 1.1

(a). Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. Please consult with
your respective lecturer for the total number of hangers to be used in this
experiment. You are allowed to use any configurations of mass on each
hanger without exceed the limit of WTOTAL < 300 g.

(i) From Table 1.1, fill the particulars of the mass configurations.
(C1, PLO 4)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

2
 Table 1.1

Vx (N)
Load at cut-section
W1 (N) W2 (N) W3 (N) W4 (N)
Cases
Calculations Laboratory
1

(ii) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

(C1, PLO 4)

(iii) Calculate shear force at cut-section for each load cases, and complete
Table 1.1 from the findings of laboratory test.
(C2, PLO 4)

(iv) Discuss the outcomes from question 1a(ii) in terms of the external
forces and shear force relationships. You may use any type of
graphical illustrations as part in your discussions.
(C2, PLO 4)

(v) Calculate and sketch shear stress distribution at the cut-section for any
load cases, if the cross section of the beam is 20 mm of width and 3
mm of thickness.
(C2, PLO 4)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

3
APPARATUS

NO NAME PICTURE

1 Digital Force Display

2 Load

3 Beam Tester

4
PROCEDURE

STEP DESCRITION PICTURE

1 The Digital Force Display meter was checked read zero

with no load.

2 A hanger with 100g, 90g, 110g was placed to the left of

the ‘cut’.

3 Record the value was displayed by The Digital Force

Display.

4 The step 2 and 3 was repeated with 50g, 80g, 120g and
70g, 110g, 100g load mass.

5 The theoretical shear force were calculated at the cut.

5
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

(a) Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. Please consult with your respective lecturer for
the total number of hangers to be used in this experiment. You are allowed to use any configurations
of mass on each hanger without exceed the limit of WTOTAL < 300 g.
(i) From Table 1.1, fill the particulars of the mass configurations.

Load W1 (N) W2(N) W3(N) W4(N) Vx (N)

Cases at cut-section
Calculations Laboratory
1 0.98 0.88 1.08 - 0.48 0.3
2 0.49 0.78 1.18 - 0.67 0.6
3 0.69 1.08 0.98 - 0.56 0.5

(ii) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

(a) Load Case 1

(b) Load Case 2

6
 (c) Load Case 3

(iii) Calculate shear force at cut-section for each load cases, and complete Table 1.1 from the findings of
laboratory test.

(a) Load Case 1

Calculate Reaction

1) ΣFx → = ΣFx ←
RAx = 0
2) ΣFy ↑ = ΣFy ↓
RAy + RBy = 2.94 N
3) ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
0.88(100) + 1.08(240) = RBy(440) + 0.98(140)
88 + 259.2 = RBy(440) + 137.2
88 + 259.2 − 137.2 = RBy(440)
210 = RBy(440)
210
= RBy
440
RBy = 0.48N(↑)
RAy = 2.46N(↑)
Shear force at cut section (x=440)

+↑ ΣFy = 0
2.46 − 0.98 − 0.88 − 1.08 − Vx = 0
Vx = 0.48N(↓)

7
(b) Load Case 2

Calculate Reaction

1) ΣFx → = ΣFx ←
RAx = 0
2) ΣFy ↑ = ΣFy ↓
RAy + RBy = 2.45 N
3) ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
0.78(100) + 1.18(240) = RBy(440) + 0.49(140)
78 + 283.2 = RBy(440) + 68.6
78 + 283.2 − 68.6 = RBy(440)
292.6 = RBy(440)
292.6
= RBy
440
RBy = 0.67N(↑)
RAy = 1.78N(↑)
Shear force at cut section (x=440)

+↑ ΣFy = 0
1.78 − 0.49 − 0.78 − 1.18 − Vx = 0
Vx = 0.67N(↓)
(c) Load Case 3

8
 Calculate Reaction

1) ΣFx → = ΣFx ←
RAx = 0
2) ΣFy ↑ = ΣFy ↓
RAy + RBy = 2.75 N
3) ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
1.08(100) + 0.98(240) = RBy(440) + 0.69(140)
108 + 235.2 = RBy(440) + 96.6
108 + 235.2 − 96.6 = RBy(440)
246.6 = RBy(440)
246.6
= RBy
440
RBy = 0.56N(↑)
RAy = 2.19N(↑)
Shear force at cut section (x=440)

+↑ ΣFy = 0
2.19 − 0.69 − 1.08 − 0.98 − Vx = 0
Vx = −0.56N(↓)

(iv) Discuss the outcomes from question 1a(ii) in terms of the external forces and shear force
relationships. You may use any type of graphical illustrations as part in your discussions.

A shear force is a non -aligned force that moves one part of the body in one direction and another
part of the body in the opposite direction while external is a force caused by an external agent outside
the system. For this experiment we calculated for the value of the shear force at the same cutting
distance of the part which is at 440m from the right but differs in the value of the load. Each of these
cases contains has a different load value. The result of such a load will give a different answer for
the shear force. For load case 1, we use external forces values of 0.98 N, 0.88 N, and 1.08 N and the
shear force values are 0.48 N. For load case 2, we use the external force values are 0.49 N, 0.78 N
and 1.18 N and the tits values for the shear force are 0.67 N. For the load for case 3, we use the
external force values of 0.69 N, 1.08 N and 0.98 N and the shear force values are 0.56 N.

(v) Calculate and sketch shear stress distribution at the cut-section for any load cases, if the cross
section of the beam is 20 mm of width and 3 mm of thickness.
𝑽𝒙.𝑸
Shear Stress Formula = 𝝉 =
𝑰𝒕
Where, Vx = Shear force at cut section x-x
Q = Shear flow (YxA)
I = Moment of inertia
𝑡 = Thickness

Momen of Inertia
bh3 (20)(3)3
Iy−y = = = 45mm4
12 12

hb3 (3)(20)3
Ix−x = = = 2000mm4
12 12
The moment of inertia on beam with the biggest value is chosen, Ix-x = 2000mm4
Centroid of beam’s area

9
Y = 20/2 = 10
Q = y x A = (10)(20x3) = 600mm3

Choosed shear stress load from case 1

Vx. Q
τ=
It
(0.48)(600)
τ=
(2000)(3)

τ = 0.048N/𝑚𝑚2

Shear stress distribution diagram

Maximum shear
stress

0.048N/mm2

Cross section area with

rectangular shape

10
 TITLE : E-LABORATORY 2 : BENDING MOMENT AND BENDING STRESS IN BEAM

COURSE CODE : BFC21201

COURSE NAME : HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
FACULTY : FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SECTION :6
GROUP :1
1. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN
(CF200142)
2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
GROUP MEMBER 3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI ALI
(AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID
(CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA
(CF200189)
LECTURER : IR. DR. ZAINORIZUAN BIN MOHD JAINI

SEMESTER/ SESSION : 3/ 2020/2021

SUBMISSION DATE : 29/11/2021

MARKS :

11
e-LAB 2 (CLO 1): Bending Moment and Bending Stress in Beam

2. In this experiment, you will determine the bending moment and bending stress
of the beam at the cut-section. Carry out the following instructions, referring to
Figure 2.1.

Pinned
Support

Force Digital Meter

BENDING MOMENT IN BEAM

Vx Mx

Figure 2.1

(a). Place the hangers at positions with mass configurations and load cases
similar to e-LAB 1 procedure.

(i) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

(C1, PLO 4)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

12
(ii) From Table 2.1, complete the calculations of shear force and bending
moment at cut section. Compare your calculation with laboratory
findings.
(C2, PLO 4)
Table 2.1

Mx (Nmm)
Vx (N)
Load Cases at cut-section

Calculations Laboratory Calculations Laboratory

1

(iii) Discuss the outcome from question 2a(ii) in terms of the accuracy of
the testing, and the relationships between the external forces and
bending moment.
(C2, PLO 4)

(iv) Calculate and sketch bending stress distribution at the cut-section from
any load cases, if the cross section of the beam is similar to e-LAB 1.
You may use any type of graphical illustrations as part in your
discussions.
(C2, PLO 4)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

13
APPARATUS

NO NAME PICTURE

1 Digital Force Display

2 Load

3 Beam Tester

PROCEDURE

STEP DESCRITION PICTURE

1 The Digital Force Display meter was checked read zero

with no load.

2 A hanger with 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g was placed to the left
of the ‘cut’.

14
3 Record the value was displayed by The Digital Force
Display.

4 The step 2 and 3 was repeated with 100g, 70g, 90g, 40g
and 70g, 40g, 120g. 50g load mass.

5 The theoretical bending moment were calculated at the

cut.

15
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Load Load (N) Vx (N) Mx (Nmm) at cut-section

Cases W1 W2 W3 W4 Calculation Laboratory Calculation Laboratory
1 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.98 0.8 135.2 100
2 0.98 0.69 0.88 0.39 0.9 0.7 140.6 87.5
3 0.69 0.39 1.18 0.49 0.96 0.9 134 112.5

(a) Place the hangers at positions with mass configurations and load cases similar to e-lab
1 procedure.

(i) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

Load Case 1

Load Case 2

16
 Load Case 3

(ii) From table 2.1, complete the calculations of shear force and bending moment
at cut section.
Calculate Reaction (Load Case 1)
1) ΣFx → = ΣFx ←
RAx = 0
2) ΣFy ↑ = ΣFy ↓
RAy + RBy = 2.55 N
3) ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
0.49(40) + 0.59(140) + 0.69(180) + 0.78(260) = RBy(440)
19.6 + 82.6 + 124.2 + 202.8 = RBy(440)
19.6 + 82.6 + 124.2 + 202.8 = RBy(440)
429.2 = RBy(440)
429.2
= RBy
440
RBy = 0.98N(↑)
RAy = 1.57N(↑)

Calculate Shear Force (Load Case 1)

0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78

1.57

140mm 40mm 100mm 40mm 80mm 40mm

ΣFy ↑ = 0
−0.49 − 0.59 − 0.69 − 0.78 + 1.57 + Vx = 0
Vx = 0.98(↑)

17
Calculate Bending Moment (Load Case 1)

0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 Cut-Section

Mx

1.57

140mm 40mm 100mm 40mm 80mm 40mm

ΣMo ↻ = 0

Mx + 0.78(40) + 0.69(120) + 0.59(160) + 0.49(260) − 1.57(300) = 0

Mx = 135.2 Nmm(↺)

Calculate Reaction (Load Case 2)

1) ΣFx → = ΣFx ←
RAx = 0
2) ΣFy ↑ = ΣFy ↓
RAy + RBy = 2.94 N
3) ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
0.98(40) + 0.69(140) + 0.88(180) + 0.39(260) = RBy(440)
39.2 + 96.6 + 158.4 + 101.4 = RBy(440)
395.6 = RBy(440)
395.6
= RBy
440
RBy = 0.9N(↑)
RAy = 2.04N(↑)

Calculate Shear Force (Load Case 2)

0.98 0.69 0.88 0.39

2.04

140mm 40mm 100mm 40mm 80mm 40mm

ΣFy ↑ = 0
−0.98 − 0.69 − 0.88 − 0.39 + 2.04 + Vx = 0
Vx = 0.9(↑)

18
Calculate Bending Moment (Load Case 2)

0.98 0.69 0.88 0.39 Cut-Section

Mx

2.09

140mm 40mm 100mm 40mm 80mm 40mm

ΣMo ↻ = 0

Mx + 0.39(40) + 0.88(120) + 0.69(160) + 0.98(260) − 2.09(300) = 0

Mx = 140.6 Nmm(↺)

Calculate Reaction (Load Case 3)

1) ΣFx → = ΣFx ←
RAx = 0
2) ΣFy ↑ = ΣFy ↓
RAy + RBy = 2.75 N
3) ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
0.69(40) + 0.39(140) + 1.18(180) + 0.49(260) = RBy(440)
27.6 + 54.6 + 212.4 + 127.4 = RBy(440)
422 = RBy(440)
422
= RBy
440
RBy = 0.96N(↑)
RAy = 1.79N(↑)

Calculate Shear Force (Load Case 3)

0.69 0.39 1.18 0.49

1.79

140mm 40mm 100mm 40mm 80mm 40mm

ΣFy ↑ = 0
−0.69 − 0.39 − 1.18 − 0.49 + 1.79 + Vx = 0
Vx = 0.96(↑)

19
Calculate Bending Moment (Load Case 3)

0.69 0.39 1.18 0.49 Cut-Section

Mx

1.79

140mm 40mm 100mm 40mm 80mm 40mm

ΣMo ↻ = 0

Mx + 0.49(40) + 1.18(120) + 0.39(160) + 0.69(260) − 1.79(300) = 0

Mx = 134 Nmm(↺)
(iii) Discuss the outcome from question 2a(ii) in terms of the accuracy of the testing, and the relationships
between the external forces and bending moment.

To discuss this further, based on table 2.1, the highest bending moment has been obtained from the calculation is
from load case 1 with 135.2Nmm, then, for load case 2 the bending moment is 140.6Nmm and for load case 3
has the lowest bending moment which is 134Nmm. From the results in table 2.1, we can say that the relationship
of the external force, applied to the load will affect the value at the bending moment on the beam. If we do a
laboratory test for this bending for a while, the results from the laboratory may differ from the computational
data. This may be due to an error or error during the experimental process of suspending the load on the beam
apparatus and the position of the applied load may be slightly shifted on the beam. Systematic errors can also
occur due to STR2 machines. The external force in this lab is the weight we put into a certain distance. In this
test, we have four external forces hanging on the beam. Shear forces are when two parallel forces act out of
alignment with each other.
(iv) Calculate and sketch bending stress distribution at the cut-section from any load cases, if the cross section

𝑏ℎ3
Iy. y = 12

(20)(3)3
=
12
= 45 𝑚𝑚4

𝑏ℎ3
Ix. x =
12
(3)(20)3
= 12
= 2000𝑚𝑚4
The moment of inertia on beam with the biggest value is chosen,
Ix. x = 2000mm4
20
The centroid of beam’s area,
20
𝑦=
2
= 10
3
𝑥=
2
= 10
Bending Stress Distribution Calculation for Load Cases 1
Bending stress formula is shown below :
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
Where 𝜎 = bending stress = bending stress
M = bending moment from BMD
Y = Vertical inertia around

(135.2)(10)
𝜎=
45
= 30.04 Nmm2

21
 TITLE : E-LABORATORY 3 : DEFLECTION OF BEAM

COURSE CODE : BFC21201

COURSE NAME : HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
FACULTY : FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SECTION :6
GROUP :1
1. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN
(CF200142)
2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
GROUP MEMBER 3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI ALI
(AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID
(CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA
(CF200189)
LECTURER : IR. DR. ZAINORIZUAN BIN MOHD JAINI

SEMESTER/ SESSION : 3/ 2020/2021

SUBMISSION DATE : 29/11/2021

MARKS :

22
e-LAB 3 (CLO 1): Deflection of Beam

3. In this experiment, you will determine the maximum deflection (Ymax) of the
beam. Carry out the following instructions, referring to Figure 3.1.

Sample Deflection dial gauge

Support

DEFLECTION OF BEAM

X (in mm)

Figure 3.1

(a). Place the hangers at positions with mass configurations and load cases
similar to e-LAB 1 procedure.

(i) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

(C1, PLO 4)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

23
(ii) Complete Table 3.1. Carry out calculations and laboratory testing for
the maximum deflection from every load case. Take similar beam cross
section as in e-LAB 1. You are allowed to use any deflection methods
in your calculations.
(C2, PLO 4)
Table 3.1

Provide X (mm), Ymax (mm)

Load
to archive the maximum
Cases
deflection (Ymax) Calculations Laboratory
1

(iii) Discuss the outcome from question 3a(ii) in terms of the external forces
and the maximum deflection relationships from this experiment. You
may use any type of graphical illustrations as part in your discussions.
(C2, PLO 4)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

24
APPARATUS

Instrument Figure

Deflection of Beam and Cantilever

Apparatus

Weight Hanger & Mass

W1 = 100g
W2 = 150g

Mass

1 piece of mass = 10gram

25
 Beam Samples with Different
Material Types

i) Brass (105GPa)
ii) Aluminum (69GPa)
iii) Brass (MOE 200GPa)

Dial Gage

26
PROCEDURE
eLAB 3: Deflection of Beam
(The load is varying, but the distance between applied load and support is constant.)

STEP DESCRIPTION PICTURE

A bar is clamped on steel structure with the help

1 of knife edge bolts and movable clamp.

Add the load prepared on load hanger mass at a

2 chosen point of the beam.

Ensure the digital force meter is in zero

3
correction before adding any weight.

Note the deflection of beam by using the digital

4 force meter.

The process is repeated again for different load

5 weight.

27
Specification of Beam Sample
i. Steel
a. B = 2.8mm
b. H = 18.6mm
c. E = 200Gpa
ii. Aluminum
a. B = 2.8mm
b. H = 18.6mm
c. E = 69Gpa
iii. Brass
a. B = 2.8mm
b. H = 18.6mm
c. E = 105Gpa
d.
Mass Configurations
W1 = 100g (0.98N)
W2 = 150g (1.47N)

28
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

a) Place the hangers at positions with mass configurations and load cases similar to e-LAB 1
procedure.
i. Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

29
 ii. Complete Table 3.1. Carry out calculations and laboratory testing for the
maximum deflection from every load case. Take similar beam cross section as in
e-LAB 1.

Ymax (mm)
Load Cases X (mm) Error
Calculations Laboratory
1. Steel 365 -1.21 -1.29 0
2. Aluminum 475 -0.21 0.26 -0.03
3. Brass 421 -2.71 -2.63 0

Maximum Deflection
ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺

−0.98(60) + 1.47(210) – By (440) = 0

−58.8 + 308.7 – 440By = 0
By = 0.57 N
ΣFy = 0 ↑

−0.98 + Ay – 1.47 + 0.57 = 0

Ay = 1.88 N

Macaulay Method
ΣmA ↻ = ΣmA ↺
1.88(𝑋 − 140) + 0.57(𝑋 − 580) = 𝑀𝑥 + 0.98(𝑋 − 80) + 1.47(𝑋 − 350)

𝑀𝑥 = 1.88(𝑋 − 140) + 0.57(𝑋 − 580) − 0.98(𝑋 − 80) − 1.47(𝑋 − 350)

𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 1.88(𝑋 − 140) + 0.57(𝑋 − 580) − 0.98(𝑋 − 80) − 1.47(𝑋 − 350)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1.88(𝑥 − 140)2 0.57(𝑋 − 580)2 0.98(𝑋 − 80)2 1.47(𝑋 − 350)2
𝐸𝐼 = + − − + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2
1.88(𝑥 − 140)3 0.57(𝑋 − 580)3 0.98(𝑋 − 80)3 1.47(𝑋 − 350)3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + − − + 𝐶1𝑋 + 𝐶2
6 6 6 6

30
Boundary Condition
𝑥 = 140, 𝑦=0

1.88(𝑥 − 140)3 0. .57(𝑥 − 580)3 0.98(𝑥 − 80)3 1.47(𝑥 − 350)3

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + − − + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6 6 6
1.88(140 − 140)3 0.57(140 − 580)3 0.98(140 − 80)3 1.47(140 − 350)3
𝐸𝐼 (0) = + − − + 𝐶1(140) + 𝐶2
6 6 6 6
0.98(140 − 80)3
𝐸𝐼 (0) = + 𝐶1(140) + 𝐶2
6
0 = − 35280 + 𝐶1(140) + 𝐶2

𝐶2 = 35280 − 140𝐶1

X = 580, Y=0
1.88(𝑥 − 140)3 0.57(𝑥 − 580)3 0.98(𝑥 − 80)3 1.47(𝑥 − 350)3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + − − + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6 6 6
1.88(580 − 140)3 0.57(580 − 580)3 0.98(580 − 80)3 1.47(580 − 350)3
𝐸𝐼(0) = + − − + 𝐶1(580) + 35280 − 140𝐶1
6 6 6 6

1.88(580 − 140)3 0.98(580 − 80)3 1.47(580 − 350)3

𝐸𝐼 (0) = − − + 𝐶1(580) + 35280 − 140𝐶1
6 6 6
0 = 15804365 + 440𝐶1
15804365
𝐶1 = −
440
= −35919.011 N/mm

𝐶2 = 35280 − 140𝐶1

= 35280 − 140(−35919.011)

= 5063941.54 N/mm

31
Deflection for Case 1: Steel
𝐸 = 200 𝑥 103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼 = , 𝑏 = 18.6 , ℎ = 2.8
12
(18.6)(2.8)3
𝐼 = = 34.026 𝑚𝑚4
12

𝑥 = 365, 𝑦=0
𝐸𝐼 (𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥)

1.88(365 − 140)3 0.98(365 − 80)3 1.47(365 − 350)3

= − − − 35919.011(365) + 5063941.54
6 6 6
−8259285.6
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(200𝑥103 )𝑥(34.026)

= −1.21

Deflection for Case 2: Aluminum

𝐸 = 69 𝑥 103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼 = , 𝑏 = 18.6 , ℎ = 2.8
12
(18.6)(2.8)3
𝐼 = = 34.026 𝑚𝑚4
12

𝑥 = 475, 𝑦=0
𝐸𝐼 (𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥)

1.88(475 − 140)3 0.98(475 − 80)3

= − − 35919.011(475) + 5063941.54
6 6
491785.865
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(69𝑥103 )𝑥(34.026)

= 0.21

32
Deflection for Case 3: Brass
𝐸 = 105 𝑥 103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼 = , 𝑏 = 18.6 , ℎ = 2.8
12
(18.6)(2.8)3
𝐼 = = 34.026 𝑚𝑚4
12

𝑥 = 421, 𝑦=0
𝐸𝐼 (𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥)

1.88(421 − 140)3 0.98(421 − 80)3 1.478(421 − 350)3

= − − 35919.011(421) + 5063941.54
6 6 6
−9669861.536
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(105𝑥103 )𝑥(34.026)

= −2.71

33
iii) Discuss the outcome from question 3a(ii) in terms of external forces and the
maximum deflection relationships from this experiment. You may use any type of
graphical illustrations as part in your discussions.

When the load is applied, the load case 2 has the smallest deflection and load case 3 has
the largest deflection. The result that we obtained is slightly different than our laboratory
result. It is possible that this occurred because of human error. Because of the apparatus
in the laboratory, one of the beam measurements was taken incorrectly. The deflection of
a beam is proportional to the load but also is affected by factors such as distance, material
type, and point of application of load or force.

34
 TITLE : E-LABORATORY 4 : BUCKLING OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

COURSE CODE : BFC21201

COURSE NAME : HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
FACULTY : FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SECTION :6
GROUP :1
1. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN
(CF200142)
2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
GROUP MEMBER 3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI ALI
(AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID
(CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA
(CF200189)
LECTURER : IR. DR. ZAINORIZUAN BIN MOHD JAINI

SEMESTER/ SESSION : 3/ 2020/2021

SUBMISSION DATE : 29/11/2021

MARKS :

35
e-LAB 4 (CLO 1): Buckling of Compression Member

4. In this experiment, you will determine the critical buckling load (Pcr) of
aluminum strut. Carry out the following instructions by referring to Figure 4.1.

End restraint condition

Aluminum Strut

End restraint condition

BUCKLING OF STRUTS

Pinned Fixed
Pinned

Pinned Fixed Fixed

Figure 4.1

(a). Place each length of aluminum strut on the apparatus according to

respective end restraints conditions.

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

36
(i) From Table 4.1, complete the calculations of Pcr for each size and end
restrain condition.
(C2, PLO 4)
Table 4.1

Pcr, End Restraint Conditions

Strut length
(mm) Pined-Pinned Pinned-Fixed Fixed-Fixed
(N) (N) (N)
370

470

520

(ii) Compare the outcome from the calculations made in 4a(i) with the
laboratory results. You may use any type of graphical illustrations as
part in your discussions in order to explain the relationship between
both parameters (end restraints and strut length) against Pcr.
(C2, PLO 4)

(iii) Using the Euler buckling curve shows in Figure 4.2, identify the
classification of the compression member for each aluminum strut
length at respective end restraint conditions.
(C2, PLO 4)

Figure 4.2

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

37
APPARATUS
NO NAME PICTURE

1 Digital Force Display

2 Aluminium Strut

3 Buckling of Strut Tester

38
PROCEDURE
STEP DESCRITION PICTURE
1 Remove the top chuck and attach
the bottom chuck to the machine.

2 Adjust the sliding crosshead to

receive the strut and secure it in
place with the thumbnut. Assure
the hand wheel has enough travel
to compress the strut. Close the
locking screw.

3 Back off the handwheel so the strut

rests in the notch but is not loaded.
Front panel control to reset the
forcemeter

4 Load the strut slowly. If the strut

buckles to the left, “flick” it to the
right, and vice versa. Turn the hand
wheel until the weight peaks and
then drops as it settles in the
notches.

39
5 Record the final load in Table 1.
Repeat with strut numbers 2, 3, 4
and 5. Adjust the crosshead as
required to fit the strut.

40
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
a) Place each length of aluminum strut on the apparatus according to respective end
restraints conditions.
(i) From Table 4.1, complete the calculations of Pcr for each size and end restrain condition.
Table 4.1 Data from laboratory

Pcr, End Restraint Conditions

Strut length
(mm)
Pined-Pinned (N) Pinned-Fixed (N) Fixed-Fixed (N)

370 95 76 212

470 51 49 108

520 45 42 119

Table 4.2 Data from laboratory redo

Pcr, End Restraint Conditions

Strut length
(mm)
Pined-Pinned (N) Pinned-Fixed (N) Fixed-Fixed (N)

370 49 87 212

470 32 49 108

520 22 42 102

*This data was modified in Week 7.

41
Manual Calculations
Modulus of elasticity of = 69x103 MPa
aluminium, E = 69kN/mm2
= 69000N/mm2

Second moment area, 𝐼𝜒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝛾

𝑏ℎ3 𝑏3 ℎ
𝐼𝜒 = 𝐼𝑦 =
12 12
19(1.8)3 (19)3 1.8
𝐼𝜒 = 𝐼𝑦 =
12 12
𝐼𝜒 = 9.234𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑦 = 1028.85𝑚𝑚4

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝜒 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝜒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑦 =
𝐿2 𝐿2
(𝜋 2 )(69000)(9.234) (𝜋 2 )(69000)(1028.85)
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝜒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑦 =
(370)2 (370)2
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝜒 = 45.93 𝑁 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑦 = 5117.97 𝑁
Since moment inertia (I) is directly proportional to Pcr, a strut will buckle at the primary axis
cross-section with the lowest I. In our calculations, we decided to use 𝐼𝜒 , which has a value
of 9.234𝑚𝑚4 .

42
I. Pinned-Pinned (N)
nπ2 EI
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
L2
n=1.0

▪ 370mm
(1)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(370)2
= 45.93𝑁

▪ 470mm

(1)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(1.00)(470)2

= 28.47𝑁

▪ 520mm
(1)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(1.00)(520)2
= 23.26𝑁

43
II. Pinned-Fixed (N)
nπ2 EI
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
L2
n=2

▪ 370mm
(2)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(370)2
= 91.87𝑁

▪ 470mm

(2)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(470)2

= 56.93𝑁

▪ 520mm
(2)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(520)2
= 46.51𝑁

44
III. Fixed-Fixed (N)
𝑛π2 EI
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
L2
K=4

▪ 370mm
(4)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(370)2
= 183.74𝑁

▪ 470mm

(4)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(470)2

= 113.87𝑁

▪ 520mm
(4)(π2 )(69000)(9.234)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(520)2
= 93.02𝑁

45
(ii) Compare the outcome from the calculations made in 4a(i) with the laboratory results. You
may use any type of graphical illustrations as part in your discussions in order to explain
the relationship between both parameters (end restraints and strut length) against Pcr.
Table 4.3 Data comparison between laboratory and calculation
Strut
Pinned-Pinned Pinned-Fixed Fixed-Fixed
length
(N) (N) (N)
(mm)
laboratory calculation laboratory calculation laboratory calculation
370 49 45.93 87 91.87 212 183.74
470 32 28.47 49 56.93 108 113.87
520 22 23.26 42 46.51 102 93.02

End Restraint (N) vs Strut Length (mm)

250

212
200

183.74

150

113.87
102
100 91.87 108
87 93.02
56.93
49
49 46.51
50
45.93 32 42
23.26
28.47
22
0
370 470 520

Pined-Pined (Lab) Pined-Pined (Cal) Pined-Fixed (Lab)

Pined-Fixed (Cal) Fixed-Fixed (Lab) Fixed-Fixed (Cal)

Observing the graph above, we see that the actual and theoretical buckling loads decrease
as the strut length increases. The buckling load and the strut length are inversely related in
a linear condition. The graph shows that the aluminium strut with both fixed ends has the
highest buckling load, followed by pinned-fixed and pinned-pinned support.

46
 The strut has a propensity to buckle in the middle. Several variables can affect strut
displacements, such as material imperfections and varied support responses, affecting the
buckling load. Poor testing methods were the primary cause of the mistake. There was still
a significant and persistent inaccuracy even with a good approach. Inadequately conditional
test samples and inaccurately calibrated equipment were the primary causes of the
inaccuracy. Before this test, the samples had suffered buckling several times.

(iii)Using the Euler buckling curve shows in Figure 4.2, identify the classification of the
compression member for each aluminum strut length at respective end restraint conditions.

A is approximately 19, 19 < B < 60.3, C > 60.3 Therefore, the value in the table if:
• A < 19 = Short Post - No buckling
• 19 < B < 60.3 = Intermediate Column - Inelastic buckling
• C > 60.3 = Long Column - Elastic buckling

47
 Pinned - Pinned
Strut Length (mm) Pcr Value (N) Classification
19 < B < 60.3 = Intermediate Column - Inelastic
320 45.93
buckling
19 < B < 60.3 = Intermediate Column - Inelastic
470 28.47
buckling
19 < B < 60.3 = Intermediate Column - Inelastic
520 23.26
buckling

Pinned - Fixed
Strut Length (mm) Pcr Value (N) Classification
320 91.87 C > 60.3 = Long Column - Elastic buckling
19 < B < 60.3 = Intermediate Column - Inelastic
470 56.93
buckling
19 < B < 60.3 = Intermediate Column - Inelastic
520 46.51
buckling

Pinned - Fixed
Strut Length (mm) Pcr Value (N) Classification
320 183.74 C > 60.3 = Long Column - Elastic buckling
470 113.87 C > 60.3 = Long Column - Elastic buckling
520 93.02 C > 60.3 = Long Column - Elastic buckling

For each aluminium strut's length, the critical stress at the end restraint condition is lower
than the aluminium yield stress point of 250 MPa. All of the aluminium struts at the
appropriate end restraints are long column-elastic buckling struts that act elastically.

48
 TITLE : E-LABORATORY 5 : MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TENSION MEMBER

COURSE CODE : BFC21201

COURSE NAME : HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
FACULTY : FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SECTION :6
GROUP :1
1. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN
(CF200142)
2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN
(CF200101)
GROUP MEMBER 3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAHI ALI
(AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID
(CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA
(CF200189)
LECTURER : IR. DR. ZAINORIZUAN BIN MOHD JAINI

SEMESTER/ SESSION : 3/ 2020/2021

SUBMISSION DATE : 29/11/2021

MARKS :

49
e-LAB 5 (CLO 2): Mechanical properties of tension member

5. Please refer to specific code of practice of BS EN ISO 6892-1: 2019 to

conduct the tensile testing for a reinforcement bar (rebar) using 1000 kN of
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Please find related technical specification
for this UTM machine with the model number GT-7001-LSU 100 from the
website: https://mobile.gotech.biz/product_info?n=137. Carry out the
following instructions by referring to Figure 5.1. Please request the rebar Ø
(mm) and the stress-strain curves testing output from respective lecturer, to
answer the following questions.

Figure 5.1

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

50
(i) Recognize the standard safety operational procedure to be fulfilled
before conducting this testing. Provide any related images or sketches
illustrations as part in your discussions.
(A2, PLO 9)

(ii) Establish the sample preparations prior to sample installation and

testing. Provide any related images, sketches or schematic diagram as
part in your discussions.
(P2, PLO 5)

(iii) Complete the values in Table 5.1.

(P3, PLO 5)
Table 5.1
Yield Strength (MPa), σy
Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult
Ratio of σult / σy
Elastic region From: to:

Plastic region From:

(iv) Produce a standard testing procedure (SOP) for tensile testing of your
rebar according to BS EN ISO 6892-1: 2019. Provide any related
graphical or schematic diagram if necessary.
(P4, PLO 5)

(v) Discuss whether the strength of this steel rebar is satisfied to the
standard code of practice.
(P4, PLO 5)

e-Lab MoM Semester I Session 2021/2022 - AFK

51
E-LAB 5 (CLO 1): MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TENSION MEMBER

1. In this experiment, you please refer to specific code of practice of BS EN ISO 6892-1: 2019
to conduct the tensile testing for a reinforcement bar (rebar) using 1000 kN of Universal
Testing Machine (UTM). Please find related technical specification for this UTM machine
with the model number GT-7001- LSU 100 from the website:
https://mobile.gotech.biz/product_info?n=137. Carry out the following instructions,
referring to Figure 5.1. Please request the rebar Ø (mm) and the stress-strain curves testing
output from respective lecturer, to answer the following questions.

Figure 5.1

52
(i) Recognize the standard safety operational procedure to be fulfilled before conducting
this testing. Provide any related images or sketches illustrations as part of your
discussions.
*(A2, PLO 2)

Answer:

TASK HAZARD CONTROLS PHOTO

 Students are required

to provide their own
safety glasses.
 See laboratory
Instructor or
laboratory manager if
you do not have safety
Wear clear safety glasses before
glasses with side Flying debris proceeding to use
shields.
equipment.

 If defects are found

report this to your lab
Inspect safety glasses instructor before
for cracks, scratches, using.
or other damage.
Ensure the ANSI
standard Z87.1 is Flying debris
stamped into the side
of glasses. If
necessary, inspect dust
mask or face mask.

 Always wear safety

glasses. Always
wear closed toed shoes
when handling jaws or
Flying debris and other heavy
Put on PPE attachments.
heavy objects

53
  Keep the work area
Inspect work area, around the Instron free
walk around Instron from scraps, dust, oil
Slips, trips &
looking for debris and and grease.
falls
ensure proper
lighting.

 Check for proper

functioning of
manual controls
used to position
crosshead.
 Check for proper
Check manual Injury, pinch functioning of
controls points Emergency Stop
Switch.
 Always keep
hands/fingers away
from jaws or platens
when adjusting
crosshead

54
(i) Establish the preparation of the sample (rebar), sample installation and technical
operational using UTM machine. Provide any related images, sketches, or schematic
diagram as part of your discussions.
(P2, PLO 2)
Answer:

❖ Sample Preparation

➢ Geometry Considerations: Tensile Testing

Figure 1 Tensile Specimen Geometry

➢ Rigid and semi-rigid plastics:

• Type I is preferred for this material type with specimens 7mm or less.

• Type II is used when a type I specimen will not break in the narrow section.

• Type III specimen must be used for any material with thickness of 7mm or more.

• Type IV specimens may only be used for testing materials of different rigidities (non-
rigid vs semi-rigid).

• Type V specimens are only usable where a material is 4mm thick or less.

55
 ➢ Non-rigid plastics:

• Type III specimens must be used for all samples between 7mm and 14mm thick.

• Type IV samples must be used for all samples 4mm thick or less.

➢ Reinforced composites:

• Only Type I specimens may be used for these materials.

➢ Load Cell Installation

1. Remove communication connection from the Instron.

2. Remove three lug screws from top of the load cell.

3. Using handle on the load cell, pull load cell from the top of the instrument.

4. Replace new load cell into socket taking care to line up lug holes.

5. Using lug screws secure new load cell to upper control arm, tightening screws in a star
pattern to one quarter turn past finger tight.

6. Plug the communications cable into the Instron.

➢ Fixture Selection and Installation Fixture Selection by Test

 Tensile Testing: For all tensile tests standard clamp type grips are used

 Three-point bend: For three-point bend tests a specialized simple supported three-point bend
fixture is required. Adjust your span to what is suitable for your sample’s type and
dimensions.

➢ Fixture Installation

 All clamps for the Instron Universal Testing machine are installed by use of pins and holes.
Ensure that the holes are lined up such that the pins may be completely inserted, and that
the fixtures are facing forward.

56
 ➢ Startup

From a depowered state (both Instron and computer are off);

1. Flip toggle on Instron Universal Testing Machine. Wait for machine to completely start.

2. Start up the PC by normal means.

 Power on the Tower.

 Power on the Monitor.

3. Once Computer is fully booted and logged in press the IEEE 488 button on the control panel
of the Instron.

4. Start Bluehill software (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Start BlueHill Software

➢ Using Software

1. After starting the software click Test (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Start Test Setup

2. Select and double click the test method from left panel. Test methods will reference the
ASTM Methods they correspond to (Figure 4)

Figure 4 Select Test Method

57
3. Enter Operator Name and Material Type. Click Next (Figure 5)

Figure 5 Enter Operator and Material

4. Enter your File Name and Output Folder. Click Next.

5. Click the Method tab at the top of the page. Click Control in the left column and then
Test (Figure 6)

Figure 6 Setting the Test Method

6. Enter your Testing Rate. This is based on your ASTM (D638 or D790) and material.
Click the Test tab. Measure and enter the test sample’s Width and Thickness. Click Next.

7. Install your specimen in the fixture. Click Start (Figure 7)

Figure 7 Click Start

8. Repeat Step 6.5.6 to 6.6.7 as needed.

9. Click Finish. When asked if you want to finish the sample, or test more specimens, click
Finish Sample.

58
(ii) Try to identify each type of mechanical properties and complete Table 5.1.

Yield Strength (MPa), σy 7200.00

Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult 28.27
Ratio of σult / σy 0.003
Elastic region From: 0 MPa to: 562 MPa

Plastic region From: 560 MPa to: 562 Mpa

Table 5.1

a) YIELD STRENGTH (MPA), σy

Yield Stress = 562 Mpa

Strain = 0.08 Mpa

Figure 1.0 How to Calculate Yield Strength (MPa),

σy Each Point for Stress at y-axis = 80.0MPa ÷ 5 = 16.0MPa

Stress, σ at y-axis from the graph =562 MPa
- Each Point for Elongation % at X - axis = 1.5% ÷ 5 = 0.3%
- Strain, ε at - axis from the graph = 0.2
- Yield Strength (MPa), σy

Fy
σy = Force at yield =
So
Original cross-sectional area
d2
So =
4
  0.22
=
4
= 0.08 mm2

576
So =
0.08
= 7200.00 Mpa 59
b) Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult

Ultimate Stress = 672.0 Mpa

Strain = 6.0

c)
Figure 1.1 How to Calculate Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult

- Stress, σ at y-axis from the graph = 672.0MPa

- Strain, ε at - axis from the graph = 6.0
- Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult
Fy
- σult = Ultimate Force =
So
Original cross-sectional area

d2
So =
4
 6.02
=
4
= 28.27 mm2

672
So =
28.27
= 23.77 MPa

60
d) Ratio of σult / σy

 ult 28.27
=
 y 7200.00

= 0.003

e) Elastic region = 562MPa , Plastic Region = 560 MPa

Yield Stress = 562

Plastic region area

Stress, at
plastic region =
560
Elastic region area

Figure 1.2 Elastic Region Area & Plastic Region Area

61
(iv) Produce a standard operating procedure (SOP) for a tensile testing of your rebar
according to BS EN ISO 6892-1: 2019. Provide any related graphical or schematic
diagram if necessary.
(P4, PLO 2)

Answer:

PROCEDURE PICTURE

1. Prepare the specimen and record the

dimension (diameter and gauge length)
by using Vernier Calipers.

2. Prepare the Universal Testing Machine

and record the testing parameter.

3. Measure the diameter of the specimen

using Vernier Calipers. Load specimen
in the machine grips and most of the
slack need to be remove by moving the
lower crosshead.

62
4. The extensometer needs to be attached
and make it zero; secure it with a
lanyard so it will not fall and break if
specimen fracture occurs before the
extensometer can be removed. The load
indicator also needs to make it zero and
the right-side hydraulic valve about %
turn need to be open.

5. As the sample is loaded, close the valve,

and record the load and elongation at
regular load intervals up to the yield
point (when the load starts increasing
more slowly and the strain starts
increasing more rapidly).

6. Continue to load the sample until the

range of extensometer is exceeded, then
the extensometer needs to be removed.

7. Then, load the sample until it breaks;

pay close attention to the load indicator
and record the load at failure. Observe
and record the maximum load on the
follower needle

63
(v) Make decision and discuss whether the strength of this steel rebar is satisfied to
the standard code of practice.
(P4, PLO 2)

a) Based on the graph yield stress it shows that the obtained stress is 16066.7mpa which
is shown that the ultimate stress for this rebar is 5.62mpa.

b) The ultimate stress that acting on this tensile is somehow low.

c) It can be figure that the strength of the 16-millimeter rebar cannot be claim to satisfy
the standard.

64
E-O EQ: OPEN ENDED QUESTION

OEQ 1:
What are the main purposes to conduct laboratory / experiment on the structural
members?
One the ways to prove the finding is reliable or not is accuracy. To test the accuracy of your
findings by Comparing a single measurement to the value predicted by theory and comparing
the result to the recognized value for the entire experiment's outcome. Comparing a single
measurement to the value predicted by theory and comparing the final result to the
recognized value for the entire experiment's outcome. The main purpose is to provide
students with conceptual and theoretical knowledge to help them learn civil engineering
concepts, and through methods. Laboratory also help students to understanding of the
properties of materials, in terms of their structure, use in the construction industry and
methods of performance testing. The general purposes to conduct laboratory work may be:
- Supporting or strengthening theoretical knowledge,
- Experiencing the pleasure of discovery and development of their psycho-motor skills,
- Teaching how scientific knowledge may be used in daily life,
- Increasing creative thinking skills,
- Gains in scientific working methods and higher order thinking skills,
- Developing communication skills,
- Developing manual dexterity by using tools and equipment.

65
OEQ 2:
How significant the outcome from laboratory/ experiment is assuredly proven to be
as a reliable finding?

One the ways to prove the finding is reliable or not is accuracy. To test the accuracy of
your findings by Comparing a single measurement to the value predicted by theory and
comparing the result to the recognized value for the entire experiment's outcome.
Comparing a single measurement to the value predicted by theory and comparing the
result to the recognized value for the entire experiment's outcome.

1. Reliability

Reliability is measured by a percentage – if you get the same results every time
then they are 100% reliable.

2. Validity

Validity describes whether the results of an experiment really do measure the concept
being tested.

3. Accuracy

Accuracy describes how well a measuring instrument determines the variable it is

measuring.

66
OEQ 3:
What are the alternative methods to provide reliable finding without doing
laboratory/experiment?

Field research

One of most useful methods reliable results is field research, it’s a style of investigation that
identifies the goal of research as gathering information on a specific issue or set of questions.
Answers can be obtained in a variety of ways. The approach used is determined by several criteria,
including the nature of the issue, the setting in which the research will be conducted, and the
researcher's background and disciplinary perspective. Since there is a pandemic around the world,
this method become more useful to students who couldn’t attend at laboratory due restriction rules
of the most institutions. It is research conducted in the real world or a natural setting. It tends to observe,
analyze, and describe what exists rather than manipulating a factor under study.

The research settings resemble the situations encountered in daily living, preserving the naturalness of the
setting. Participants in field research may or may not know that they are being studied. Field research studies
are more likely to be descriptive, developmental, correlational, and survey in design than they are to be
experimental. The principal advantage of field research is its generalizability to real-life contexts because they
represent a greater variety of situations and environments that subjects experience in their natural habitat

67
MINUTE MEETING

MEETING MINUTES 1

Date : November 01, 2020 (Monday)

Time : 2.30 - 6.00 p.m
Venue : Own House.

Attendance :

1. MUHAMMAD HAZID IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN (CF200101)

2. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN (CF200142)
3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAH ALI (AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA (CF200189)

Absent : None

Content :
1. Leader makes an opening speech about the purpose of the meeting.
2. Listing of all task and discussion on work division assigned to all group members.
3. Creation of WhatsApp group for discussion purpose.

68
 Google meet discussion

Prepared by,

……………………………
(NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID)

Verified by,

……………………………
(MUHAMMAD HAZID IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN)
Leader Group 1

69
 MEETING MINUTES 2

Date : November 15, 2020 (Monday)

Time : 2.30 - 6.00 p.m
Venue : Own House.

Attendance :

1. MUHAMMAD HAZID IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN (CF200101)

2. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN (CF200142)
3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAH ALI (AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA (CF200189)

Absent : None

Content :
2. Notification and discussion of the progress of the work done by all the group
members through WhatsApp.
3. Review and update the lab report.
4. Discussion on next task which is the full report of the project.
5. Arrange date for the next meeting.

70
 Goggle meet discussion

Prepared by,

……………………………
(NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID)

Verified by,

……………………………
(MUHAMMAD HAZID IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN)
Leader Group 1

71
 MEETING MINUTES 3

Date : November 28, 2020 (Sunday)

Time : 2.30 - 6.00 p.m
Venue : Own House.

Attendance :

1. MUHAMMAD HAZID IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN (CF200101)

2. MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN ZANORIN (CF200142)
3. ABDIRAHMAN ABDULLAH ALI (AF180286)
4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (CF200224)
5. BEATRICESIA LIJA (CF200189)

Absent : None

Content :
1. Identify each member ideas to manage the problem.
2. Identify the learning issues that relate to the question given
3. Finalize and compile the data in a file before looking through the data.

72
 WhatsApp discussion

Prepared by,

……………………………
(NUR ATHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID)

Verified by,

……………………………
(MUHAMMAD HAZIQ IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD HUSSIN)
Leader Group 1

73