Department of Education

8 National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 3
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Armila D. Esparrago

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance.
After going through this module, you should be able to predict phenotypic
expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance. S8LT-IVf-18
Specifically, you are expected to:
● describe monohybrid and dihybrid crosses;
● determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring using
monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; and
● solve problems involving Mendelian pattern of Inheritance

What I Know

Read each question carefully and encircle only the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following best describes the law of independent assortment?

A. There are dominant and recessive genes
B. There are two genes that control inheritance.
C. Two genes of the same characteristic separate into different gametes.
D. Genes controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of
each other.

2. By just looking at a rose plant will give information concerning its

A. genotype.
B. phenotype.
C. recessive alleles.
D. heterozygous alleles.

3. Which of the following describes the law of segregation?

I. there are two factors controlling a given characteristic
II. one factor is dominant over the other factor,
III. the two factors separate into different gametes.
A. I and II C. II and III
B. I and III D. I, II and III

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4. How will you describe the allele of an Rr pea plant if R represents a gene for
round seed and r for wrinkled seed?
A. a homozygous genotype.
B. a heterozygous phenotype.
C. a heterozygous genotype.
D. a homozygous phenotype.

5. Which of the following is used to show how allelic pair of genes for a specific
trait separates and recombines independently?
A. Backcross C. Monohybrid cross
B. Dihybrid cross D. Testcross

6. ______ refers to the physical or observable traits of an organism while _____is the
genetic composition of an organism.
A. genotype, phenotype
B. phenotype, genotype
C. heterozygous, homozygous
D. dihybrid, monohybrid

7. When Mendel studied the pattern of inheritance in green peas, the dominant
relationship between alleles for each trait was already known to Mendel when he
made this cross. Which of the following is the reason for a dihybrid cross?
A. To determine the dominant relationship between two alleles.
B. To determine if any relationship existed between different allelic pairs.
C. To determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.
D. To determine the genotype of an unknown plant and to produce “true
breeding” offspring.

8. If green pea with homozygous round seeds (RR) is crossed with homozygous
wrinkled seeds (rr), what is the probability that an offspring will have round
seeds?
A. 25 % B. 50 % C. 75 % D. 100 %

9. What does the notation Ii (inflated pod shape) mean to geneticists?

A. two dominant alleles
B. two recessive alleles
C. at least one recessive allele
D. one dominant allele and one recessive allele

10. Suppose you have two lines of Gumamela flowers, which are homozygous for
two different traits. However, you don’t know the mode of inheritance for the
genes you are testing. What will be your first clue?
A. The genotypes of the parents.
B. The phenotypes of the parents.
C. The genotypes of the dihybrids.
D. The phenotypes of the dihybrids.

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Lesson Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel is

an Austrian monk who made a study on garden peas and his work became the
basis of genetics, the science of heredity.

What’s In
Unscramble the letters to reveal the terms being described below.

NEGES 1. The determiners of hereditary traits.

_________________________

SISOIME
2. A type of cell
_________________________ division that occurs
in the sex cells.

3. A kind of cell
SIMOTIS
division that takes place within the body cells
_________________________

MOHRMESOCO 4. Considered as carrier of

hereditary traits.
_________________________

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 What’s New
Fun, Fun Family Traits!
Observe your trait and complete the family genetic trait starting with yourself.
Answer Yes or No to each corresponding trait. You probably inherited the same
traits with one of your parents.

1. Try making a hitchhiker’s thumb sign like the one shown below. Ask your
parents to do the same.

Write Yes or No.

You: ________________________
Mother: _____________________
Father: ______________________

2. Can you roll your tongue? Curl it into a “U.”

Write Yes or No.

You: ________________________
Mother: _____________________
Father: ______________________

3. Do you have dimples?

Write Yes or No.

You: ________________________
Mother: _____________________
Father: ______________________

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 What Is It

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel believed that heredity is the result of discrete units of inheritance, and
every single unit (or gene) was independent in its actions in an individual’s
genome. Inheritance of a trait depends on the passing-on of these units.

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Monohybrid Cross

A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross involving two true breeding parents

that differ only in one characteristic. Each parent in a monohybrid cross
contributes one of two paired unit factors or genes to each offspring for every
possible fertilization.

To illustrate a monohybrid cross, consider the case of true-breeding pea plants

with round versus wrinkled pea seeds. The dominant seed shape is round;
therefore, the parental genotypes were RR (homozygous dominant) for the plants
with round seeds and rr (homozygous recessive) for the plants with wrinkled
seeds, respectively.

Reginald Punnett is a British geneticist who devised a Punnett square to

predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross or mating and their expected
frequencies. This is a grid-like tool used in predicting the possible outcomes in
genetic problems. The Punnett square only shows what might occur and the
possible actual results.

In solving problems involving monohybrid cross, follow the steps below.

STEP 1. Determine what kind of problem you are trying to solve.

In humans, free earlobes F is dominant over attached earlobes f. Suppose
the father is homozygous dominant for free earlobes FF, while his wife has
attached earlobes ff.

STEP 2. Use letters to specify those traits.

FF - homozygous free earlobes
ff - homozygous attached earlobes
Ff - heterozygous free earlobes

STEP 3. Determine parents’ genotypes.

Father: FF (homozygous free earlobes)

F F

Mother: ff (homozygous attached earlobes)

f f

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STEP 4. Construct a Punnett Square and predict possible offspring.

F F

f Ff Ff
f
Ff Ff
STEP 5. Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of offspring.

Offspring phenotypic ratio: 100 % free earlobes

Offspring genotypic ratio: 100% heterozygous free earlobes (Ff)

Dihybrid Cross
A dihybrid cross shows the possible pattern of inheritance of two
independently- assorting genes. It shows how allelic pair of genes for a specific trait
segregates and unite independently. Mendel pollinated a plant with genotype
RRYY (round, yellow seed) and a plant with genotype rryy (wrinkled, green seeds).
The first filial generation or F1 peas exhibited the dominant traits for the
heterozygous genotype RrYy. Based on Mendel’s Law of Segregation each pair will
separate during gamete formation, therefore each gamete or sex cell will receive one
allele from each pair.
In solving problems involving a dihybrid cross, it is deemed important to follow
these steps:

STEP 1. Determine the genetic problem you are trying to solve.

A homozygous dominant parent plant with purple flowers and tall stem (BB
TT) is cross-pollinated with a homozygous recessive parent plant, with white
flowers and short stem (bbtt).

STEP 2. Specify traits by assigning letters.

B- purple b-white flower T-tall stem t-short stem

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STEP 3. Determine parent’s genotypes.

Parent 1 Parent 2

STEP 4. Give the possible gametes by assigning letters.

Parent 1

Parent 2

STEP 5. Construct a Punnett square and determine possible offspring.

STEP 6. Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

A. Offspring genotypic ratio: 100 % heterozygous purple, tall (Bb Tt )

B. Offspring phenotypic ratio: 100% purple, tall

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 What’s More
Activity 1.1 Comparing Genotype and Phenotype

Objectives: After performing this activity, you are expected to:

1. differentiate genotype from phenotype; and

2. describe the genotype of an organism as homozygous or heterozygous.

Procedure:

1. Analyze the given genotype (genetic make-up) as homozygous or heterozygous.

Always remember that homozygous refers to a pair of identical alleles while
heterozygous pertains to a pair of different alleles.

Examples:

WW-homozygous round ww- homozygous wrinkled Ww -heterozygous round

2. For each of the genotypes, write the phenotype or visible traits.

Genotype: WW homozygous round Phenotype: Round
Genotype: ww homozygous wrinkled Phenotype: wrinkled

For each genotype of garden peas ,indicate whether its homozygous or

heterozygous by putting a check on the appropriate column and write the
corresponding phenotype.

Trait GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

Homozygous Heterozygous

1. Round seed (R)

is dominant over
RR
wrinkled seed (r)

2. Purple flower (P)

is dominant over
pp
white flower (p)

3. Tall pea plant (T)

is dominant over
Tt
short pea plant (t)

4. Inflated pea pod

(I) is dominant over
ii
constricted pod (i)

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5. Yellow seed (Y) is
dominant over
Yy
green seed (y)

Activity 1.2 Monohybrid Cross

Objectives: After performing the activity, you should be able to:
1. use Punnett square to solve genetic problem involving monohybrid cross; and
2. determine the genotype and phenotype of possible offspring.
Procedure:
A. Solve the problem below by using a Punnet square to predict the possible
traits of offspring.
1. The alleles for dimples D is dominant to the alleles of no dimples d. Diego who is
heterozygous for dimples (Dd) marries Cassie who is also heterozygous for
dimples (Dd). Determine the following:
a. Diego’s genotype __________________
b. Cassie’s genotype__________________
2. Using a Punnett square, give the genotype and phenotype of their possible
offspring.

Offspring genotype:________________________
Offspring phenotype: ______________________

2. The allele for hitchhiker’s thumb (h) is recessive to straight thumb (H). If a man
and his wife are both heterozygous for straight thumb, will any of their children
will potentially have hitchhiker’s thumb?

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2.1a. What is the genotype of both parents?
Man:____________________________ Wife:________________________________
b. Describe their phenotypes.
Man:____________________________ Wife:________________________________

2.2. Perform a monohybrid cross to determine the phenotypes and genotypes of

their possible offspring.

B. Guide Questions:
1. How many traits are involved in a monohybrid cross? ________________
2. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? _____________

What I Have Learned

A. Complete the sentences below by filling in the correct word.

1. Gregor Mendel studied the pattern of inheritance of two pairs of factors in an
individual. A ______________ is used to show how allelic pair of genes for a
specific trait separates and recombines independently. It is a cross involving two
organisms that are both heterozygous for two different traits.

2. Dihybrid cross is used to determine if any of the relationship existed between

different allelic pairs. Most sexually reproducing organisms carry two copies of
each gene, allowing them to carry two different_____________.

3. The Law of _________________ explains why traits are inherited independent of

each other. The law applies to factors or genes that are found on
separate____________.

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B. Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What does a Punnett square show?

A. all the possible outcome s of a genetic cross
B. all the homozygous alleles in a genetic cross
C. only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross
D. only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross

2. If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white

guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur?
A. 25 percent C.75 percent
B. 50 percent D.100 percent

3. Which of the following refers to an organism’s genetic make-up?

A. Genotype C. Homozygous
B. Heterozygous D. Phenotype

4. What does the notation TT mean to geneticists?

A. two dominant alleles
B. two recessive alleles
C. at least one dominant allele
D. one dominant and one recessive allele

5. This is a genetic cross involving two traits.

A. Co-dominance
B. Dihybrid
C. Incomplete Dominance
D. Monohybrid

What I Can Do

Read the genetic problem involving dihybrid cross. Use Punnett square to
predict the possible offspring.

A. In peas, inflated pod shape (I) is dominant over constricted pod (i) and green pod
color (G) is dominant to yellow pod (g). A pea plant having homozygous inflated
pod (II) and has yellow pod color (gg) is cross-pollinated with a pea plant that is
heterozygous inflated (Ii) and heterozygous (Gg) green pod.

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Phenotypic ratio:____________________________________________
Genotypic ratio: ____________________________________________
B. Guide Questions:
1. What are the male gametes? Female gametes?
2. How many kinds of genotypes will the offspring have?
3. What is the probability that an offspring will have a genotype of
a. IIGg _______________________________________________________
b. IIgg _______________________________________________________
c. IiGg _______________________________________________________
d. Iigg _______________________________________________________

Additional Activity

RELATE and REFLECT:

In the future, if you are thinking about starting a family of your own, you
may be wondering if any future children of yours will inherit traits that might affect
both them and you.
Suppose you fall in love with a wonderful person who has a condition of cleft
lip and palate (a hereditary trait) but has already undergone surgery. Will you still
marry that person? Why or Why not?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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 Posttest

Read each question carefully and encircle only the letter of the correct answer.

1. What does the notation ii (constricted pod shape) mean to geneticists?

A. two dominant alleles
B. two recessive alleles
C. at least one recessive allele
D. one dominant allele and one recessive allele

2. Suppose you have two lines of Rose flowers, which are homozygous for two
different traits. However, you don’t know the mode of inheritance for the genes
you are testing. What will be your first clue?
A. The genotypes of the parents. C. The genotypes of the dihybrids.
B. The phenotypes of the parents. D. The phenotypes of the dihybrids.

3. Which of the following best describes the law of Independent assortment?

A. There are dominant and recessive genes.
B. There are two genes that control inheritance.
C. Two genes of the same characteristic separate into different gametes.
D. Genes controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of
each other.

4. By just looking at a Mayana plant will give information concerning its

A. genotype. C. recessive alleles.
B. phenotype. D. heterozygous alleles.

5. ______ it refers to a genetic cross involving two true breeding parents that differ
only in one characteristic while _____ shows how allelic pair of genes for a
specific trait segregates and unite independently.
A. genotype, phenotype C heterozygous, homozygous
B. phenotype, genotype D. monohybrid, dihybrid

6. When Mendel studied the pattern of inheritance in green peas, the dominant
relationship between alleles for each trait was already known to Mendel when he
made this cross. Which of the following is the reason for a dihybrid cross?
A. To determine the dominant relationship between two alleles.
B. To determine if any relationship existed between different allelic pairs.
C. To determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.
D. To determine the genotype of an unknown plant and to produce “true
breeding” offspring.

7. How will you describe the allele of an Rr pea plant if R represents a gene for
round seed and r for wrinkled seed?
A. a homozygous genotype C. a heterozygous genotype
B. a heterozygous phenotype D. a homozygous phenotype

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8. If green pea with heterozygous axial flower (Aa) is crossed with a terminal flower
(aa), what is the probability that an offspring will have an axial flower?
A. 25 % B. 50 % C. 75 % D. 100 %

9. If green pea with homozygous round seeds (RR) is crossed with homozygous wrinkled
seeds (rr), what is the probability that an offspring will have wrinkled seeds?
A. 0 % B. 50 % C. 75 % D. 100%

10. What will happen if determiners for two contrasting characters are present in
the same individual?
A. only one determiner will appear on the same individual
B. both contrasting characters appear on the same individual
C. the dominant character appears, but the recessive character does not
D. the recessive character appears, but the dominant character does not

References

El-Hani, CN. Between the cross and the sword: The crisis of the gene
concept. Genetics and molecular Biology. 2007; 30:297-307.
Genetics: You Are Unique. (2020, May 3). Retrieved March 8, 2020.
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/genetics.
The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross. (2020, August 15).
Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/13264
Why do I Have Freckles. (2019.) Retrieved March 3, 2020.
https://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask195

Answer Key

Answers may vary

What’s New
4. CHROMOSOMES 3. MITOSIS 2. MEIOSIS 1. GENES
What’s In

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
16
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Activity 1.2
1. a. Dd 2.
b. Dd
a. offspring genotype- 1 homozygous dimple: 2heterozygous dimple: 1
homozygous without dimple
b. offspring phenotype- 3 with dimples: 1 without dimple
2.1 a. genotype of man: Hh Genotype of wife: Hh
b. phenotype of man: Straight thumb Phenotype of wife: straight
thumb
B. Guide Questions:
1. Monohybrid is a genetic cross involving one trait only.
2. Genotype refers to the genetic composition of an organism while
phenotype pertains to the physical attributes of an organism.
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Armila D. Esparrago

Content Editors: Imelda N. Del Rosario
Jessica S. Mateo

Language Editor: Kristine Joyce G. Montejo

Cover Page Illustrator: Arriane Joy Isorena

Layout Artist: Jemwel Dela Paz

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

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