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(2016-2017 Odd Semester)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWER (IQA)

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SUBJECT NAME : Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering

SUBJECT CODE

CLASS/SEM ee
: CE8701 REGULATION 2017

: IVYEAR / VII
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Prepared by
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SI.No Name of the faculty Designation Affiliating College

1. Mr.E.Rajkumar Assistant Professor SCADCET

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2. Mr.Centhil deebu Assistant Professor SCADEC

3. Mrs.Sathiya.S Assistant Professor SMTEC
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4. Mr.S.Raja muniasamy Assistant Professor FXEC

5. Mrs.Selva priya Assistant Professor FXEC
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CEC DLI CLI

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UNIT 1
ESTIMATION OF BUILDING
PART-A
1. What are the different types of approximate estimate?(Nov/dec2013)
1. Plinth area estimate
2. Cube rate estimate
3. Approximate quality method estimate
4. Unit rate method

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5. Typical bay method

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6. Cost comparison method
2. What is mean by centre line method? (Nov/dec2013)

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In this method, the centre line length is pound out.
It is used for computing the quantities of various items.

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This method is simple of quick method used for rectangular, circular or
polygonal building.
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3. What is prime cost? (Nov/dec2011)
A business expenses for the materials and labor it uses in production. Prime
cost is a way of measuring the total cost of production inputs needed to create a
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given output. By analyzing its prime costs, a company can determine how much it
must charge for its finished product in order to make a profit. By lowering its prime
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costs, a company can increase its profit margin and undercut its competitors price.
4. Define estimate. (Nov/dec2012)
An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and
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expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. The estimate is the

probable cost of a work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculation
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based on the plans and drawing and current rates.

5. Define Plinth area. (May/June 2014)
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It is defined area of a building measured at floor level. It is measured by taking

external dimensions excluding plinth offset if any.

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6. Briefly explain about Out to Out and in to in method. (April/May 2015)

This method is most practicable under all circumstances and is generally
followed in the P.W .D for computing the quantities of various items.
7. Write the recommendation for degree of accuracy in measurements.
(April/May 2015)
o Dimensions of works shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 m
o Thickness of R.C works shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.0005 m
o Areas of works shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 m2

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o Volumes of work shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 m3

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o Volumes of wood shall be calculated to the nearest 0.001 m3
8. Define Abstract estimate. (May/June 2014)

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This is the third and final stage in a detailed estimate. The quantities and rates
of each item of work, arrived in the first two stages, are now entered in an abstract

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form. The total cost of each item of work is now calculated by multiplying the
quantities and respective rates.
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9. Define lead. (May/June 2012)
Lead is the crow flying horizontal distance from the centre of borrow pit to the
centre of the earthwork at site, i.e centre of the area of excavation to the centre of
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placed earth.
10. Briefly explain about bay method. (May/June 2014)
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This method is useful and is generally followed in case of buildings having

several bays. The cost of the typical bay is worked out and is then multiplied by the
number of bays in that building. The extra cost for the end walls and difference in
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framing, if there is any, should be made, so as to arrive at the correct cost.

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Unit II

Estimate Of Other Structures

Part-A

1.What are the types of culvert? (Nov/dec2012)

1.Arch culvert
2.Slab culvert
3.Pipe culvert

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4.Box culvert

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2. What are the main components of culvert? (Nov/dec2012)
1.Abutment

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2.W ing walls
3.Arch
3. Define lift. (May/June 2012)

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Lift is the distance through which the excavated soil is lifted
beyond a certain specified depth.
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4. What is the important of soak pit? (Nov/dec2014)
Disposal effluent from the septic tank may be done by
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absorption oil by soak pit. The size and length depend on the number
of users and nature of soil.
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5. List the various sanitary fittings. (Nov/dec2011)

1. Bathroom fittings
2. Designer taps and showers
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3. Pressure solutions
4. Water closer
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5. Flushing cisterns
6. Kitchen sink
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7. Wash basins etc

6.What do you mean by aqueduct? (May /June 2014)
When the irrigation channel passes over the drainage, canal or
streams, it is usually taken through a masonry or R.C.C
rectangular channel or duct known as aqueduct.

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7. Which are called as irrigation work estimation? (May / June 2014)

1. Estimate of earthwork in irrigation channels.
2. Estimate of permanent land and temporary land.
3. Estimate of distributor.
4. Estimate of aqueduct, siphon, fall, village road, culvert.
8. Define soling.
When the soil is soft or bad, one layer of dry brick or stone soling is applied
below the foundation concrete. Unit is sq.m

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9. What is the purpose of specifications? (May / June 2014)

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It desire the nature and class of the work, materials to be used in the work,
workman ship

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It is very important for the execution of the work.
The cost of the work depends much on the specifications.

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10. What is meant by miscellaneous charges? (Nov/dec2014)
These include lighting charges, lift charges and similar other charges which
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are to be borne by the owner of the property.
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Unit-2

Part-B

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UNIT III

SPECIFICATION AND TENDERS

PART-A

1. What is meant by scrap value? (Nov/dec2012)

It is the value of dismantled materials. For a building, when the life is over at
the end of its utility period, the dismantled materials like steel, bricks, timber
etc. will fetch certain amount on sale which is the scrap value of building.

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The scrap value of a building may be about 10 percent of its total cost of

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construction.

2.what are the types of contract? (May/June 2014)

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1. Lump-sum contract
2. Cost plus percentage of cost contract
3. Item rate contract
4. Labour contract ee
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5. Integrated contracting system
3. What is meant by sinking fund? (Nov/dec2013)
At the expiry of the period of utility, a property is either to be replaced or
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reconstructed. The fund set aside for this purpose is called sinking fund.
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4. Define capitalized value or capital value. (Nov/dec2013)

Capital value = year’s purchase net value.
It is defined as the amount of money whose annual interest will be equal to
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the netr income arising from the property.

5.What are the qualifications of contractor? (Nov/dec2013)

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1. Sufficient time for decision

2. Sound contract
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3. Better class of contractors

4. Facility for acceptance
5. Saving in time

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6. How will you analyse the rate of a particular item? (Nov / Dec 2012)
Indirect costs cannot be directly identified with the production or sale of a
particular product, they are necessary costs of doing business. Some portion of
indirect cost is properly allocable to each contract that benefits from that cost.
7.What is lump sum contract? (May / June 2012)
A contract under which a principal agrees to pay a contractor a specified
amount for completing work without requiring a cost breakdown.
8. State the different types of specification

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1. General or brief specification
2. Detailed specification

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3. Standard specification
9. What is specification? (Nov/dec2013)

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Specification is an important document attached with a tender
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form/contract agreement, which in most cases controls the quality
of materials and works.
10. What is a tender notice? (Nov/dec2012)
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Tender notice is the publicity of offer to the contractor to quote their rates for
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construction for construction work or supplied. Sealed tenders are invited in the most
open and public manner. It is made public by advisement in leading newspaper, in
the government gazette or by notice in English and in the regional languages in
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public places
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UNIT 3
PART B
1. Write dow n detailed specifications of the following (Nov / Dec 2013)
1. Cement concrete in foundation
2. Plastering in cement mortar 1:6

Detailed specification:
(i)P.C.C in foundation
Material:

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x As per specific standard of IS

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x CA should be hard, clean, dense
x FA should be sharp, angular grain

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x FA pass through 4.75 mm sieve
x Cement should be fresh Portland cement

Proportion
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The concrete should be 1:4:8 as a cement, sand, aggregate and water.
Mixing
It should be done in masonry platform.
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For 1:4:8 one bag of cement, four boxes of FA, 8 boxes of CA and
clean water
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Laying and compaction

The concrete should be laid and compacted well with the proper
equipments.
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Curing
After completion concrete should be kept wet for minimum 7days
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(ii) Plastering
Material
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The cement should be standard specification. FA should be pass

through 4.75 mm sieve.
Proportion
The cement mortar should be 1:6 as cement, sand and clean water.
Mixing
It should be mix in dry area. W ater is added with the dry mix of both
cement and sand.

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Placing
The area should be clean and then wetted with water. Mortar should be
placed with care.
Curing
After finishing of the plastering the area should be kept wet further
period of atleast 7 days.
2.(i)Explain the sequential procedure of opening of tenders. (Nov / Dec 2013)
(ii) Discuss about three forms of contractors.

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Opening of tenders:

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x The contractors are not generally required to remain present at the
time of opening of tenders when they are invited by private parties.

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x In case of tender invited by public bodies, the presence of contractors
who have field the tenders inevitable.

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x The owners or the committee members should remain present at the
time of opening of tenders.
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Forms of contract
x Lump sum contracts
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x Unit price or item rate contracts

x Cost plus or percentage contracts.
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3.Briefly explain the following items. (Nov / Dec 2012)

(i) Tender
(ii) Contract document
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(iii) Termination of contract

(iv) Overhead cost in analysis of rates.
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Tender
Tender is an after in writing to execute some specified work under certain
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conditions.
Contract document
It is a written agreement between government or owner and the contractor
which gives the full details of work along with specifications and condition.
Termination of contract
It is the cancellation of contract by the owner or government because of poor
quality of work or delayed execution.

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Overhead cost in analysis of rates

Contractors profit of 10% and water charge 1 ½ % are added as overhead
charges.

4.Explain the various types of contract system.(May / June 2013).

Types of contract system
The contract system the execution of work is taken up only after the
administrative approval and technical sanction.

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The system classified as:

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1. Piece work contract system
2. Lump sum contract system

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3. Item rate contract system
4. Cost plus percentage contract system

Piece w ork contract system

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In this system the contractor to execute a specified work are part of the work
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at specified rate. The department will arrange the supervisor.
Lump sum contract system
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In this system the contractor takes the work as certain amount or lump sum
basis.
Item rate contract system
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The contractor takes the each work on item rate basis.

Cost plus percentage contract system
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In this method is contractor take in work percentage basis.

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5.Explain the detailed specification of brick work in C.M 1:6 in super structure
and damp proof course(May / June 2013).
Specification Of Brick Work In C.M 1:6 In Super Structure
1. Materials
Brick – I Class
2. Mortar – (1:3 to 1:6) an specified
3. Soaking of bricks
4. Laying

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5. Curing

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6. Protection
7. Scaffolding

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Specification Of DPC
1. Materials
2. Mixing
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4. Curing
5. Painting with asphalt.
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UNIT 4
VALUTION
PART A
1. Define Market value. (May / June 2012)
Market value: The market value of a property is the amount,
which can be obtained at any particular time from the open market if
the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to
time according to demand and supply.

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2. Define Book value (Nov/dec2013)

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Book value: Book value is the amount shown in the account
book after allowing necessary depreciations. The book value of a

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property at a particularly year is the original cost minus the amount of
depreciation up to the previous year.

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3. Write the various methods of depreciation. (Nov/dec2012)
1. Straight line method
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2. Constant percentage basis
3. Quantity survey method
4. Sinking fund method.
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4. What are the Essentials of contract? (May / June 2012)

 The contract language is law full .
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 The contract is made by parties competent to contract.

 The contract is made by free consent of the parties.
 The contract is made under valid consideration.
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 There shall be a definite proposal and its acceptance.

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5. Define Engineer. (Nov/dec2013)

He is the person appointed by the owner. He is technically
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very sound in work an his job is to see that the work is being done by
contractor entirely according to drawings and specification.
6. Define years purchase. . (May / June 2013)
It is defined as the present value which gives an interest of one rupee per
annum i.e., the amount which when invested will fetch an income of rs.1.00
per annum by way of interest.

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7. Define mortgage. (Nov/dec2012)

An owner can borrow money against the security of his property and for that
purpose he is required to pay an interest to the party an interest to the party
advancing the loan.
(or)
The person who advances the loan is known as mortgage.

8. Define fair rent or reasonable rent. (May / June 2013)

When the net income by way of a property is equal to the nominal interest of

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the capital cost invested on the property, the rent is called a fair rent or

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reasonable rent.

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9. Define schedule of rates. (Nov/dec2012)
It is an document to refer rates of materials and labour for a particular district.

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It is revised every year.
It is prepared by CPWD (Central Govt.) and by PW D in State Govt.
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10. What are the types of specifications? (May / June 2013)
1. Brief Specification.
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2. General specification.
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PART-B

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4.Type of valuation?
Six Methods of Valuation
1. Rental Method of Valuation
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2. Direct Comparisons of the capital value

3. Valuation based on the profit
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4. Valuation based on the cost

5. Development method of Valuation
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6. Depreciation method of Valuation

Rental Method of Valuation
 In this method, the net income by way of rent is found out by deducting all
outgoing from the gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as prevailing in the
market is assumed and Year’s purchase is calculated. This net income
multiplied by Year’s Purchase gives thecapitalized value or valuation of the

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property. This method is applicable only when the rent isknown or probable
rent is determined by enquiries.

Direct comparison with the capital Value

 This method may be adopted when the rental value is not available from the
property concerned, but there are evidences of sale price of properties as a
whole. In such cases, the capitalized value of the property is fixed by direct
comparison with capitalized value of similar property in the locality.

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Valuation based on profit

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 This method of Valuation is suitable for buildings like hotels, cinemas,
theatres etc for which the capitalized value depends on the profit. In such

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cases, the net income is worked out after deducting gross income; all possible
working expense, outgoings, interest on the capital invested etc. The net profit

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is multiplied by Year’s Purchase to get the capitalized value. In such cases,
the valuation may work out to be high in comparison with the cost of
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construction.

Valuation based on cost

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 In this method, the actual cost incurred in constructing the building or in

possessing the property is taken as basis to determine the value of property.
In such cases, necessary depreciation should be allowed and the points of
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obsolescence should also be considered.

Development Method of Valuation

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 This method of Valuation is used for the properties which are in the
underdeveloped stage or partly developed and partly underdeveloped stage.
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If a large place of land is required to be divided into plots after providing for
roads, parks etc, this method of valuation is to be adopted. In such cases, the
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probable selling price of the divided plots, the area required for roads, parks
etc and other expenditures for development should be known. If a building is
required to be renovated by making additional changes, alterations or
improvements, the development method of Valuation may be used.

Depreciation Method of Valuation

According to this method of Valuation, the building should be divided into four parts:
1. W alls

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2. Roofs
3. Floors
4. Doors and W indows
And the cost of each part should first be worked out on the present day rates by
detailed measurements. The present value of land and water supply, electric and
sanitary fittings etc should be added to the valuation of the building to arrive at total
valuation of the property. Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of the usefulness of
a property. This may be defined as the decrease or loss in the value of a property

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due to structural deterioration, life wear and tear, decay and obsolescence.

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Methods for calculating depreciation
1. Straight line Method

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2. Constant percentage method
3. Sinking Fund Method

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4. Quantity Survey Method
Straight Line Method
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 In this method, it is assumed that the property losses its value by the same
amount every year. A fixed amount of the original cost is deducted every year,
so that at the end ofthe utility period, only the scrap value is left.
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Annual Depreciation, D = (original cost of the asset – Scrap Value)/life in years

arn

For example, a vehicle that depreciates over 5 years, is purchased at a cost of

US$17,000, and will have a salvage value of US$2000, will depreciate at US$3,000
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per year: ($17,000? $2,000)/ 5 years = $3,000 annual straight-line depreciation

expense. In other words, it is the depreciable cost of the asset divided by the
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number of years of its useful life.

Constant Percentage Method or Declining balance Method
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 In this method, it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant
percentage of its value at the beginning of every year.

Annual Depreciation, D = 1-(scrap value/original value)1/life in year

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Quantity Survey Method

 In this method, the property is studied in detail and loss in value due to life,
wear and tear, decay, and obsolescence etc, worked out. Each and every
step is based is based on some logical grounds without any fixed percentage
of the cost of the property. Only experimental valuer can work out the amount
of depreciation and present value of a property by this method.

5.Explain About Market Value, Book Value, Capital cost, Capitalized Value of a
Property, Year’s Purchase, Sinking Fund Method.

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Market Value

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 The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any
particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market

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value will differ from time to time according to demand and supply.
 The market value also changes from time to time for various miscellaneous

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reasons such as changes in industry, changes in fashions, means of
transport, cost of materials and labour etc.
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Book Value
 Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary
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Depreciations. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original

cost minus the amount of depreciation allowed per year and will be gradually
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reduced year to year and at the end of the utility period of the property, the
book value will be only scrap value.
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Capital cost
 Capital cost is the total cost of construction including land, or the original total
amount required to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not
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change while the value of the property is the present cost which may be
calculated by methods of Valuation.
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Capitalized Value of a Property

 The capitalized value of a property is the amount of money whose annual
interest at the highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income
from the property. To determine the capitalized value of a property, it is
required to know the net income from the property and the highest prevailing
rate of interest.

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Therefore, Capitalized Value = Net income x year’s purchase

Year’s Purchase
 Year’s purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order
to receive a net receive a net annual income as an annuity of rupee one at a
fixed rate of interest. The capital sum should be 1×100/rate of interest.
Thus to gain an annual income of Rs x at a fixed rate of interest, the capital
sum should be x(100/rate of interest).But (100/rate of interest) is termed as
Year’s Purchase.

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The multiplier of the net annual income to determine the capital value is known as

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the
Year’s Purchase (YP) and it is useful to obtain the capitalized value of the property.

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Sinking Fund Method
 In this method, the depreciation of a property is assumed to be equal to the

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annual sinking fund plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is
supposed to be invested on interest bearing investment. If A is the annual
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sinking fund and b, c, d, etc. represent interest on the sinking fund for
subsequent years and C = total original cost
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UNIT V

REPORT PREPARATION

PART A
1. Define Arbitration. (Nov/dec2013)

Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by the decision not of a court or law but
of one or more persons chosen by the parties themselves involved in the
dispute.

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2. Define standard data book. (May / June 2013)

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For finding the rate for each item of work a system is required. the standard data

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book gives the quantity of material and labour for each item of work.
3. What do you mean by Gross income? (Nov/dec2012)
It is total income that can be fetched from the property as rent or other source

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without deducting out goings ,operational and collection charges.
4. Define Capital cost. (May / June 2014)
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The total cost of construction of the project including land is called capital
cost.
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5. What are the types of Arbitration? (May / June 2011)

1. Arbitration without intervention of court.
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2. Arbitration with intervention of court and there is no suit pending

3. Arbitration is suits.
6. What are type of termination of contract? (Nov/dec2012)
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1. Agreement
2. Breach
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3. Performance
4. Impossibility of performance
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5. Operation of provision of law

7. Define Analysis of work. (May / June 2011)
The process of determining the rate of an item of work or
supply of the material is known as the analysis of rate or rate
analysis.

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8. Define the Year’s purchase. (Nov/dec2013)

Year’s purchase : It may be as the figure which when multiplied by the net
income from a property gives capitalized value of the property. It can also be defined
as“a certain amount of capital whose annuity of Rs.1/- at a certain rate of interest
can be received”
Year’s purchase = 100/rate of interest = 1/i
9. Define the Capitalized value. (May / June 2011)
It is defined as that amount of money whose annual interest at the highest

n
prevailing rate will be equal to the net income received from the property. To

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calculate the capitalized value, it is necessary to know highest prevailing on such
properties and income from the property.

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10. Define the Obsolescence. (Nov/dec2013)
The value of property decreases if its style and design are outdated i.e rooms

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not properly set, thick walls, poor ventilation etc. The reason of this is fast changing
techniques of construction, design, ideas leading to more comfort etc.
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UNIT – V REPORT PREPARATION

P ART - B

1. Explain report on estimate for the construction of residential building.

Report On Estimates for the Construction of Residential Building.

The detailed estimate for construction of a residential building for the
Executive Engineer at Udaynagar has been prepared in compliance of S.E.’s
letter no……………. dated…………………..

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There is no building for the residence of the Executive Engineer at Udaynagar and

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he has to live in a rented building with meager accommodation at a very high rent.
It has, therefore, been proposed to construct a residential building for the

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Executive Engineer. The head of the accounts will be 50 civil original works,
building.

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The estimate provides for the following accommodation:-
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One drawing room, one dining room, three bed rooms, one guest room,
and the necessary store kitchen, baths, front and back verandahs and motor garage
per plan enclosed.
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A site has already been selected having a land of 60 m × 30 m (200 ×

100’) for the construction of the building having good soil and proper drainage and
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this much of land has to be acquired. The building shall be oriented to face north
direction.
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The building shall have lime concrete foundation and first class brick
masonry with lime mortar up to plinth level and the superstructure shall be of first
class brick work in cement mortar, 1 :6 Lintels shall be of R.B. work and roof shall
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be R.C.C with lime concrete terrace finishing. The drawing and dining rooms shall
have mosaic floor and other rooms 2.5 cm(1‛) c.c. floor over 7.5 cm (3‛) lime
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concrete. Inside and outside walls shall be 12 mm (1/2 ‚) cement line plastered
1:1:6, and ceiling shall be 6 mm (1/2‛) cement plastered 1:3. Inside of drawing
and dining rooms shall be colour washed and inside of remaining rooms shall be
white washed and outside wall be colour washed. Doors and windows shall be 4.5
strictly as per detailed P.W .D. Specification.
The estimate has been prepared at P.W.D Schedule of rates, and for

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non-schedule items on analysis of rates. The foundation has been designed for a
safe load of 9 tonne per sq m (8 ton per sq ft) and the R.C.C roof has been
designed for a safe load of 150 kg per sq m(30 1bs per sq ft) with 1400 kg per sq cm
(20000 1bs per sq in) as sage tensile stress of steel and 50 kg sq cm (750 1bs per
sq in) as safe compressive stress of concrete. All designs and calculations
have been included in the estimate. Plans and drawings and site plans are also
enclosed with the estimate. Provision has been made for electrification and sanitary
and water supply works and 20% ofthe estimated cost of the building works has

n
been included for these works. As there is no sewer line in the area a septic

g.i
tank shall have to be constructed for which lump sum provision of Rs.700,00
has been made in the estimate.

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Provision for compound with a gate in the front and barbed wire fencing on
the sides and back, and approach road have also been made in the estimate.

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A statement of important materials as cement, steel, coal, etc., which shall
have to be arranged by the department is also enclosed with the estimate. A
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rent statement is also enclosed.
The work shall be carried on contract by inviting tenders. The work
shall be completed within six months from the date of start.
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The estimate work out as Rs. 5,000,00 and is submitted for sanction and
allotment of fund.
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2. Explain report on estimate fix construction of a culvert.

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Report on Estimate for Construction of a Culvert:

The estimate has been prepared for the construction of an arch culvert of
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3m span in15 km-300 m on Lucknow –Daulatpur road. The road at this point is
flooded almost every year during the rainy reason, causing flood and damages
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in the area. During the last inspection the Executive Engineer has asked to
prepare an estimate and this estimate has been prepared in compliance of
E.E’s letter no………….
dated …………….. the cost of construction will be met from 50 civil work special
repairs.
The culvert has been designed for I.R.A Class a loading. The catchment area
has been determined from the 2.5 cm (1‛) map of the area, which comes to 1200

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acres, and the water way has been calculated by the Talbot formula a –cA ,
where a = waterway in sq. ft , a= Catchment area in acres, and c= constant and
has been taken as 0.2. All calculation and design have been enclosed with the
estimate.
The soil has been tested and has been found to be good, and
ordinary spread foundation will be sufficient. The foundation shall be of
cement concrete 1:4:8 and abutments, wing walls and parapets shall be of brick
masonry in 1:5 cement mortar, the arch work shall be of brick masonry in 1:3

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cement mortar. Exposed surfaces shall be cement pointed 1:2. all works shall be

g.i
as per detailed P.W .D Specifications. The estimate has been prepared at P.W .D
Schedule of Rates. A statement of materials, cement, bricks, coal, etc., required

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for the construction, has been enclosed with he estimate. The work shall be
executed on contract by inviting tenders and the work shall be started after the

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rainy season and shall be completed within four month’s time.
The estimate amounting to Rs. 15,000.00 is submitted for sanction and
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allotment of Fund.

3. Explain report on estimate for a Road Construction.

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Report on the Estimate for a Road Construction.

The estimate for the construction of Hindnagar – kaliganj road of 25 km –
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500 in length has been prepared for linking Kalignaj with the District Headquarters
in compliancewith S.E.’s letter no………….dated………………
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Kalignaj is an important market place for agricultural products and there are
some
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cottage industries in the area, and there having no road the area is not being
developed. The proposed road will also serve many villages on either side. The
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people of the locality have also represented and demanded separately for the
construction of this road. It is therefore essential to construct this road. The
proposal has been included in the Fourth Five year Plan and the cost will be met
from the Road Development Fund.
Alignment of the road follows an existing card road with straightening
when necessary and avoiding congested areas as far as possible. Flat curves
have been provided with a minimum radius of 150 m. In selecting the alignment

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principles of shortest route, serving maximum population, minimum drainage

crossing easy gradient economy of construction, etc.., have been followed. The
road passes mostly through uncultivated area in plane land, and mostly in banking
of 60 cm to 90 cm high excepting a few places where the road passes in low where
high banking will be required.
Planet table survey has been made for the whole length of the road for 60 m
width on each side of the centre line and L-section has been prepared by taking
levels at every 30 m and cross levels have been taken at every 90 meter.

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Formation line has been fixed to have easy gradient and ruling gradient of 1 in 40

g.i
has not reached anywhere. Highest flood level has been kept in view and formation
line has been kept above normal flood level. A number of culverts will be required

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along the length of the road and ridge of about 30 m span will be required across the
stream in km 12. A list of bridges and culverts of different span has been enclosed

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and provisions have been made on the basis of running metre of span at the rate of
Rs. 5,000.00 per r m of span for culverts and Rs. 6,000.00 per r m of span for
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bridges.
Bridges shall have to be designed on I.R.C class A Loading and their detailed
estimate shall have to be prepared separately.
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A present land of 30 m width shall be required and has been provided in the
estimate. Temporary land for borrow pits shall be required for one year for
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taking earth for embankment and provision has been made accordingly. The
formation width of the road shall be 10m and side slope 2:1 in banking.
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The road shall be metalled with soling coat of brick on edge with over burnt
bricks and two coats of metalling, inter coat and top coat, each of 8 cm compacted
layer with stone ballast. The two wearing coats shall be of one coat of bituminous
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painting. Provisions for metalling and painting have been made in the estimate
accordingly. Brick shall be burnt by contract by the side of road distributed along the
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road in three brick kilns. Coal shall have to be supplied to contractors for burning
bricks and a statement of coal requirement is enclosed. Stone metal shall be
hard granite type and shall be collected from the approved quarry.
The whole work of construction shall be spread in five years, earth work
one year, rest for settlement one year, metalling two years and painting one year
Second coat bituminous painting shall be done after one year of 1st cost of

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painting and cost of painting shall be met from maintenance grant.

All works shall be done strictly as per detailed P.W .D Specifications. The
estimate has been prepared at P.W .D Schedule of rates and local current rates
and analysis of rates have been given for non-schedule items. The work shall be
done by contract by inviting tenders.
Survey Plan, L-sections and Cross-sections of the proposed road are
enclosed with the estimate. An index plan showing the alignment has also been
enclosed.

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The estimate amounting to Rs. 25,00,000.00 has been submitted for

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sanction and allotment of fund.

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4. What are all the principle for the preparation of water supply scheme?
Principle for the preparation of W ater supply Scheme:

Selection of source:-
ee
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Where raw water from flowing streams, lakes , tanks ad other impoundment
from contaminated catchments and ponds form the source, provision shouldbe
made in the scheme for filtering such water prior to disinfection.
En

2. Quality of w ater.-

The chemical quality of supplies proposed from ground water through tube
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wells, wells and infiltration works should be of acceptable quality, to be adjudged

with reference to local condition, where special treatment of removal of dissolved
substance like iron, sulphates and flurides is necessary, provision should be
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made there in the scheme.

3. Disinfections.
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It is advisable to provide for continuous effective disinfections of supplies drawn

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through tube wells, wells and infiltration works where local conditions indicate
the need. W here surface water is the source, treatment including filtration and
disinfection of the final effluent is essential.
It is equally important to ensure that the free residual chlorine of a minimum of
0.2 ppm is maintained at all points in the distribution system.
Simple drip-feed device.-
For simple rural well supplies, disinfection should be arranged by a simple and

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economical drip feed of a decanted bleaching powder solution, the dosage

being adjusted to suit the rate of draw from the source. A simple gravity feed
arrange mentor such a purpose should be followed.
Pressure-feed chlorinators. –
There are different types of pressure-feed chlorinators available for injecting
chlorine solution into force mains. The two good classification of these
chlorinates are –
(a) the positive-feed type, and

n
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(b) the vaccum type

. The details of their working and operation, and the care of chlorinator equipment

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areset out in paras 10-6-22 and 10-6-3 on pages 132-136 of the Manual of W ater
supply issued by the Ministry of Health

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Common defects and handicaps experienced in operating some of the
pressure-type chlorinators in the market are to be attributed to the provision of
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inferior rubber holders, mal-adjustments of the plunger stroke and inferior types
of rubber diaphragm. Every care should be exercised in selecting a good and
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robust quality of chlorinator suited to the needs of each case.

6 . Structure of infiltration galleries –
In developing safe supplies through infiltration works the essential details to be
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followed in the design of infiltration galleries have been set out in the W ater
supply Manual .
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8.Slow sand filter.-

Where slow sand filtration is adopted for treatment of raw water, the design
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criteria to the adopted are as set out in the W ater Supply Manual. A typical
design calculation to determine the economical size of filters is given in the
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following page.
9.Type design of iron removal plant. –

A typical design of an iron –removal plant should b followed. The basic factors
governing the design of such plants are set out in the W ater Supply Manual.
These may be adopted with suitable notification where removal of iron from
ground or surface water is necessary.
10.Mechanical fitter plants. –

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Where full-scale treatment of raw water comprising chemical design mixing,

flocculation, sedimentation and filtration followed by disinfection is
necessary, the functional aspect of each component as well as the
design criteria commended in respect of each, as set out in the W ater Supply
Manual may be adopted with suitable modification.
11.Economical size for source mains. –

the per capita rate of supply to be adopted in respect of each community, the
most economical means of conveyance of the supply from the source to the

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service points and the design of the distribution system in each case may

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generally follow the guide – lines set out in the W ater Supply Manual.
12.Charts for pipe flow computation. –

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It is recommended that Hazen and W illiam’s Formula should be adopted in the
design of pressure mains while the Cutter’s Formula or the Manning’s

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Formula should be used for free-flow conduits. Readymade charts for computing
pipe size under the Hazen and W illiam and Kutter’s Formulae may be used.The
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Hazen and W illiams’s Chart is based on a value of 100 for ‘c’. For other values of
‘c’ applicable to different pipe materials (as recommended in the W ater Supply
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Manual) the corresponding figures will have to be deducted.

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The Kutter’s Charts are for a value of ‘n’ =.015 which may be adopted for all
pipes upto 24 ‚ dia. and masonry conduits of all sizes. A value of ‘n’ = .013
may be used for pipes above 24‛ dia.
5. What are the features consist in a project or scheme of work?

The project or scheme of major work consist of the following works:-

(1) Preliminary investigation, Reconnaissance, Preliminary survey, trial

boring, soil testing etc.

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(2) Preparation of preliminary estimate and obtaining administrative approval

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(3) Selection of site or alignment

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(4) Surveying –Plane table survey, leveling, contouring, etc.,

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(5) Preparation of survey plan, plotting of levels and contours,
preparation of longitudinal section, cross section etc., as may be required,
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(6) Working out the requirements – number, type and size of buildings of
different categories. Water-way for bridges and culverts, capacity of
channels (canals distributories, minor, etc).
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(7) Marking formation line of road or formation line of bed of channels in the L-
section drawing cross sections of road channels, etc. as the case may be ,
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(8) Designing – structural design and calculations, basis of deign, etc.,

(9) Planning, preparation of drawings- Plan , elevation, sections, detailed

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drawings, etc.,
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(10) Preparation of Layout plan, Site plan or Index plan. In case of irrigation
project and Road project the alignment is marked on the Shajra maps
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showing the different plots of land to be acquired. For irrigation project , the
area served by different outlets and channels are marked on the Shajra map,
(11) Preparation of general specification of the different building of
works, and preparation of Detailed specifications of each item of works.
(12) W orking out the Analysis of rates of different items of work. Usually, the
rates are taken as per printed Schedule of Rates and Analysis of rates are
prepared only for non-scheduled items,

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(13) Preparation of Detailed estimate and abstract of cost of each building or each
work

(14) preparation of general abstract of cost for the whole project. 10 per cent of
the whole estimate cost is provided for departmental charges.
(15) Preparation of rent statement or return (revenue income) and comparing
the total amount of capital cost with the return,
(16) Working out the requirement of important materials and preparing a

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statement of important materials as cement, steel brick, coals, etc. which are

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to be arranged by the department,
(17) Phasing of the project – Big projects are constructed in phases – 1st phase,

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2nd phase, 3rd phase etc.,
(18) Estimate for temporary accommodation for office, store sheds, staff

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quarters, accommodation for workmen (labor huts) arrangements for
temporary water supply and sanitary works and public health work,
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approach roads, etc. should also be prepared under separate head.
Temporary accommodation and Preliminary works,
(19) The main estimate should also include the cost of land, Development of land
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Levelling and dressing, Cost of roads, Cost of water supply works, Cost of
sewer and sewer works, cost of surface drains ad storm water drains. Cost of
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Electrification external services, Cost of Arboriculture, Cost of Preliminary

investigation and surveying etc. Estimate for those works may be prepared in
detail if possible, but as all the details of the work are not known at the time
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of preparing the estimate they are estimated on area basis of the whole
project area at the rate of per unit (Rupees per hectare of Rupees per acre)
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or comprehensive to give a clear idea and picture of the whole project.

(20) Technical Report of project – Report should be concise but comprehensive
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to give a clear idea and picture of the whole project. The report should given
the brief history of the work, reference to administrative approval
necessity justifying the most suitability of the project, availability of materials
and labour, agency for the work cost of each phase of work, time required
for the completion of each phase of work and also of the whole work, the
total cost of the whole project For different stage of preparation and execution
of project Accounts and Procedure of work.

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