S. K.

Ghosh Associates LLC

International Code Council (ICC)

Wind Load Provisions of

BNBC 2020
Date: 19 May 2021

Dr. S. K. Ghosh
President, S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC

URP S-09 Training

Module S4

Background
ƒ Wind Loading is the effect of the atmosphere passing by a
stationary structure attached to the earth’s surface.

ƒ Wind Loads are controlled by Atmospheric and Aerodynamic

effects.

ƒ The 3 terms in the general equation of wind:

• Velocity Pressure, q - Atmospheric Effects.

• External Pressure Coefficient, Cp – Aerodynamic Effects.
• Gust Effect Factor, G - Combination of both.
p = q x G x Cp

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Atmospheric Effects

ƒMeteorological Effects

ƒBoundary Layer Effects

Meteorological Effects

ƒMeteorology provides a description and

explanation of the basic features of atmospheric
flows.

ƒClimatology - prediction of storm conditions at a

given geographic location.

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Climatological Effects

ƒThunderstorms.
ƒTornadoes.
ƒCyclones.
ƒSpecial Regional Effects.

Thunderstorms

ƒVariety of associated wind phenomena.

ƒPredicted thunderstorm activity controls vast

majority of US wind loads.

ƒReason most of the inland US has very similar

design wind speed.

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Tornadoes

ƒ Design wind speeds do not include the effects of tornadoes.

ƒ Probability of occurrence at a particular location so low that

tornadoes do not appear in the 50-year statistical storm
data used to formulate the inland portion of the map.
2.4.4.2 Limitation
Tornadoes have not been considered in developing the basic
wind-speed distributions.

Tornadoes

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Hurricane/Cyclone Paths

Hurricane Season

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Cyclone Season in Bangladesh

In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, tropical

cyclones can form throughout the year on either
side of India, although most frequently between
April and June, and between October and
December. On the east side is the Bay of Bengal,
and on the west side is the Arabian Sea.

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Cyclone Fani, 04 May 2019

Cyclone Fani, 04 May 2019

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Cyclone Fani, 04 May 2019

Terms of Reference (S-9): Context

In recent years, Bangladesh has reformed its approach to
cyclone and flood risk management and preparedness.
Triggered by major loss of life and assets, notably during the
cyclones of 1970 and 1991 …, GoB, civil society, and
international development partners have demonstrated that
investment in the systems and structures of flood risk
management and cyclone preparedness saves lives,
reduces economic loss, and protects development gains. As
such, Bangladesh is cited often in the rationale for
investment in disaster risk management (DRM) activities
globally.
The threat of an earthquake, however, … .

URP/RAJUK/SͲ9Component 16

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Cyclones

ƒ Size and duration makes much higher probability of

striking a given coastal location.

ƒ Control design wind speeds in cyclone-prone regions:

Areas vulnerable to cyclones; in Bangladesh these
areas include the Sundarbans, southern parts of
Barisal and Patuakhali, Hatia, Bhola, eastern parts of
Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar

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Converted Wind Speeds

80 m/s = 288 kmph = 179 mph

41.4 m/s = 149 kmph = 93 mph

2.4.4.1 Special wind regions

The basic wind speed shall be increased

where records or experience indicate that the
wind speeds are higher than those reflected in
Figure 6.2.1. Mountainous terrain, gorges, and
special regions shall be examined for unusual
wind conditions. The authority having
jurisdiction shall, if necessary, adjust the values
given in Figure 6.2.1 to account for higher local
wind speeds. Such adjustment shall be based
on adequate meteorological information and
other necessary data.

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2.4.9.5 Velocity Pressure

BNBCͲ2020,ASCE7Ͳ05:

2.1.3 Basic Wind Speed

Basicwindspeed,V: 3Ͳsecondgustspeedat10mabove
thegroundinExposureCB andassociatedwithan
annualprobabilityof0.02ofbeingequaledorexceeded
(50Ͳyearmeanrecurrenceintervalorreturnperiod).

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2.4.9.5 Velocity Pressure

BNBCͲ2020,ASCE7Ͳ05:

Atmospheric Boundary Layer

ƒLayer of turbulent air in contact with the

earth’s surface.
ƒFirst kilometer or so of the atmosphere.
ƒAll buildings exist in this layer.
ƒAbove this layer wind speed is constant
with height.

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Wind Velocity Profiles &

Boundary Layer Thickness

457m
357m
274m
213m
Deleted
A

Exposure Constant

2.01 z / z g 
2 /D
Kz

Parabolic Equation of “Power Law” curves.

z is the height above ground.
zg is the thickness of the boundary layer for
each exposure category (A, B, C).
D is the power law exponent for each exposure
category, equal to 7.0, 9.5, and 11.5 for
Exposures A, B, and C, respectively. (Table
6.2.10)

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2.4.9.5 Velocity Pressure

BNBCͲ2020,ASCE7Ͳ05:

Topographic Wind Speed-up Effect

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2.4.9.5 Velocity Pressure

BNBCͲ2020,ASCE7Ͳ05:

Directionality

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Return Period

ƒ Also known as mean recurrence interval (MRI).

ƒ Used for the statistical determination of the predicted wind

speed.

ƒ MRI of 50 years is used for normal use structures.

ƒ MRI for critical use facilities such as hospitals is 100 years.

ƒ MRI for low risk buildings such as barns is 25 years.

Importance Factor

ƒ For MRI of 25, 50 , and 100 years -

ƒ 3 Maps???? - No!

ƒ MRI is adjusted by using importance factor, I.

ƒ Ratio of difference in velocity pressure from one MRI to another

is a fairly consistent ratio for non-hurricane locations.

ƒ Inclusion of “I” in the wind pressure equation has the

mathematical effect of adjusting the wind speed up or down.

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Gust
p = q x G x Cp
ƒRapid fluctuation of wind
ƒOrdinary structures sensitive to peak gusts of about 1
sec duration.
ƒUse of fastest-mile wind in design inadequate
Gust speed, Vg = Gv V
ƒPressure generated by gust, pg = Gp p
p vV 2 ? Gp = Gv2
ƒFlexible structures more sensitive to gust.

2.4.8 Gust Effect Factor

ƒ Accounts for the loading effects in the along-wind

direction (parallel to the direction of the wind) due
to wind turbulence-structure interaction.
ƒ Also accounts for along-wind loading effects due
to dynamic amplification for flexible structures.
ƒ Does not account for other dynamic effects such
as across-wind loads.

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Wind Velocity
Instantaneousvelocityofwindatapointasa
functionoftime:

Fastest-Mile Wind
ƒMaximum wind speed averaged over one mile of
wind passing through the anemometer.

ƒAveraging time of fastest-mile wind: T(sec) 3600/Vf

Vf – fastest-mile wind speed in mph
For Vf = 60 mph – T = 3600/60 = 60 sec
For Vf = 120 mph – T = 3600/120 = 30 sec

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3-second Gust Speed

ASCE 7-95, ASCE 7-98, ASCE 7-02, ASCE 7-05:

50-year MRI 3-sec gust wind speed

3-second Gust Speed

• VT = max. wind speed based on averaging

time of T sec
• VH = max. wind speed based on averaging
time of 1 hour

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2.4.8 Gust Effect Factor (G)

Starting with ASCE 7-95,

ƒG may be taken as 0.85 for all rigid buildings’

MWFRS.

ƒG must be calculated for flexible buildings’

MWFRS.

ƒG is included in a combined GCp term for Low-Rise

MWFRS and Components and Cladding.

2.1.3 Rigid vs. Flexible Buildings

BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE, FLEXIBLE:

Slender buildings and other structures that have a
fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz (T1>1
sec).
BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE, RIGID: A building
or other structure whose fundamental frequency is
greater than or equal to 1 Hz.1 (T1”1 sec)
T1(sec) = 1/n1(sec-1 or Hz)

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ASCE 7-10 Section 26.9.2

Frequency Determination
ƒ In ASCE 7-05, several expressions for computing approximate
fundamental frequency , n1, of a building were suggested in
C6.5.8.
ƒ Some of those expressions were now included within the body
of ASCE 7-10
ƒ Expressions provide conservative lower-bound estimates of
n1, which is needed to distinguish between rigid and flexible
buildings.
ƒ Low-Rise Buildings, as defined in 26.2, are permitted to be
considered rigid.

ASCE 7-10 Section 26.9.2

Frequency Determination
26.9.2.1. As an alternative to performing an analysis to
determine n1, the approximate building natural frequency, na,
shall be permitted to be calculated in accordance with 26.9.3
for structural steel, concrete, or masonry buildings meeting
the following requirements:

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ASCE 7-10 Section 26.9.2

Frequency Determination

26.9.2.1 May use na for n1 if

1. Building height is less than or equal to 91 m, and
2. Building height is less than 4 times its effective length,
Leff.
n
¦ hi Li (26.9Ͳ1)
i 1
Leff n
¦ hi
i 1

summations are over height of building where

hi is height above grade of level i
Li is building length at level i parallel to wind direction

ASCE 7-10 Section 26.9.3

Approximate Natural Frequency
ƒ Structural steel moment-resisting-frame buildings:
na = 22.2/h0.8 (26.9-2)

ƒ Concrete moment-resisting-frame buildings:

na = 43.5/h0.9 (26.9-3)

ƒ Structural steel and concrete buildings with other

lateral-force-resisting system:
na = 75/h (26.9-4)

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ASCE 7-10 Section 26.9.3

Approximate Natural Frequency
ƒ Concrete or masonry shear wall buildings
na = 385(Cw)0.5/h (26.9-5)

where
2
100 n § h · Ai
Cw ¦ ¨¨ ¸¸
¹ ª
AB i 1© hi 2º
§h ·
«1  0.83¨¨ i ¸¸ »
«¬ © Di ¹ »¼

ASCE 7-10 Section 26.9.3

Approximate Natural Frequency
h = mean roof height (ft)
n = number of shear walls in building effective in
resisting lateral forces in direction under consideration
AB = base area of structure (ft2)
Ai = horizontal cross-section area of shear wall “i” (ft2)
Di = length of shear wall “i” (ft)
hi = height of shear wall “i” (ft)

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Wind Flow Around Building

External Pressure due to Wind

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External Pressure due to Wind

V2
ps pa  ȡ
2
V2
p '
s p s  pa ȡ
2
ps = pressure at stagnation point, psf (N/m2)

pa = ambient pressure, psf (N/m2)

U = air density, lb-sec2/ft4 (kg-sec2/m4)

V = ambient wind speed, ft/sec (m/sec)

Dimensionless Pressure or
Pressure Coefficient

p  pa p' p =actualpressureatany
Cp
( 1 2 )UV 2 ( 1 2 )UV 2 arbitrarypointonbuilding,psf

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Basic Wind Equation

p q u G u Cp
p = Wind Pressure
q = Velocity Pressure (Atmospheric Effects).
G = Gust Effect Factor (Atmospheric & Aerodynamic Effects).
Cp = Pressure Coefficient / Shape Factor (Aerodynamic Effects).

Wind-resistant Design
ƒWind Pressures on a Building

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Internal Pressure

Enclosure Classification

ƒBuildings with openings large enough to effect the

internal pressure, and with a background porosity
low enough to allow that pressure to build up, are
classified as partially enclosed.

ƒBuildings which are at least 80% open on every

wall are classified as open.

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Enclosure Classification (cont’d)

ƒEverything else is classified as enclosed.

ƒA building may have large openings which would

allow pressure to enter, but also have enough
background porosity that the pressure escapes
as fast as it enters. In this case the building is
still classified as enclosed.

Basic Wind Equation

ƒFor buildings with External and Internal Pressure:

p qGCp  qiGCpi

௜ = Velocity pressure calculated for internal

pressure.

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ASCE 7-98
Positive Internal Pressure

ASCE 7-98
Negative Internal Pressure

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C&C Pressure Coefficients

ƒ Area Based Values for Components & Cladding

ƒ For component and cladding elements, the effective
area = the span length × effective width that need not
be less than one-third the span length.
ƒ For cladding fasteners, effective area ” tributary area

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2.4.1 General
Minimum Design Wind Loading
Minimum Design Wind Loading
• 0.5 kN/m2 for MWFRS and C&C.

ASCE 7-05
6.2 Definitions

Basic Wind Speed V : 3-second gust speed at 10 m

above the ground in Exposure C.
• Removed reference to “50 yr mean recurrence interval”
• Loads calculated from the wind speed map, when multiplied
by the wind load factor, represent an “ultimate load” having
approximately a 500 year return period.
• Map contours include hurricane importance factor

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2.1.3 Terminology

Building, simple diaphragm : A building in which

both windward and leeward wind loads are
transmitted through floor and roof diaphragms to the
same vertical main wind force resisting system
(e.g., no structural separations).

2.1.3 Terminology

Glazing, impact resistant : glazing which has been

shown by testing in accordance with ASTM E 1886
and ASTM E 1996 or other approved test methods
to withstand the impact of wind borne missiles likely
to be generated in wind borne debris regions during
design winds.

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2.1.3 Terminology

Cyclone prone region : Areas vulnerable to

cyclones; in Bangladesh these areas include the
Sundarbans, southern parts of Barisal and
Patuakhali, Hatia, Bhola, eastern parts of
Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar.

2.1.3 Terminology

Impact-Resistant Covering : A covering designed to protect glazing,

which has been shown by testing in accordance with ASTM E 1886 and
ASTM E 1996 or other approved test methods to withstand the impact of
wind- borne missiles likely to be generated in wind-borne debris regions
during design winds.

Mean Roof Height, h : The average of the roof eave height and the
height of the highest point on the roof surface, except that, for a roof
angle of less than or equal to 10 degrees, the mean roof height shall be
the roof eave height.

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2.1.3 Terminology
Mean Roof Height

2.1.3 Terminology

Openings : apertures or holes in the building

envelope which allow air to flow through the building
envelope and which are designed as “open” during
design winds as defined by these provisions

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ASCE 7-05
6.2 Definitions
Wind borne debris region : areas within cyclone
prone regions located:
1. Within 1.6 km of the coastal mean high water line
when the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than
180 km/h (50 m/sec) , or
2. In areas where the basic wind speed is equal to or
greater than 200 km/h (54 m/sec)

2.4.6 Exposure
2.4.6 Exposure

For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure category shall be
based on ground surface roughness that is determined from natural topography,
vegetation, and constructed facilities.

2.4.6.1 Wind directions and sectors

For each selected wind direction at which the wind loads are to be evaluated, the
exposure of the building or structure shall be determined for the two upwind
sectors extending 45o either side of the selected wind direction.

The exposures in these two sectors shall be determined in accordance with

Sections 2.4.6.2 and 2.4.6.3 and the exposure resulting in the highest wind loads
shall be used to represent the winds from that direction.

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2.4.6.2 Surface Roughness Categories

ƒSurface Roughness BA:
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other
terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions
having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.

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2.4.6.2 Surface Roughness Categories

ƒSurface Roughness CB:

Open terrain with scattered obstructions having

heights generally less than 9.1 m. This category
includes flat open country, grasslands, and all
water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions

2.4.6.2 Roughness Categories

ƒSurface roughness DC:
Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces
outside cyclone-prone regions. This category
includes smooth mud flats and salt flats

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2.4.6.3 Exposure Categories

ƒExposure BA:

Shall apply where Surface Roughness BA prevails in

the upwind direction for at least 792 m or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater.

Exception. For buildings with h d 9.1 m, the upwind

distance may be reduced to 457 m.

2.4.6.3 Exposure Categories

ƒExposure CB:
Shall apply for all cases where Exposure BA or DC
does not apply

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2.4.6.3 Exposure Categories

ƒ Exposure DC:

shall apply where Surface Roughness DC prevails in

the upwind direction for at least 1524 m or 20 times
the building height, whichever is greater. Exposure
DC shall extend into downwind areas of Surface
Roughness BA or CB for a distance of 200 m or 20
times the building height, whichever is greater.

2.4.6.3 Exposure Category DC

Q: What “downwind area” is being referred to in the following sentence

of Exp. DC definition: “Exposure DC shall extend into downwind areas
of Surface Roughness BA or CB for a distance of 200 m or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater.”

A: The 2009 IBC made that sentence more easily understood. The
2009 IBC did not use the term “downwind areas” and did not make
reference to “Surface Roughness BA or CB,” but simply reads:
Exposure DC shall extend inland from the shoreline for a distance of
200 m or 20 times the height of the building whichever is greater.

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2.4.6.3 Exposure Category DC

Q: Why does Exposure DC extend so far inland and why is

it dependent on the height of the structure?

A: After a change in surface roughness, wind has to travel a

sufficient distance over the new terrain for the velocity or
pressure distribution to attain a new, changed equilibrium
state over a certain height above ground level; the required
travel distance is a function of that height.

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2.4.6.3 Exposure Categories

For a site located in the transition zone between
exposure categories, the category resulting in the
largest wind forces shall be used. (An exception to
this is provided).

Exposure A
Deleted

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Exposure BA
Suburban

Exposure BA
Urban

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Exposure BA/CB

Exposure CB

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Exposure CB
(<457 m of BA)

Exposure DC

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2.4.1 General
ƒ Choice of 3 Design Procedures
• 2.4.2 - Method 1 - Simplified Procedure
• 2.4.3 - Method 2 - Analytical Procedure
• 2.4.16 - Method 3 - Wind Tunnel Procedure

2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

ƒBased on ASCE 7-05/BNBC-2020 Analytical

Procedure for Low-Rise buildings.

ƒApplies loads on projected areas.

ƒRestricted to Low-Rise, Simple Diaphragm Buildings.

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2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

ƒSimple diaphragm building
A building in which both windward and leeward
wind loads are transmitted through floor and roof
diaphragms to the same vertical main wind force
resisting system (e.g., no structural separations).

Response of
Concrete
Buildings to
Wind Forces

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2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

Conditions
1. Building is a simple diaphragm building as defined in 2.1.3
2. Building is a low-rise building as defined in 2.1.3
3. Building is enclosed as defined in 2.1.3 and conforms to
the wind-borne debris provisions of 2.4.9.3
4. Building is regular-shaped building as defined in 2.1.3
5. Building is not a flexible building as defined in 2.1.3
• Flexible building: Slender buildings that have a
fundamental frequency < 1 Hz

2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

ƒGeneral Rule of Thumb for Rigid vs. Flexible
Buildings:

Height to Minimum Width < 4

(ASCE 7-05 Section 6 Commentary)

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2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

ƒ Conditions
6. Building does not have response characteristics making it
subject to across wind loading, vortex shedding, or galloping
or flutter; and does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special considerations
7. The building has an approximately symmetrical cross-section
in each direction with a flat roof or a gable or hip roof with ș ”
45o

2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

Conditions
8. Building must either be exempted from torsional loading
conditions as indicated in Note 5 of Fig. 6.2.10, or
torsional load cases as defined in Note 5 must not
control the design of any main wind-force-resisting
system of the building.

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2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

2.4.2.4.1 MWFRS

ps= Ȝ KztI ps30

Ȝ = adjustment factor from Fig. 6.2.2

Kzt= topographic factor defined in 2.4.7,

evaluated at mean roof height

I = importance factor defined in 2.4.5

ps30= simplified design wind pressure from Fig. 6.2.2

ASCE 7-05
2.4.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure
2.4.2.4.1 MWFRS
Simplified design wind pressures for the MWFRS represent
the net pressures (sum of internal and external) to be
applied to the horizontal and vertical projections of building
surfaces as shown in Figure 6.2.2. For the horizontal
pressures (Zones A, B, C, D), ps is the combination of the
windward and leeward pressures.

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ASCE 7-05
6.4 METHOD 1 – SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE

ƒMWFRS (Fig. 6.2.2)

• The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal

direction.
• For the design of the longitudinal MWFRS, use T = 0°
and locate the zone E/F, G/H boundary at the mid-depth
of the building.
• Each corner shall be considered in turn as the windward
corner.

ASCE 7-05
6.4 METHOD 1 - SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE
Figure 6.2.2 Walls & Roofs

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2.4.2 Method 1 - Simplified Procedure

Figure 6.2.2 Walls & Roofs

2.4.2 Method 1 - Simplified Procedure

Figure 6.2.2 Walls & Roofs

From
ASCE7Ͳ05

Tableis
missing
from
BNBCͲ
2020

TheGazetted
versionof
BNBCͲ2020
actuallyrefers
toFigure6Ͳ2of
ASCE7Ͳ05for
determining
ps30.

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2.2.4 Method 1 - Simplified Procedure

Figure 6.2.2 Walls & Roofs

Adjustmentsforheightthan9mand/orexposureotherthanA

ASCE 7-05
6.5 Method 2: Analytical Procedure

ƒDesign Pressure – MWFRS –

Rigid Buildings of All Height (2.4.11.2):

p = q GCp - qi (GCpi)

Velocity Pressure (2.4.9.5):

ଶ
௭ ௭ ௭௧ ௗ

௭ in kN/mଶ , in m/sec

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ASCE 7-05
6.5 Method 2: Analytical Procedure
ƒ Design Pressure – MWFRS – Rigid Buildings of All Height
(2.4.11.2):

qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls,

and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative
pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings

qi = qz for positive pressure evaluation in partially

enclosed buildings at height z from the ground. Can be
conservatively taken as qh

ASCE 7-05
6.5 Method 2: Analytical Procedure
ƒDirectionality factor Kd introduced in 1998
• Added to velocity pressure equation
ଶ
௭ ௭ ௭௧ ௗ

௭ in kN/mଶ , in m/sec
• Separate out effect of wind load factor
• Requires adjustment to wind load factor ( 1.3 o 1.6 )
• Table 6.2.12
Reason: Explicitly identify directionality effect in future
editions.

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2.4.3 Method 2: Analytical Procedure

ƒ Design Procedure (2.4.3.4):

1. Wind Speed V (Figure 6.2.1 map or Table 6.2.8),

Wind Directionality Factor Kd (2.4.4.3, Table 6.2.12)

2. Importance Factor I (2.4.5, Table 6.2.9)

3. For each wind direction:

Exposure Category (2.4.6)

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

Kh, Kz (2.4.6.6, Table 6.2.11)

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Table 6.2.12 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

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Table 6.2.9 Importance Factor, I

Table 6.2.11 Velocity Pressure Exposure

Coefficients, Kh and Kz

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Table 6.2.11 Velocity Pressure Exposure

Coefficients, Kh and Kz
Table 6.2.10 Terrain Exposure Constants

ASCE 7-05
6.5 Method 2: Analytical Procedure

ƒ Design Procedure (2.4.3.4):

4. Topographic Factor, Kzt (2.4.7, Figure 6.2.4)

5. Gust Effect Factor G or Gf (2.4.8)

6. Enclosure Classification (2.4.9)

7. Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi (2.4.10.1, Figure 6.2.5)

8. External Pressure Coefficients Cp, GCpf (2.4.10.2) or force

coefficients Cf (2.4.10.3)

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Fig. 6.2.4 Topographic Factors, Kzt

Fig. 6.2.4 Topographic Factors, Kzt

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2.4.8 Gust Effect Factor, G or Gf

ƒFor rigid structures as defined in Section 2.1.3, G

shall be taken as 0.85 or calculated by Eqs. 6.2.6,
6.2.7, 6.2.8, and 6.2.9, using Table 6.2.10.

ƒFor flexible or dynamically sensitive structures as

defined in Section 6.1.3, Gf shall be calculated by
Eqs. 6.2.10, 6.2.11, 6.2.12, 6.2.13, 6.2.14,
6.2.15a, 6.2.15b and 6.2.16, using Table 6.2.10.

2.4.9 Definition-Enclosure Classification

ƒBuildings, Open:

A building having each wall at least 80% open.

Mathematically, Ao > 0.8Ag where:

Ao = Total area of openings in a wall that receives

positive external pressure

Ag= Gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified

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Enclosure Classification
Section 2.4.9 Definitions

AO = A1 + A2 + A3 Ag = H u W

Enclosure Classification
Section 2.4.9 Definitions

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2.4.9 Definition-Enclosure Classification

Buildings, Partially Enclosed:

If the following two conditions are satisfied:

1. Ao > 1.1Aoi

2. Ao > 0.4 m2 or >0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, & Aoi ” 0.2Agi

where:

Aoi = The sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope

(walls & roof) not including Ao

Agi = The sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope
(walls & roof) not including Ag

Enclosure Classification
Section 2.4.9 Definitions

Note: Ao, Ag refer to wall that receives

positive external pressure

Aoi , Agi refer to building envelope (walls

and roof)

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ASCE 7-05
2.4.9 Definition-Enclosure Classification
ƒ Buildings, Enclosed:

A building that does not comply with the

requirements for open or partially enclosed
buildings.

Enclosure Classification
Section 2.4.9 Definitions

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2.4.9.3 Wind Borne Debris Regions

Glazing in buildings located in wind-borne debris regions shall be
protected with an impact-resistant covering or be impact-resistant
glazing according to the requirements specified in ASTM E1886
and ASTM E1996 or other approved test methods and
performance criteria. The levels of impact resistance shall be a
function of Missile Levels and Wind Zones specified in ASTM
E1886 and ASTM E1996.
Exceptions:
(i) Glazing in Category II, III, or IV buildings located over 18.3 m
above the ground and over 9.2 m above aggregate surface roofs
located within 458 m of the building shall be permitted to be
unprotected.
(ii) Glazing in Category I buildings shall be permitted to be
unprotected.

Figure 6.2.5 Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi

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2.4.10 Internal Pressure Coefficients

For a partially enclosed building containing a single,
unpartitioned large volume, the internal pressure coefficient,
‫݅݌‬ shall be multiplied by the following reduction factor, ݅:

§ ·
¨ ¸
¨ 1 ¸
Ri 0 .5 ¨ 1  ¸ d 1 .0
¨ Vi ¸
1
¨ 6950 Aog ¸
© ¹

Vi = unpartitioned internal volume, m3

Aog = total area of openings in building envelope, m2

Fig. 6.2.6
External
Pressure
Coefficient, Cp
for MWFRS

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Fig. 6.2.6 Cp for MWFRS: Walls

ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6.2.6 Cp for MWFRS: Roofs

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Fig. 6.2.6 Cp for MWFRS

Fig. 6.2.10 GCpf for MWFRS:

h < 60 ft (18.3 m)

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Fig. 6.2.10 GCpf for MWFRS:

h < 60 ft (18.3 m)

Fig. 6.2.10 GCpf for MWFRS

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2.4.3 Analytical Procedure

ƒDesign Procedure (2.4.3)

9. Velocity Pressure qz, qh (2.4.9.5)

ଶ
௭ ௭ ௭௧ ௗ

௭ in kN/mଶ , in m/sec

2.4.3 Method 2: Analytical Procedure

Design Procedure (2.4.3)
10. Design wind pressure p (2.4.11, 2.4.12) or wind force F
(2.4.14, 2.4.15)
Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Buildings, MWFRS:
Rigid, All heights: p = q GCp - qi(GCpi) Eq. 6.2.19
Low rise: p = qh [(GCpf) - (GCpi)] Eq. 6.2.20
Flexible: p = q GfCp – qi(GCpi) Eq. 6.2.21
Parapets: pp = qp GCpn Eq. 6.2.21

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2.4.3 Method 2: Analytical Procedure

ƒ Design Procedure (2.4.3)
10. Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings - C & C (2.4.11.4):
• Low rise and buildings with h d 18 m
‫ ݌‬ൌ ‫݄ݍ‬ሾሺ‫݌ܥܩ‬ሻ  െ  ሺ‫ ݅݌ܥܩ‬ሻሿ Eq. 6.2.24
• Buildings with h > 18 m
‫ ݌‬ൌ ‫ݍ‬ሺ‫݌ܥܩ‬ሻ  െ ‫݅ݍ‬ሺ‫ ݅݌ܥܩ‬ሻ Eq. 6.2.25
• Parapets
‫ ݌‬ൌ ‫݌ݍ‬ሺ‫ ݌ܥܩ‬െ ‫ ݅݌ܥܩ‬ሻ Eq. 6.2.26

ƒ Design Wind Loads on Open Buildings (2.4.12)

MWFRS: ‫ ݌‬ൌ ‫ࡺ࡯ ܰܥܩ݄ݍ‬Figs. 6-18A to 6-18D Eq. 6.2.27

C & C: ‫ ݌‬ൌ ‫ࡺ࡯ ܰܥܩ݄ݍ‬Figs. 6-19A to 6-19C Eq. 6.2.28

ƒ Design Wind Loads on Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs (2.4.13)
‫ ܨ‬ൌ ‫ݏܣ݂ܥܩ݄ݍ‬ Eq. 6.2.29

2.4.16 Method 3: Wind Tunnel Procedure

ƒ Wind Tunnel Testing - powerful tool for engineer

ƒ Can be used on any building

ƒ ASCE 7/BNBC-2020 only covers “along wind” load effects

ƒ Required for:

• highly unusual shapes (non box-like prisms)

• unusual response characteristics (flexible)
(vortex shedding, galloping, channeling effects)
ƒ Suggested limitations on reduction, in Commentary

• MWFRS: 80% limit

• Components and cladding: 80% limit for Zone 4 walls, Zone 1 roofs

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2.4.16 Wind Tunnel Procedure

Used For:

ƒ Shapes that are not “box-like”

ƒ Flexible buildings ( n below 1 Hz )

ƒ Slender buildings

(height / least width greater than 4)

ƒ Buffeting by upwind structures

ƒ Accelerated flow from channeling by buildings or topographic

features

2.4.16 Wind Tunnel Procedure

Used for:
ƒCurtain wall (cladding) pressures
ƒOverall frame loads - main wind force
resisting system

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2.4.16 Wind Tunnel Procedure

Used for:

ƒ Curtain wall pressures (e.g. unusual geometries)

ƒ Across-wind loads

ƒ Torsional loads (unsymmetric shape, mass)

ƒ Vortex shedding loads (periodic loads)

ƒ Loads from instabilities (flutter, galloping)

ƒ More accurate results, when desired

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Dallas Wind Speeds 2.4.16

Directional characteristics Wind Tunnel Procedure
80

70
Wind speed (mph)

100 yrs
60 50 yrs
25 yrs
50
10 yrs

40

30

ALLd
N

N
NE

SE

NW
SW

Wind direction

2.4.16 Wind Tunnel Procedure

Architectural Issues

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2.4.16 Wind Tunnel Procedure

ƒ Wind tunnel results often less than analytical procedure

ƒ Reasons:

• analytical procedure envelopes “worst” cases

• directional wind speeds
(one or two “worst” directions)
• less severe exposure in many directions
• shielding (other buildings, topography)
• more accurate wind speed data
• more favorable articulation of building surface

2.4.16 Wind Tunnel Procedure

PRCI

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2.4.16WindTunnelProcedure

PRCI

2.4.16WindTunnelProcedure

PRCI

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2.4.16WindTunnelProcedure

PRCI

Questions?
Thank you

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