1.

OBJECTIVES OF ON THE JOB TRAINING PROGRAM

1. To apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application.
2. To acquire knowledge of various stages of construction, project management and
team-work.
3. To practice ethical and professional work culture.
4. To provide opportunity for students to work with industrial practitioners.
5. To implement health safety Environment (HSE) practices at workplace.

2. Sequence of Construction Work Building

2.1) DPC (Damp Proof Coarse)
2.2) Column Construction
2.3) Brick Wall Construction
2.4) Shuttering & Scaffolding
2.5) Stair Casting
2.6) Beam and slab casting
2.7) Flooring
2.8) Plastering
2.9) Painting Works
2.10) Completed Building

2.1) DPC (Damp Proof Coarse):

A damp proof course (DPC) is a form of damp proofing installed in a property to
prevent rising damp and associated problems. The damp proof course (DPC) is
generally applied at basement levels.

Figure No.1:-DPC (Damp Proof Coarse)

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2.2) Column Construction:
RCC column is a vertical structural member which transfers loads from beam and
slab directly to the underneath soil. That means an entire building stands on columns.
Most of the building failure occurs not only for design fault but also for poor
construction practices.
i) RCC columns are mainly constructed in four different stages,
a) Column Layout Work
b) Column Reinforcement work.
c) Column Formwork and
d) Pouring concrete
a) Column Layout Work: This is the step of column construction. In this step, the
location of columns is decided practically in the field. It is done by laying rope as
per the grids are shown in the drawing afterward, the location of columns is
marked.

Figure No.2:-Column Layout Work

b) Column Reinforcement work: When marking of column location is done, the
reinforcement of columns are placed according to the structural to the structural
drawing.

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 For example, C1-8#16mm∅ and stirrup- 8mm∅@5”c/c
This means, the column C1 will have 8 numbers of 16mm diameter bars as
the vertical bar and 8mm diameter steel should be placed 5 inch center to center
spacing as the stirrup.
c) Column Formwork: The floor height is normally kept at 10 feet. If the slab
contains beam, then concrete has to be poured upto beam bottom level. For
example, if the beam height is given in the drawing is 1’-6”, the casting height of
column and formwork will be 8’6”. But as we know that dropping concrete more
than 5 feet height is not allowed because it will cause segregation, we should
create formwork within 5 feet height. When the first part will be cast completely,
the rest should be started.

Figure No.3:-Column Formwork

d) Pouring Concrete into Column: Concreting of column is done in two different
methods:
a) Manually
b) Using machine or pump

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 Figure No.4:-Pouring
No.4: Pouring Concrete into Column
2.3)) Brick Wall Construction:
Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build
partition walls. In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the
internal walls were made of bricks. English bond was used and a ratio of 1:4 (1
cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 was used depending upon upon whether the wall is 4.5
inches or 9 inches.

Precautions to be taken in brick work:

 Brick should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water penetrates
to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is sufficient.
 A systematic bond d must be maintained throughout the brickwork. Vertical joints
shouldn’t be continuous but staggered.
 The joint thickness shouldn’t exceed 1cm. It should be thoroughlyfilled with the
cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: sand by volume)
 All bricks should be pl placed
aced on their bed with grogs. On top (depression on top of
the brick for providing bond with mortar).
 Thread, Plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment, verticality and
horizontality of construction.
 Joints should be raked and properly finish
finished
ed with trowel or float, to provide good
bond.
 A maximum of one metre wall height should be constructed in a day.
 Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days.
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 Figure No.5:
No.5:-Brick Wall Construction
2.4) Formwork, Shuttering & Scaffolding:
It is a part of formwork, or you may call it as derivative of formwork. Shuttering is
a vertical temporary arrangement which is arranged to bring concrete in a desired
shape. Formwork which supports vertical arrangement is known as shuttering. In a
technical point of view, Formwork for columns, footings, retaining walls is called as
a Shuttering.

Figure No.6: Formwork Shuttering & Scaffolding

No.6:-Formwork

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2.5) Stair Casting:
The followings are the steps involved in construction of stairs,

1. Designing of Concrete Stairs

Designing of stairs requires through knowledge about design aspects and site
study. The factors that influence the design of stairs are height of the floor, width of
the stairs, riser depth, thread width, thickness of the stairs, angle of the stairs, load
applied on the stairs and many other aspects which requires a qualified engineer to
design the perfect stairs. The standard dimensions for stairs components are,

Component Standard Dimension

Thread 9 - 9.25 Inch
Riser 7.5 – 8.25 Inch
Width 3 Feet
Flight Angle 30 - 45 Degree

2. Foundation and Support for Concrete Stairs

The foundation on which the concrete stairs rest is to be properly constructed so
that the loads of the stairs are transferred in to ground successfully and to resist the
movement of stairs. If the plinth beam of building is present at the start of the stairs,
then the reinforcement steels bars can be connected to them which will transfer the
loads. If no plinth beam is found, then a small concrete foundation or size stone
masonry is constructed. To support the stairs at the top which restricts the movement
of stairs is usually done to the roof beam or slab.
3. Building the Form-work for Concrete Stairs

The most important step when building concrete stairs is to use a proper
formwork. The angle of flight, dimensions of thread and riser are to be properly
checked. Usually while constructing a stair attached to wall, the line of flight, thread
and risers are marked on the wall for proper fixing of shuttering or formwork.

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 Figure No.7: work for Concrete Stairs
No.7:-Building the Form-work
The boards must be at least 2” thick, as to support the weight of the concrete. The
whole structure of the form, must be supported by 4×4 posts. The wooden boards are
used to create the steps and are fastened with several screws to the lateral structure of
the formwork.
Use a spirit level, as to make sure the form is level and plumb, if you want to
obtain a neat look. The form of the concrete stairs should be connected to the ceiling.

4. Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Stairs

The concrete steps are to be reinforced with steel bars so as it carries the loads
coming upon the stairs and transfer them to the ground. The number of steel bars and
size of the bars is to be calculated by a structural engineer depending upon the loads
coming on the stairs.

No.8: Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Stairs

Figure No.8:-Steel

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 These steel reinforcement bars are placed in the formwork with minimum of 25
mm spacing and is tied together.

5. Pouring of Concrete for Concrete Stairs

Pouring of concrete into the formworks is started from the below part to above.
The concrete mix plays an important role in strength and durability of stairs. Standard
mix used for stairs are 3 parts cement, 2 parts sand, 4 parts gravel and water. It is
recommended to use a concrete vibrator while pouring the concrete to completely fill
the gaps of the stairs and to avoid the honeycomb formation.

Figure No.9 Pouring of Concrete for Concrete Stairs

ure No.9:-Pouring
6. Removal of Formwork
rmwork
The stairs require at least 21 days to dry out completely, so the removal of
formwork is to done only after 21days. In these 21 days proper curing is to done to
prevents the cracks in stairs due to thermal expansion.

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 Fig
Figure No.10:-Removal of Formwork
7. Finishing of Concrete Stairs
Once the formwork is removed, the stairs can be finished in many ways as per the
requirement of the use. It can just be finished using trowel or float to give concrete
finish, cement tiles, granite can be installed for better appearance. Even carpet or
wood can also be used to finish the stairs.

Figure
ure No.11:-Finishing
No.11 of Concrete Stairs

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2.6) Beam and slab casting:
Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and
useful surfaces such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural
component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so. To read more about slab
thickness evaluation please click here. Commonly, slabs are supported by beams,
columns (concrete
te or steel), walls, or the ground. The depth of a concrete slab floor is
very small compared to its span.

Figure
Fig No.12:-Bam & slab casting
2.7) Flooring:
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of
installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any
finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms
are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid
loose materials.
Materials almost
lmost always classified as floor covering include carpet, area rugs, and
resilient flooring such as linoleum or vinyl flooring. Materials commonly called
flooring include wood flooring, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and various seamless
chemical floor coatings.
tings.

2.8) Plastering:
Plaster may be defined as Lean Mortar used mostly for covering masonry surfaces.
They are lean mixes of Binding Materials (Lime or Cement) with fillers material such
as Sand or Crushed stones. And the process of covering surfaces with
wi Plaster is called
Plastering.

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 They are specially prepared for two reasons.
reasons
i) For Protection.
ii) For Decoration.
In protective covering, the Plaster saves the Bricks or Stones from Direct
Destructive Attacks of Atmosphere such as Wind, Rain and Harmful Industrial
Gases.
As a decorative finish, Plasters are used to give many appealing shades and finish
designs to the construction.

The most common proportion for Cement Plasters is (1:3).

i) For external surfaces (1:3).
ii) For internal surfaces (1:4).
(

2.9) Painting Works:

Paints are coatings of fluid materials which are applied as a final finish to surfaces
like walls, ceiling, wood and metal works.
Painting is done to protect the surface from the effects of weathering, to prevent
wood from decay and metal from corrosion, to provide a decorative finish and to
obtain a clean, hygienic and healthy living atmosphere.

Figure No.13:-Painting work

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2.10) Completd the Building:
The building is a kind of structure which is built with materials and including
with foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing, and building services,
fixed platforms, veranda, balcony, cornice or projection, part of a building or anything
affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs
and outdoor display structures. For example, houses, factories, shopping malls, hospitals,
etc.

A building aims to give shelter along with security. Other purposes such as buildings
serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from the weather, security, living
space, privacy, to store belongings, supplied electricity, and to comfortably live and work

Figure No.14:-Complete Building

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 3. CONCLUSION
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is
constructed within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced
techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer
must face during construction i.e. labour problems, cost management, environmental
challenges etc. We cleared our many doubts regarding building construction. We had
seen dewatering system at project site for construction, which is not used at our state
anymore, so it was a new thing for us.
Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have been
studied some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready-mix plant
because basic knowledge about their working is important for an engineer but also
because was the opportunity to see and understand them.
Overall, it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a
highway
Project needs a very good coordination and large quantities of manpower, equipment
and funds.
During the period of three months all the school teacher helped us a lot to provide all
the information about any query. So we are grateful to all the teacher of Shree Tribhuvan
Secondary School Gaushala-05, Mahottari, (Nepal), as well as we are so thankful to our
Er.Surendra Sah, Er.Pappu Roushan, Er.Raj Bahadur Sah & Er.Sushil Sah for their kind
support.

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 4. References

♦ Mentor’s notes
♦ Building Construction book of BC
Punmia ♦ Website of slideshare.net
♦ Under the suggestion of our technical teacher’s
team ♦ Some other notes from our senior’s
♦ Building Construction book of D.Prasad & R.K. Shrestha

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 5. Appendix

Fig
Figure No.15:- Brick Soling & P.C.C.

Figure
ure No.16:-Ground
No.16 Ground Beam with Column Bars

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 Figure No.17:-Brick
Brick Work above ground beam & back filling

Figure No.18:-Formwork
Formwork of Column and Brick work above plinth

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 Figure No.19:: Formwork & Shuttering work for slab casting

Figure
Fig No.20: Concreting the slab

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