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    M2L8 Introduction To Differential Equations

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    Patria Angelica Aquino
    This document provides definitions and concepts related to differential equations: 1) It defines differential equations as equations containing derivatives and introduces key terms like independent and dependent variables. 2) It defines ordinary and partial differential equations and discusses the order of derivatives. 3) It discusses the concept of general and particular solutions and the use of parameters to represent families of solutions. Initial value problems aim to determine solutions satisfying given initial conditions. 4) Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like verifying solutions, finding particular solutions from initial conditions, and solving initial value problems.

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    M2L8 Introduction To Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Patria Angelica Aquino
    26 views3 pages
    This document provides definitions and concepts related to differential equations: 1) It defines differential equations as equations containing derivatives and introduces key terms like independent and dependent variables. 2) It defines ordinary and partial differential equations and discusses the order of derivatives. 3) It discusses the concept of general and particular solutions and the use of parameters to represent families of solutions. Initial value problems aim to determine solutions satisfying given initial conditions. 4) Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like verifying solutions, finding particular solutions from initial conditions, and solving initial value problems.

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    M2L8 Introduction to Differential Equations

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    This document provides definitions and concepts related to differential equations: 1) It defines differential equations as equations containing derivatives and introduces key terms like independent and dependent variables. 2) It defines ordinary and partial differential equations and discusses the order of derivatives. 3) It discusses the concept of general and particular solutions and the use of parameters to represent families of solutions. Initial value problems aim to determine solutions satisfying given initial conditions. 4) Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like verifying solutions, finding particular solutions from initial conditions, and solving initial value problems.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    26 views3 pages

    M2L8 Introduction To Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Patria Angelica Aquino
    This document provides definitions and concepts related to differential equations: 1) It defines differential equations as equations containing derivatives and introduces key terms like independent and dependent variables. 2) It defines ordinary and partial differential equations and discusses the order of derivatives. 3) It discusses the concept of general and particular solutions and the use of parameters to represent families of solutions. Initial value problems aim to determine solutions satisfying given initial conditions. 4) Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like verifying solutions, finding particular solutions from initial conditions, and solving initial value problems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Module 2: Lecture 8

    Introduction to Differential Equations

    Definition 1.1
    Definition 2.1
    Differential Equations (DE)
    » equations containing derivatives of one or more variables A solution of an ordinary differential equation in one
    dependent variable or an interval 𝐼 is a function which, when
    substituted for the dependent variable, reduces the equation
    to an identity in the independent variable over 𝐼.

    Equation Solution
    𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑥2
    ′
    Definition 1.2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 11 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3
    𝑦 − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 24𝑒 −2𝑥
    ′′
    𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥
    When an equation involves derivative(s) with respect to a
    particular variable, that variable is called an independent Remark:
    variable. A variable is called dependent if a derivative of that Note that the solution to a DE is not necessarily unique,
    variable occurs. primarily because the derivative of a constant is zero. For
    example: 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 + 4 is also a solution to the first differential
    In the Differential Equation,
    equation 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
    2
    𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
    𝐿 2
    + 𝑅 + 𝑖 = 𝐸𝜔cos⁡(𝜔𝑡)
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
    Example:
    𝑡 is the independent variable and 𝑖 is the dependent variable.
    Verify that the function 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 is a solution to
    Definition 1.3 the differential equation 𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 11
    An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential
    equation in which all derivatives are ordinary derivatives of one
    or more dependent variables with respect to a single
    dependent variable.

    Definition 1.5
    A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation
    Activity 2.2
    containing at least one partial derivative of some dependent
    variable. Verify that the given equation is a solution to the
    corresponding ODE:

    Definition 1.7

    The order of the highest-ordered derivative that appears


    in a DE is called the order of the DE.
    Activity 2.3 Definition 3.1
    The problem of determining solutions to ODE that satisfy some
    conditions is called an initial-vale problem (IVP).
    For first order equations, we wish to determine the conditions
    for the IVP

    Example 2.4

    to have a solution

    Theorem 3.2

    General and Particular Solutions


    Each individual solution of a differential equation is called a
    particular solution. A general solution of an ODE is a nonempty
    set of solutions specified by an expression which contains at
    least one parameter and which becomes a representation of a Example:

    particular solution when its parameters are all replaced by Verify that the function 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 is a solution to the

    numbers. The set of all solutions of a differential equation initial-value problem 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 ⁡, 𝑦(0) = 3

    constitutes its complete solution.


    Solution:

    Families of Solution to the differential equation 𝑦′ = ⁡2𝑥

    Note: The initial-value problem consisted of two parts. The first part was the
    differential equation and the initial condition. The differential equation has a
    Example: family of solutions, and the initial condition determines the value of C.
    Find the particular solution to the differential equation
    Illustration:
    𝑦 ′ = ⁡2𝑥 passing through the point (2,7).

    Solution:

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