Banding

opicLnic stevas
helieenloaS
h
fance
xBond-The atteachíorv
betieenm H-aloosi
aoolecule: E
9Atteachion
Na andC Cin
in NaC NaC
HDAtheacionbeween
oka band
TNbaatons stable
Anslo bacoxme
2Hod
ins Ber
Ansob
tbey becoxnR
do
Ber gettina studiure
stable
snoble
oroble 9 plac
aom
Abu aree nastable inhe fiest
haNe R osten shell
Anshey don
stctuNeeR
Houthe get noblegos B hing eledrons
ons
OnSB ansteering eectons

bends3
oxee
Fah demest is mode P
ot ustone ype
the
ot stnn, ualy jomed to othe oms o he
Soen&eleroets by bonds Ex, cla
ompands ope oreed hen difeent etme
Chernically ead and on
bonds th 2och
other. E.
H,oGaate
do oros fnro bondsl
he
Bocdsndolve the edinons inhe
hels attan.boch shel has omax n
obe eecleons tht t Can hold
 Eledrons he shells nesres Ahe
mucleeus fiest rft/ lsolss
hell2holdssa
elesons
2nd shell holds armoiman
ot electreons
Bed 5hel a malm
ldole s eled
hods

KTnic bondin C& treanSkerrina eecrons)

Occurs beweehamsil and monnea
Ceshaping eletieo ns
Cosaler bondins
Lc
Oceursbetneen ohl non-nemls
ban din
Meallie baween meas Ted
Occ s
Daive bonding bsz
Ocdeleni bond
Coordinále 26cg
 28:S22
lopiconic onding
Topie
he Bonding
bond
The band s betideen
oemed
mdos ond on-oefas

nd
he
Omd neaae

Bond
is alšs
beeen Na
oS ond
teansteeang
eecteosratic aileadion arce bkieer
jons, 9ionis bondfnq

Cin C
Mer
C
eledieolales
elediro
si
pend

Na C Non-rae\o

2 YonsChaoaed parnices aee Called Sons

lons
1
Olee o TNo ypes ers
2T 5 charge
s e ions NaT Mo NH
2Neaie SonSO O,c02 NO,*
Mg,
Tons ose b de uees in eemsato presen
IMonoalomic , Nat CIZ, D Ma T

2 blyaanninsNHA,C0 NOOH PO4

dees on jon 6raras

He==IL
O
12n
Na Na 12n=Q-
22
Ma 2e Mg

12 412

c
3
7
oe
12
-lo

e
T +7
2- e O
4
X 2e
4 Do-ceos5 diagkaa
NaC
NA C2,3, Nat C2,
C2,3, SC (2s,

230b2
 opicaLonis Bon

D-coSy diagrrnS
M
Ma C23,2 MO 2t
C2
C2
O C2) 12+ 2
Ma

X .Xo

Na2O
No C23,) Ma C2,
O c2, C2
Na Na

00
22
266Mubavak
wbaraK
M.bAYO
Mube
 20:722

lopic.lonic Bonding
Mocla
C C2,8,9
aC2,3,D
C2,,8 cM C2,
C28,3
Xx
el
2
e
06
aay2e 6B fbem M pn-
Ma-qlom
2C-doms opip
gyes
t om Oc
le each
icns

fmce betueern
The electoostatic alliraatn
2C pns iIlL MCl
M2and
HN Mg0 Ca O CaCl AC
ToDic
eeptie empengFAS
corapound
Poox
5olid
Haye Kigh nelting
a boilingPaa
BHle innature
Dissole in atee
lonic lttice
DPRO gant dissalved
raoleD and
Condu d elepictu
statebutaar in solid tate

GantToio Lattie.
attice Rs be egule
Paxfices
in 3D
SisAarees
oniclatise sherealae
lan_eeaAQeroedD
 ons in 3D stoucure
fosmslott
NaCl Aatree
are
example, ions
Here the NaTand
al

in egula pottenh
oAPnaarged
3D steustue

NaT NT
a -o-
Na C
C2D fure)-C
çl< Nqt

Ci
HH
-NA
N -C
Cep TPactu e)

opicTon 247
BondinA
Inthe SroEre
s attogsd siX
2ach Posthve oy
Ard megalve nsS
each
regat.eR
sixPosya 1ons
lon s atiracte
CI
C Na
NAt
Nat
 ts
giat
atinachion
stousure caled
ce e orso
aiant jonic latiice
And due he stsong
attieaea *eeqaises a eneg
he xtkR
brreak

Tanic coropotsnds hae lbigh aening pont

Jonic Compounds oea giant orniclsttice
Due to steona aTeaaon ece betvleenD
and recglin ohyIeeies O
or enerPay to break he tPee
hat hey hae gh nneingPofn
And Theu solid pon Rapeatue
Lonc eompoAnds dissohe
Poar Solants aNins
Posteand negsis ends

atd
Jonfc compounds oe ncde up of fand ion
Hhan the ix th Ter postfe ends
Nakp decules gaiar aroundneaqie ons
And-ends o
Waep molecules gathee aroundfong
Then hey teally pull he ons eorahe latie
As the force Nater
eolecles is
Ths,
hey breeakfoe
ionic ds eorpoun
be sso
hn ang
in viTter
 26 22
lopicLonic Bavndina
Lomie compounds condua edi<
nd dissolved sTate mor in
condus sodst
eeckeiyone subson ce needl
TOheveT charaed poysicless
2chonged parSTiceshave
to be wvole
Lonc OrnpoAnds
earicles-eosTive end
ae
mede p
oehog
I neolNe.
solfdstate,the on
onS
oPe In txed
s7in the atice,the aPe nol posiTo
F the lorieolid Sanoble alloied mo
nove
ve
Condoeledi
TOns ee eee dissoedset the
The teee mowing

NatCF
Nt
o
Ymoe
onshelps condud ledec

DH OHNot
edirii

ren
ebe ssoe Naer

Tonic solfdsS OPe

nthe
IOnS
onic sds oettle
are posTfe and

7
tr hen
sfdes
omce
ove
CPeanordaternoi

OTher
n sifd \auee
oPpljeal
rolL

ONe on some ehages Conee

cN oTher
As, sameoharaeS Nepeeash sther,
lauees push each orhesava
e
bove 4hís hefe
ack beWeen e
ceas
\stees
be a
 lepicCdes n ding
27T22

valent Bondina
The bond
oetueeYY non tals
The bond ed b harnseetkons.

The eeeoosahe
attyo adron
oeeen Positiie udeane Rgat
shane eir d eledTvens

-T nUucleAs

Sherd& eedams

Dt- CoosS diaqrs ors

Atonn Use their
ovem unpafeed sledioons
colalert on
ffred
es
O

Upefredes
 2
Cb2 opic valeg Bacding
AtoroSs th paieed electoons

NCt

C Gir N
XX

D coss_diaaana

H-H

O XX

O
N2 x
N NEN
4 He CT
H-

KX
SH,o
H-0-H

x
6NH
H
O H-N-H
H N

CH
C -
H
ft
BE
6
F
FO F
F

O-C=o

ledieon=defien eerepaindThe.
Cenieal
ss hn e
afoain a coalers ooonp.oune boing
a ee eralc thebancs
 lopi vala S
Tres CovaenT StiRue
Simple Haecular STe que
2'Gia CoNalet SJrusue
*Snple Molecula
sfrudure
Contains fe nhe afons
Genen O gid a oom
ally mole cue
,tenpeo
of4 brtHle
ttR eak nate
Do n ordud
Do no se n Ter
nteemoleubr
tnden
eectieier
frce

E c2 O N 0
NH2, Ca CCl4, CHoSa t Co,,Cath
,C,HeOtt
CH4
Tocordact ale
crhCtt there ore
fdes
Sai
Cordud
eleetiet,
ceícysubstane
mowng horsged paiees
eleetwns s
d
e rd
reg

dhormed
B
coha R
they ape
tron
g
atttched
thar the hehe toas
tha cH connal0orluet eednaty
 82=
lopic aNalen
Bondinq
Giot CNalenL STedKare
he
eaoa
Conain> billionsot in siouckun»e
GiepeY allu
He
D ns
Jeeybign tinapan
dissolve
Dooo condur elecleferu
E Diamand Cexcepiqraphiie).
Cc),oraphitE (<, lfcaCSi0)
Alldopes The
Same eemestsSubsncesdthaaee
Seugtne shO
bar
thairateyse
dierences ipheica
tmadee

peopetieS
0 and arealtiopes
O= O O are lseopesot oxygen
OSgen 9Zone
Diamond and graphpfe
Thepe is ansther olSTrope,that
oe alldlepes carboy
is Cce Rllerene

Qianond
Aleope
Eaeb eaabon
Carbon
afo totns 4
colalep
omsmakna talranedral
bons
seudMre

Cuses 4 eS do haSiom
Afono
igee ngarbon
he hoe
heetahedra Sioudtu conlnues theoigholtucue
he steong
The sreong oaleatbnd betwkæn C-snas
compo ond haedes
diamord used thg
se ure on Ea
Cse lepdneoli
Ts onaner allatese carbon
Otke diaraond andoeaphie *
ed a ber C-atoers
ostains
contains Go C-ons in
The inieeoolecdar ti on
a
cesrooee
ceAA
Coebonoee ens pno rurures ye
1e
graphite
And heue delocalised
oeeeele rs
electfons
can only moe wtbn
the cage fke siare
one decule her

Ce fAllerea
 28 22

lopiccetalli Bondins
HM
Mdalli
AtonS
Toasthe-Ih
toasther
Bondina
a
mafals
aiart
e
ltice
X
fiahHy
simlar
padked
attie in (on Sonpoundsc

Ses Pree ekdo

The oer eedronns
and become delocalized,Sepase
om
6
heie olhs
The aoms becone areafng s2a st elec
ons
6 these beConee postrRe and are atsagled

his heodtion
eson hyhe.
s
elecoons:
coll
ealkboding ond is the
posive eTal fns do
|each other. orepel

opertes matals. depstt

Maal ons foroo a latice which
ighty Racked ohd den sen thor
the atfes
compaumds. Iheyopmn
Meals ysh|s cla
oenerally ho
a ey ho gmqh

andbsling point becouse bondS

poinr etno|
ane ve
shono So a Ange CAmo
Yeeded oeherg
energ
breakothers
mea bac the
Mercuoy CH
lovieSTmetng o
 Reoperies eceals conduCINHu
Aeals conduciN
CondaoeS.
heatheeeee eleclrons can ake
eneray, wbish
e be
an hen ans mokes Aheno ove faserThes
fer
heenergutheoao
electieretuthe feee eeafeens ie
le ielcal. dhar Con creg
5ilse the best cadude
ar coppee is he econ best eledict
khy is Copper ued
a eleipical is ead silye

Serfs maee pansiR

hancoppRr
 3-8-22
TopicMelallie Bonains

Ropetfesof nslsstensh
MTs eve usuall, Tavgh snobritHe Whe
s h he loyers of the
sthice just slide oveweach otherhe
melie bonds do
metalie
the eleclons
breau n
becoSR
ane free 5 eNe
oPc

Tis
means t neals ore
walleable-they Con be bent ond pressed

lelethey hape
cOn he dmn at 6 wres

STeegthersns mehs
Nes Can
Can be made Sleonger b
adding nohe
Aemen
elemen en he me is motenhe abmsot
the new enen Spred thouethe cyeysta STer
force

Pcanse
ave orger, they
aoyns
rake
he dsret
odded
£ lyes
lenet
netel
ess
,ess
atoyns
Yralle ole ayd
1e hs mokes he
le deleThs evbeess
scalled sllbuira, and he wl aubs ance
colled aY al\oy
 opic Bonding
D-CpoSS diasiee
c Nac
N Ca
(2,3
)Nat
cC2,8
C2

Na

2NO
NaC25
C2
a C2,3)
Na
2
Na
NaT C2
C2,

3.MaCla2
C Ca C.(2,3,
Me C2,3,
C O,3
M (2
4- Cla C

5Ho H-0-H
ott

H-5-H

H-NH

ledon-da

F
CO
O

O-C-O
592 Eended Oae Canpaand
X
O

H
H
 B22
lopfc Ak Ma
AlkoR Heals
called allo meals
GPoAP meas ape
The members în he goup ovoe
Rubidim,Rb 3,
CKARum
foThssiA
Caesium, Cs
eancím, tm
GieouP metals Oe nu nls
mkls be
becae
se calk

1theu e hat e typfca mers

low meing pits
2the have
3they PloA oh e d
as heir dehsiTRs aelon
they can
Can be eat knitef/ by
4the
Cha se physical properhes
Meta Metina Poihtfe Bingis
132
Ders
0-5
Na
F60
O 9
Ro

1mena
2
Poi
G3

decheass
6C
adoih he
he/
8
-53

op
2bon poiY decreaSRS dovin The
Sar
2nease donsity*decresçsupe edass
en senceeaSES
3Tnca densihes, K on as unug
Re does he
he nehs are aced op
hey hae One ektvn he outeo shel
(O
Na

e
he
Abee
ater
spors
Sae 3larre-date

eeadi
due
er o eedaa
ceeaes _dpkkee gcsup
 3. 2

opiclopicAkalr Mela
Reatisy falkali ne
one eledieon 1nher uter
Alkolf
NTmela
heeadr
neal hoNe
o
qWay
s depends
the eledven teonn FS hell
2sly
As we. q
gves
donn he ypop umbe o shels i Ge

he dsTane he ls
hel eaon inghec
hen dsteanee nereaES the aeneton
Top the lostshell
oe
A atadion electron
ce etases
Can be emove easy
deerees
eledes h
K
N and Na
elecfn more esiHha
5he arderc*
and Na
reacivitt KZNatz
2asily 7han Li.
KZNAZL Li
NoC
oLoniccompound
oom ne 1Ooaent
coYmPoud
Compourd
3ths hgh afonT

mettî ng
latiR.
poit
2Fopo ganT 2oaleR
Has hgher he
4Dssolve în Nater
o
4Do aissee Wna int
5-Corda elecriety in
mofen or when SD or Qondug i a
dssoed h ondur eeai eesictry
any PhaSe
Aons S D nor em 1Pns
 9 22
lopio Alkali Mal
baishe heeection sike of
one de
olkalnetrel

he alkai ebals
Hhie Oerhel
n
s hbave

me.ans
geoupst the pertdic
h
dios je

abk
he
he CREund
Seala phusica chenaical pro-pees
Thekoue
he can headi lsse eaTk shel
hs
elecrm ompsie
hange and fulLCuetshel a
Olee he.pra-peties
f ollkal eeeas?
s olkai nmeals aee
he chaeadiepircprpeslies
and Cqn be b
a by fe
kAfe
Ahey apese he gop
ess ceece gangd-n
thia S»dium
hey
And
bave oo te
dersit

Doillg paaS
neinqand
he baue brd
hese properies nean heEls
The mesls
Howeer,
allkali
allkoa
ne deferest 4eica Hh
eals ds alse share soePropelies
pical aelS
They Caducons

hinis S
eletrct geR Jhen
he Cpe
oesh
orly
ca
seneS e
Hor d the alkalieetos
vEat h
OXuger
AN a netals eo o
oXggRn
des his
hhe oe men
daL de on Th
prrodiees olauer
Susta ce h rery called.tnis
nels
The speed th ichoko r
eas

6aen in he air eRS

aoing douY he group
Rhi ar
3o4im aenRshes
niGhes-7slovy
UreS
psbsstnPhishes Ner cky
hhs ae alkaiels steved 1
he a Preve she resnkeadnaprl
Ogen and nhishin
 129

lopc kali Moals

Tren dsin derstts

becone
becone
rendde se
genem
The olkal veTals
vnetals
aroup, but
the end
ess dn Tha
do the
pefet becau
patasziunm
Density
G/dm
Eeen O-53
flo o99iu O:97
veter
psqssiuro
pOr35
roidivo
Coesium

o ends. in meting Point

alkalsnals
Themeting point
decreases doin The 3roup
E\eme Mens poi C
1Hum
So4iu
poTassiqm
ob?4um
Lcaesium 23
MeKra Poits loR han
Ctioansa netals, be cause alkalr melds 6nlu
haNe eletpon in efr ater he Naf ruch
enersY needed oe thfs eedrs
 The yoeacdon behviee O
Ox alk enera

eaSton eanpe s an Ozidtion

OXuaen XTde
2i5b0.
he opd- and chernca
equanons tpihe i vodsdisa s4um
SodiutoXygen oxide

4Na C O, ( 2Na
 259 2
iOpicAkali Meals
Whar àdes he peadion with iote pra] er
he
AAl the aluoli metas e
Nigorousy wth kr.
he'yoeacton with oteY beeomes mar
igoPoS as youl g dou the gooup
is an exothe rmic eadion as PeleaseS

The
hest
readi orm prodyces a gas that
his
gnites at
pWhat
dded o he
hen areen universalndieto
oadion
eeadioh u APns Ape the
he
hat does this tel aboc
PeaueEs &
Rs xeaetion
The produoTS qpe alkeline

kAhs he equallon oe he Radion

The re achon eeaes alhaline hydrogide ons
This s
why the grop elem OPe es
alled the alkali meklS,
The genenal egualioh he e co beN¢en
an kqli mea eecina With Kaer s.
nela+eRalkal yinide th
2M +20 2N aDHaG
cllkal
 2 2 9.92

lopic.Alkali Metle
Cl
P Nhename Coloue
altmeas Oeeheafea aàLodded aj
Xysea,thay b a.cdeud Rrceky flord

LHho bums tha oedfaoe

it

t
Sodin bAens DPange floye

Patassa buPS Wtha 1ae

Reaation of the oka
he easneadtve
er
e
LthR
hoeials hen oded i 2es and.
Cassss he AAToce
molesjpohd Sone
Srneloe
he
netinqpo
disappear
oflPRHle gh
Reaction Scdiua Wate-
odua zzes oee ab Hhu ad npses
s
sf
oCsS he
reads, ond
su4ce gfvRe
tbecomes sphericaad
lh2 sdummehs
shîny

erbeause ot
o babearri he bgdpogen

he hearesmthe
8apelioes iakhes
oeacioh

Reach th NaTe
and he
Passiumo bupns tholfketlame
anogen achesPine Rediste kThe poassia
he afe vePy
pves

e
ocesshe suface
icAuLhe sodiunn
he
wnetts ith
seacion
he
 1O 2
C-wEE lopieataloons
Haog ens S
LGroaeNIL ernerso staaled
lkd halogths
erousar K
he wOrd hdlogen mehs
hey epo duce Sat
Sat+han theu eeaa wfiThets
6orne physica poopesres
Halogens phusicd sernest Coloa
uoine (PI 9as
pale yallon
lorine CeD aas yelow 3eeeh
Boniine (B,) ARauid Onange-brwp G),Rel brotn
|
Toaine 3id GpyC,furele
Sorne chemcal properties
Eledronegalve elemert tend oto
Ne on

The form
hey
E
Thei
gain
F e,B
one

eadiNTTU
electron
T
decyeases
doh e grs
They tor) 4-atoic mdeculeFe,BIT

A e
ReactF
gp
F halsgehs demeases
don he group
doh
N, he
e grop

. o
number of stells inereoSes
The last ehel eedeon 90es fartner
asoy oom the hdeus
Theataclin oece b
the eledtren dees
Fov Thas becones dficut
attead destron Tomotsde
-Hence, he
reaSNty deereqse
 lopictaloaeD
2
Halogens toero zdirat6eic poslecale
talogen-abmsao seveyeleckeons
heir oter shel
The One unpaiéA
elepon eadh
he
elealron
shape
th Hhe Sane
Unpaeed

nd APoeoa aovalenL band

hushey Tono diatoraig paolecules. EdasBrla

C
Osplasemer Reasion
he reacion here obgby seactive eleboe

displacesoless ypeaciaé one ioom JS

Connpound is ealled AsplacenerteaclA
E2KEe Cla 2Kel+Br2
Here, C 3s mope weadivé thab Be
displaces
inlaly
Be eo KBr
2KT B 2KBo 2
 O22
lopicHaloae
Reashton of ttalogens.1S
TP
1W s
hydrogen.
Peas wth hydraennvigoousg
Halogen
Poem hudrogen halide ns
aCz92HC) G en ehlbride
Hydnoa

Hydogen omide

hen hyaren haide s 3dssved

aer acid is Torned
H2 HCI Ca>
er Hudrochlbric ai
tydog en chloride

2 ReoctiRon th metal
hoalogens fron sal
hen reasthynebls,
2Na + al2 2Nael GRUm ehlorid

2Fe+BC AFeCl3 Ton an ehbride)

bru
3isplocemet eOtionc/

)
The PeadTion here oEASTvecleme
alo
peacive ohe om O
eplaces
is eolled splacemen) eeasion
compond
2KBr Cag)+Cl2 2el Ca +B2
Ccolounnles areem/elb) (cdourless orongr Hbrour
2KI Cag+Br - 2KBrCa2+
Coahge-brah pwple
4Redtion ith
Nhencblarine
ee
peads
Acidsbydetchloric add and achlonine CI
avse ormed o
Cl2 ct Ho(D Hcl.cog)Hod.c?
odudA pedced can kabaderia in dae
thetthst cla s
Ued felize aep
Chtt24opic:Chagat-22
Heidnocoe bons. and ra
Compounds
arDe
ade up
ydocanbons EX melhaneCH)
dny
,
carbn ohd
eth ohe (qt

tntiona) aroup The aom cthe Poup ns

Hhathasi ns exsne individulyB
nhen RSe
eRSen

naCovnpoind Can contr he propéroi

Called fandional gboup

FG ST e

=
-oH
alkane

alene

Chydry
COoH CCbo xyl
geeup
an

ene

ara

Homologous
Fay o sekies.
orgnis Compo ds
Havha SOmme gent bnnuey
Hosing Same fandion a
Hauina a of
Shod oandditerence
io
C moeae
phskal popersies
6hors miar chemka
PrsopeTies

Exanple
alkan es, alkE
aleohols,«cid s
estevec
 Allbanes
Cieperql
Rinatfona
oeroulaGa
9OuP
2 Cban2
Csingleban

Molecalar Fa
Name FoCmda formul DFsplaed

Methane CH4 CH4 H-C-H

H +
Eak CH CHCHa

feopane CHs CHCHCH

H-

KBAses
=raeth CDe2
C PR
Cabt
pe
C HeX
q= Hep

Ca Non
 26 1p:22
Wt25
lOpic.raanic Cherois

Alkeness
Here. n=2,3,4 ate
Genera nula.CntHan
Steuckupal
Molecula
Fopmula Fo pleed
DRs oula
Nome toemula

CaH CH=cH2
then
H
ropene CgHc CH-CHeCHz

Butene CH CH-CH<H=CH
H

Pertene
CshoCy-CHL-CH-CH -CH
H

Hexene CH2 CH-CH-CH-acH=tH|H- :--

*Aleohos
neneral toooula. CaH2n+O
n cfiona group. -OH CHudroXuD
Heve,hel,2,3,dt

Molecular 5Truceal
Name Fomulo Poemula Dselouea
Foroulq

MethanolCH-oH CHoHA H o-H

hano GHOH CH-cH-oH

H - O-H

fRopano
CH,OHCHy-CH-CH-oH H -4
Bafanol
CHOH
CH-Ch-CHCH-OHA-----o-H
H
entanol
GH,OH CH,-CH-CH-CH
CH-H----c
SO-H
OH HH
*Isomers and
isorneriso
Compounds bawimg Same molecula oemuula
bt terent
of eaeh
sTouctupal tovemula pe iSorner
stheer

This
s phenoroenon beMeen The
Known as isómerism
he conpDds

E CH
CH-CH-cH2CH CHa-cH -CH,
Batan 2-methy popane

he wo comoounds arse Tssmes as they

beNe Sone moleculoe rmula CaH\o byr
theie STeudtuures A eeen

Other eKample
CH-CH- OH CH-O- cha
Ehan D-ehyl- etheb

Malecular fomela. CH,0