Complex Numbers:

Properties of Complex Numbers

1. Addition: z 1+ z2 =( x 1 , y 1 ) + ( x 2 , y 2 )= ( x1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 )
2. Multiplication: z 1 z 2=( x 1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) =( x 1 x 2− y 1 y 2 , x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 )
3. Equality: ( x 1 , y 1 ) =( x 2 , y 2 ) iff. x 1=x 2 and y 1= y 2 .

Theorem. C satisfies all the axioms for a field.

1. Commutativity of Addition

For all z 1 , z 2 ∈C , z 1+ z2 =z2 + z 1. Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) . Then, by the definition of Addition
in Complex Number. We have,
z 1+ z2 =( x , y ) + ( a , b )
z 1+ z2 =( x+ a , y + b )
z 1+ z2 =( a+ x ,b + y ) → By Commutative Property of Addition
z 1+ z2 =( a , b ) + ( x , y ) → balik aninga form ( x1 , y 1 )+ ( x 2 , y 2 )
z 1+ z2 =z2 + z 1 .

2. Commutativity of Multiplication

For all z 1 , z 2 ∈C , z 1 z 2=z 2 z 1. Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) . Then, by the definition of

Multiplication in Complex Number. We have,
z 1 z 2=( x , y )( a , b )
z 1 z 2=( xa− yb , xb+ ya )
z 1 z 2=( ax−by , ay+ bx ) → Commutative ( x 1 x 2− y 1 y2 , x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 )
z 1 z 2=( a ,b )( x , y ) → balik aninga form ( x1 , y 1 )( x 2 , y 2)
z 1 z 2=z 2 z 1.

3. Associativity of Addition

For all z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ∈C , z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =( z 1+ z 2 ) + z 3. Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) , z3 =( c ,d ) . Then, by

the definition of Addition in Complex Number. We have,
z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =( x , y ) + [ ( a , b ) + ( c , d ) ]
z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =( x , y ) + ( a+ c , b+ d )
z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =( x+ ( a+c ) , y+ ( b+d ) )
z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =( ( x+ a ) +c , ( y+ b ) +d ) → associative property of add .
z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =( x+ a , y + b ) + ( c , d ) → kuyoga ang mga kabit
 z 1+ ( z 2+ z 3 ) =[ ( x , y ) + ( a , b ) ] + ( c , d )
z 1 + ( z 2 + z 3 ) = ( z 1+ z 2 ) + z 3 .

4. Associativity of Multiplication

For all z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ∈C , z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =( z 1 z 2 ) z 3. Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) , z3 =( c ,d ) . Then, by the

definition of Addition in Complex Number. We have,
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =( x , y ) [ ( a , b ) ( c ,d ) ]
→≝. of Multiplication∈complex number
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =( x , y ) ( ac−bd , ad +bc )
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =[ x ( ac−bd )− y ( ad +bc ) , x ( ad+ bc ) + y ( ac−bd ) ]
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =[ xac−xbd− yad − ybc , xad + xbc+ yac− ybd ] → Distributive Property

z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =[ ( xac− ybc )−( xbd + yad ) , ( xad − ybd ) + ( xbc+ yac ) ] → Combinelike terms
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =[ ( xa− yb ) c−( xb+ ya ) d , ( xa− yb ) d + ( xb+ ya ) c ] → factor out
z z z =[ xa− yb , xb + ya ] ( c , d ) → ilain si kabit
1 ( 2 3)
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =[ ( x , y ) ( a , b ) ] ( c , d ) → ibalik sa form ( x 1 , y 1 )( x2 , y 2 ) ibase ani ( x 1 x 2− y 1 y 2 , x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 )
z 1 ( z 2 z3 ) =( z 1 z 2 ) z 3 .

5. Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition

For all z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ∈C , z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 3 . Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) , z3 =( c ,d ) . Then, by

the definition of Addition in Complex Number. We have,
z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )= ( x , y ) [ ( a , b ) + ( c , d ) ]
z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=( x , y )( a+ c , b+ d )
z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=[ x ( a+c )− y ( b+ d ) , x ( b+d ) + y ( a+c ) ]
z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=( xa+ xc− yb− yd , xb+ xd + ya+ yc )
z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=( xa− yb+ xc − yd , xb+ ya+ xd + yc ) → bayloha kay dapat magtapad ang z 1
z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=( xa− yb , xb+ ya )+ ( xc− yd , xd + yc ) → balik aninga form ( x1 , y 1 )+ ( x 2 , y 2 )
z ( z + z )=( x , y )( a , b )+ ( x , y )( c , d ) → balik aninga form ( x1 , y 1 )( x 2 , y 2)
1 2 3

z 1 ( z 2 + z 3 )=z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 3 .

6. Existence of Additive Identity

For all z ∈ C , z+ 0=z . Let z=( x , y ), 0=( 0,0 ) . Then, we have

z +0=( x , y ) + ( 0,0 )
 z +0=( x , y )
z +0=z.

¿
Suppose there exists 0 and 0 such that for all z ∈ C
z +0=0+ z=z and z +0¿ =0¿ + z=z .

¿ ¿
Then 0 =0+ 0 =0.
¿
Hence, 0 =0.

7. Existence of Multiplicative Identity

For all z ∈ C , z ∙ 1=z . Let z=( x , y ), 1=( 1,0 ). Then, we have

z ∙ 1=( x , y )( 1,0 )
z ∙ 1=( x , y )
z ∙ 1=z .

Suppose there exists 1 and a such that for all z ∈ C

z ∙ 1=1 ∙ z =z and z ∙ a=a ∙ z=z .

Then a=1∙ a=1.

Hence, a=1.

8. Additive Inverse

Find z 2 such that z 1+ z2 =0. For all z 1 , z 2 ∈ C .

Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) .Then

z 1+ z2 =0 ⇔ ( x , y ) + ( a ,b )=(0,0)
⇔ ( x + a , y +b )=(0,0) →≝. of addition ∈complex number
⇔ x+ a=0 y +b=0
a=−x b=− y

Therefore, z 2=(−x ,− y ) =−z 1 .

We denote the additive inverse of z as – z for all z ∈C .

Proof (Uniqueness)
 To show that every z ∈ C has a unique additive inverse, we let – z =(−x ,− y ) and
z ¿ =( x ¿¿ ¿ , y ¿ ). ¿
¿ ¿
Suppose – z and z are additive inverses of z so that z + (−z )=0 and z + z =0. Then,
z ¿ =z¿ +0=(x ¿¿ ¿ , y ¿ )+(0,0) ¿
¿
¿( x ¿¿ ¿ , y )+( ( x , y )+(−x ,− y )) ¿ → z+ (−z ) =0
¿¿ → Associativity of addition
¿
¿ ( 0,0 ) +(−x ,− y ) → z+ z =0
¿ (−x ,− y ) → ( −x ,− y )=−z∧the inverse of −z is z .
¿z
¿
Therefore, z =z .

Subtraction

For all z 1 , z 2 ∈ C , z 1−z 2=z 1+(−z 2 ). If z 1=( x 1 , y 1 ) ∧z2 =( x 2 , y 2 ) . Then,

z 1−z 2=( x 1 , y 1 ) −( x 2 , y 2 )

z 1−z 2=( x 1 , y 1 ) + (−x 2 ,− y 2 )

z 1−z 2=( x 1 + (−x 2 ) , y 1+ ( − y 2 ) )

z 1−z 2=( x 1−x 2 , y 1− y 2)

9. Multiplicative Inverse

Find z 2 such that z 1 ∙ z 2=0. For all z 1 , z 2 ∈ C .

Let z 1=( x , y ) , z 2=( a , b ) .Then

z 1 ∙ z 2=0 ⇔ ( x , y ) ∙ ( a , b ) =(1,0)
⇔ ( xa− yb , xb+ ya )=(1,0) →≝. of addition ∈complex number
xa− yb=1 xb+ ya=0
xa=1+ yb
xa 1+ yb
x
=
x [xb+ y ( 1+xyb )]=0
a=
1+ yb
x [ ( ) ]
xb+ y
1+ yb
x
=0 x

[ ( )]
2
−y 1
a= 1+ x 2 b+ y ( 1+ yb )=0
2
x +x y
2
x
Therefore, z 2= ( x +x y , x −+ xy y )=z
2 2 2 2
−1
1 .

−1
We denote the multiplicative inverse of z as z 1 for all z ∈C .

Proof: (Uniqueness)
To show that every z ∈ C has a unique multiplicative inverse: there exist z ' and z−1 such that
−1
z' ≠ z .
Since z ' is a multiplicative inverse,
z ' z=1 , where z ≠ 0 .

Since z−1 is a multiplicative inverse,

z−1 z =1, where z ≠ 0 .

Hence,
' '
z =1∙ z
z =( z z ) z '
' −1

z =z ( z z )
' −1 ' → Associative Property
' −1
z =z ∙ 1
z ' =z−1 .
QED

Division:

z1 −1
For all z 1 , z 2 ∈ C , =z 1 z 2 where z 2 ≠ 0. If z 1=( x 1 , y 1 ) ∧z2 =( x 2 , y 2 ) . Then,
z2
 z1 −1
=z z
z2 1 2

z1
z2 ( x2 − y2
= ( x 1 , y1 ) 2 2 , 2 2
x2+ y2 x2+ y2 )
→≝. of Multiplication∈complex number

z2 (
z1 x 1 x2 + y 1 y 2 y 1 x2− x1 y 2
=
x 22 + y 22
,
x 22 + y 22
.
)
QED

Properties/Identities Involving quotient

1
1. 2
=z−1
2 , where z 2 ≠ 0 .
z

Proof:
1 −1
For all z 2 ∈ C , 2
=z 2 where z 2 ≠ 0 .
z
By division we have,
z1 −1
=z 1 z 2 .
z2
1
=( 1 ) ( z 2 ) =z 2 .
−1 −1
Therefore, it follows that 2
z

( )
z1 1
2. =z 1 , where z 2 ≠ 0 .
z2 z2

Proof:

( )
z1 1
For all z 1 , z 2 ∈ C , =z 1 where z 2 ≠ 0 .
z2 z2
By division, we have,
z1 −1
=z z .
z2 1 2
−1 1
By property 1, we have shown that z 2 = .
z2

( )
z1 1
Therefore, =z 1 .
z2 z2

3. ( )( )
1
z1
1
=
1
z2 z1 z2
where ( z 1 ≠ 0 , z 2 ≠ 0 ) .
 Proof:

For all z 1 , z 2 ∈ C , ( z1 )( z1 )= z 1z where ( z ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0 ).

1 2 1 2
1 2

By property 1, we have

( z1 )( z1 )=z
1 2
−1 −1
1 2 z .

Note that( z 1 z 2 ) ( z 1 z 2 )=( z1 z 1 )( z 2 z −1

2 ) =1. Thus, z 1 z 2 =( z 1 z 2 ) .
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1

−1 1
By property 1, ( z 1 z 2 ) = .
z1 z2

Therefore, ( )( )
1
z1
1
=
1
z2 z1 z2
.

z1 + z 2 z 1 z 2
4. = +
z3 z3 z3
Proof:
z1 + z 2 z 1 z 2
For all z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ∈C , = + .
z3 z3 z3

( )
z1 + z 2 1
By Property (2), =( z 1+ z2 ) .
z3 z3
z1 + z 2
=( z 1+ z2 ) ( z 3 )
−1
By Property (1),
z3
z1 + z 2
=z 1 z 3−1 + z 2 z 3−1
z3

( ) ( )
z1 + z 2 1 1
=z 1 + z2 .
z3 z3 z3
z1 + z 2 z 1 z 2
By Property (2), therefore, = + .
z3 z3 z3
Exercises.

1. Show that
 (−1 ) z=−z
Solution.
Since z + (−1 ) z =z ( 1+ (−1 ) ) =z ( 0 )=0, then(−1 ) z=−z .
1
=z , ( z ≠ 0 )
 1
z
Solution.
1 1 z z
= ∙ = =z , ( z ≠ 0 ) .
1 z −1 z 1
z

2. Use the associative and commutative laws to show that ( z 1 z 2 ) ( z 3 z 4 )=( z 1 z 3 ) ( z 2 z 4 ).

Solution.
Let z 1=madi chin
z 2= padi Rommel
z 3= padi smith
z 4 =madi alfred

couple : ( z 1 z 2 ) ( z 3 z 4 )
¿ z1 [ z2 ( z3 z4 ) ] madi chin gibyaan ni padi Rommel nagpaduol sa ikaduhang couple

¿ z 1 [ ( z 2 z 3) z 4 ] sa pag duol ni Rommel nibalabag si smith

¿ z 1 [ ( z 3 z 2) z 4 ] sa pagbalabag ni smith dili na niya kaya munang nagkaduol na si Rommel ni lfred

¿ z1 [ z3 ( z2 z4 ) ] hinay2x nalang ug palayo si smith, din nagpaka happy si Rommel kauban si lfred

¿ ( z1 z3 ) ( z2 z4 ). Guol na kaau si smith, unya gi comfort nalang syang madi chin, munang nagkadayon
nalang sila and stay strong si Alfred ug Rommel.
commute
Therefore , kung dili gani mag work ang relationship , pwdelang mag = perfect couple .
exchange

3. ( )( )
z1
z3
z2 z1 z2
= , ( z ≠ 0 , z 4≠ 0)
z 4 z3 z4 3
Solution.

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
z1 z2
z3 z 4
=z 1
1
z3
z2
1
z4
=z 1 z 2
1
z3
1
z4
=z 1 z 2
1
( )
z z
= 1 2 , ( z3 ≠ 0 , z4 ≠ 0 ) .
z3 z4 z3 z4
 4. Use number 3. To derive the cancellation law:
z1 z z 1
= , ( z ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0)
z2 z z 2 2
Solution.
z1 z z 1 z
=
z2 z z 2 z ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
z1
z2
z
1
z
=
z1
z2
z
z2
z
z2 ( )
( z z−1 )= 1 1= 1 , ( z 2 ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0 ) .

Keywords
1 −1
Property 1: 2
=z 2 naa syay inverse
z

( )
z1 1
Property 2: =z 1 , naa syay whole number and fraction
z2 z2

Property 3: ( z )( z ) z z
1 1
1
=
1
2 1 2
kuyugon

z1 + z 2 z 1 z 2
Property 4: = + bulagon
z3 z3 z3

Modulu’s involving real and imaginary parts:

Denotei=( 0,1 ) .
So, i 2=¿ ( 0,1 ) ∙ ( 0,1 ) =(−1,0 )=−1 . By definition of multiplication in Complex Number

Let z=( x , y ) ∈C .Then,

z=( x , y )=( x , 0 ) + ( 0 , y )
¿ ( x ,0 )+(0,1)( y ,0) Imaginary part

¿ x+ iy∨¿
¿ x+ yi

Addition: ( x 1 +iy 1 ) + ( x 2 +i y 2 ) =( x 1+ x 2 ) +i ( y 1+ y2 )

Multiplication: ( x 1 +iy 1 ) ( x 2+iy 2 )=( x 1 x 2− y1 y 2 ) +i ( x 1 y 2+ y 1 x 2 )

Subtraction: ( x 1 +iy 1 )−( x2 +iy 2) =( x 1−x 2 ) +i ( y 1 − y 2 )

Division:
x1 +iy 1
x2 +i y 2
=
(
x1 x 2+ y 1 y 2 y 1 x2 −x1 y 2
2
x2+ y2
2
+i 2 2
x2+ y2 )
Definition 3:

Let z=x +iy ∈ Z . x is called the real part of z and y is called the imaginary part of z and we write

x=ℜ(z) and y=ℑ( z )

If ℜ ( z )=0 and ℑ( z)≠ 0 , then z is said to be a pure imaginary number. The conjugate of z is given by
z=x−iy .

The modulus or absolute value of z is given by |z|=√ x 2 + y 2.

Theorem

Let z , w ∈C . Then,
1 1
1. ℜ ( z )= ( z + z )and ℑ ( z )= ( z−z ).
2 2i
Proof:
Show that ℜ ( z )=x ,and let Show that ℑ ( z )= y , and let
z=x +iy . Then we have, z=x +iy . Then we have,

1 ( x +iy ) + ( x−iy ) 1 ( x +iy )− ( x −iy )

( z+ z ) = ( z−z ) =
2 2 2i 2i

2x 2iy
¿ ¿
2 2i

¿x ¿y

¿ ℜ( z ) ¿ ℑ( z )

2. z +w=z +w
Proof:
Let z=x +iy and w=a+ ib. Then
z +w=( x+ iy ) + ( a+ib ) Substitute
¿ ( x+ a ) +i ( y+ b ) Lainon ang real and imaginary part
¿ ( x+ a )−i ( y +b ) conjugate
¿ ( x−iy ) + ( a−ib ) Usahon ang imaginary ug real part
¿ x+ iy+a+ ib conjugate
¿ z +w

z−w=z −w
 Proof:
Let z=x +iy and w=a+ ib. Then
z−w=( x +iy )−( a+ib ) Substitute
¿ ( x−a )+ i ( y−b ) Lainon ang real and imaginary part
¿ ( x−a )−i ( y −b ) conjugate
¿ ( x−iy ) −( a−ib ) Usahon ang imaginary ug real
¿ x+ iy−a+ib part
conjugate
¿ z−w
3. zw=z w
Proof:
Let z=x +iy andw=a+ ib. Then
zw=( x+ iy ) ( a+ib )
¿ ( xa− yb ) +i ( xb +ay ) multiplication
¿ ( xa− yb )−i ( xb+ ay )
¿ ( x−iy ) ( a−ib )
¿ ( x+ iy ) ( a+ib )
¿zw

4. ( wz )= wz
Proof:
Let z=x +iy andw=a+ ib.

( x 1 x 2+ y 1 y 2 y 1 x 2−x 1 y 2
x22 + y 22
+i
x 22 + y 22 )
( wz )= xa+
a +b
yb ya−xb
+i
2 2
a +b
2 2

xa + yb ya−xb
¿2 2
−i 2 2
a +b a +b
xa yb iya ixb
¿ 2 2 + 2 2− 2 2 + 2 2
a +b a + b a +b a +b
xa +ixb iya− yb
¿ 2 2 − 2 2
a +b a +b
¿
 |z 1 ± z 2|≤|z 1|+|z 2|
Proof: