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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
235 views194 pagesRC8 12
hazard waste management
Uploaded by
mohamed aliCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 194
Chapter 8
DESIGN OF STAIRS)
8.1 INTRODUCTION
A stairway is an essential part of every building since they lead from one floor to another
and connect different levels. It consists of a flight of steps, usually with one or more
intermediate landings provided between the floor levels. Figure 8.1 shows and explains
the basic terminology of stairs.
TUNG
W
lL Flight |e ranating
t ‘Span, Z
r
Figure 8.1 Basic terminology of stairs 194 | Design of Stairs
Depending on the use the building the dimensions of a stairway should be such that
it gives maximum comfort to users. For example, in public buildings the riser shall be not
more than 180 mm, whereas in private buildings it is not more than 200 mm. ‘The going
shall not be less than 255 mm in public buildings and varies between 250 mm to 400 mm
in private buildings. For comfort, the riser and going dimensions can be proportioned
according to the following formula; (2 x R) + G = 600 mm, [See UBBL", BS 5395'5,
Handbook]
8.2 ‘TYPES OF STAIRS
‘There ate different types of stairs, which depend mainly on the type and function of the
building and on architectural requirements. The types normally used ate as mentioned
below and illustrated in Figure 8.2.
(1) Straight stairs spanning longitudinally
2) Straight stairs spanning horizontally
3) Free-standing stairs
(4) Helical stairs
(8) Spiral stairs
(©) Shabless stairs
‘The longitudinally straight stair spans between supports at the top and bottom of
the flight. The supports may be beams, walls or landing slabs provided parallel to the tiser,
causing the slab bend longitudinally between the supports. Horizontally spanning stait
span between walls, a wall and stringer (an edge beam), or between two stringer. 'The stair
may also be cantilevered from a wall. ‘This stair slab is designed as a seties of beam
consisting of one step.
Free-standing stairs consist of two flights and a landing. From architectural point of
view this type of stairs are more attractive than the ordinary straight stairs. Current
practice of analyzing free-standing stairs is to use approximate analytical methods due to
the absence of ‘specific code provisions.
‘A helical stair gives a space, grandeur and a sweeping sculptural form that will be
the focal point of any interior, be it domestic or commercial. ‘The helical form is an
intrinsically strong shape and large stairs can be created that are surprisingly ribbon-like.
Helical stairs are often located in exclusive villas or commercial buildings like hotels or
representative office entrance halls
Spiral stairs are built with treads fanning out around a central column, they are the
most space efficient type of stair as they effectively take up little more floor space than
their diamet _
Reinforced Concrete Design | 195
() Straight stair spanning (b) Straight stair
longitudinally spanning horizontally
(¢) Free-standing stair (@) Helical stair
(© Spiral stair (f Stabiess stair
Figure 8.2 Types of stairs 196 | Design of Stairs
8.3
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
‘The reinforced concrete stairs should be designed generally similar to reinforced concrete
slabs, unless otherwise stated in this section.
@
@)
@)
@
Loads
‘When consideting permanent loads fot the flights of stairs, care should be taken to
ensure that a sufficient allowance is made to cater for the weight of the steps and
finishes as well as the increased loading on plan, occasioned by the inclination of the
waist. Where stairs with open wells have two intersecting landings at right-angles to
each other, the loads on the areas common to both spans may be divided equally
between the spans.
Bending moments and shear forces
Stair slabs and landings should be designed to support the most unfavourable
arrangements of design loads, Stairs which are continuous and constructed
monolithically with their supporting slabs or beams can be designed for a
bending moment of say, FL/10, where F is the total ultimate load,
Effective spans
‘The effective span of stairs between beams or walls is the distance between centre-
lines of the sapporting beams or walls. The effective span of stairs between landing
slabs is the distance between centre-lines of the supporting landing slabs, or the
distance between the edges of the supporting slabs plus 1.8 m, whichever is the
smaller,
Detailing
Care should be taken while detailing of corners such that bar in tension may not
break through at the kink due to the tendency to straighten up under tension as
indicated in Figure 8.3.
(@) Correct detailing LI @ytncotrect detailing
Figure 8.3. Detailing of stair at corners Reinforced Concrete Design | 197
| Example 8.1 |
‘Two longitudinal straight reinforced concrete stairs supported by reinforced concrete
beams at both ends, are shown in Figure E8.1. Landing slabs at both ends of the stairs are
monolithically connected to the stairs, Using grade 25 concrete and grade 500 steel, design
each stait for a vatiable load of 4.0 KN/m? and permanent load from finishes, baluster and
railing of 1.0 KN/m?, Assume nominal concrete cover of 25 mm and bar size of 8 mm.
a ' 10@175,
7) 10@255 = 2550
250, | 1500
@ )
Figure E8.1
| Example 8.2
‘The plan view and the longitudinal section of a two-flight stair for an office building are
shown in Figure H8.2, The stair is supported by a reinforced concrete beam at the left end
and a reinforced concrete landing at the right end. ‘The landing is supported by two stringer
beams along the two sides. Hach flight of the stairs consists of 10 steps. The overall depth
of landing and waist of both flights is 150 mm, while the width of going and the height of
riser are 260 mm and 170 mm respectively. Other relevant dimensions are as shown in the
figure. Design the stair and landing using the data given as follows;
Data: Characteristic live load = 3.0kN/m?
Finishes and handrails 1.2 kN/m?
Characteristic strength of concrete 25 N/mm?
Characteristic strength of steel © = 500 N/mm?
Concrete cover to reinforcement = 25mm 198 | Design of Stairs
os
007 |
os
| Oost
007
Figure E8,2 Reinforced Concrete Design | 199
Example 8.3
Design and detail out a typical two-flight stair, shown in Figure E8.3, ‘The flights are
spanning perpendicularly to each other sharing one common landing, ‘The overall depth of
landing and waist of both flights is 150 mm, while the width of going and height of riser are
255 mm and 170 mm respectively. Assume a variable load of 3.0 kN/m? and permanent
load from finishes, baluster and mailing of 1.0 KN/m?. Use grade 25 concrete, grade 500
steel and nominal concrete cover of 25 mm.
1400 10@ 255=2250
—— er
8
10@ 255=2250
255
a
170
Figure E8.3 200 | Design of Stairs
| Examples
Example 81a: Stair spanning longitudinally continuous over supports.
Example 8.1b: Stair spanning longitudinally with landing and continuous at one end.
Example 8.2: Stair supported by landing spanning perpendicular to stair flight.
Example 8.3: ‘Two stairs spanning perpendicular to each other shating a landing. Example 8.1(a) Stalr sp:
Reinforced Concrete Design | 201
Jing longitudinally continuous over supports page 1/4
Ref.
Caleula
ns Output
Dimension:
R 175 mm
G= 255mm
10@ 175, | k= 110mm
1750
250 |.250
Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, gy - 1.0 kN/m? (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, 4 - 4.0 N/m?
Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, f= 25 N/mm?
Characteristic strength of steel, fy. 500 N/mm?
‘Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m®
Assumed: Cover, C 25mm — bye 8mm
AVERAGE THICKNESS
2 hCG RV7IGI s
= TH0[ @s5?+ 1754 ) 7/255]
133 mm
Average thickness
t y +2)
=~ 9133+ (75 /2)
= 221mm
ACTIONS & ANALYSIS
Shab selfweight = 0.221 x25 5.52 Jew?
Permanent load (Exchiding selfweight) = 1.00 seni?
Characteristic permanent action, 2 = 6.52 tenn?
Characteristic variable action, 4 = 4.00 enim?
Design action, ng =1.35¢4+1.5¢x = 14.81 keN/m? [Table A128: EN 1990
Consider 1m width, wy = 74x 1m = 14.81 kN/m
sy 09 202 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.1(a) Stair spar
1g longitudinally continuous over supports
page 2/4
Ret, ‘Caleulations ‘Output
wa = 14.81 kin
2.80 m
M M Bending Moment,
M = wy L710
11.6 kNm/i
M
61 MAIN REINFORCEMENT.
Effective depth, d= hh -C - 0.59 tu
= 0 - 25- @.5x8)= 81mm
Design moment, Mya = «11.6 KN
K = M/bd a A
= 11.6 x 10%/ (1000 x81 * x25)
0.071 < Kyu = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is net required.
2 -d(05 +/025 - KIB] ~ 0.93 d < 0.95d
Ay =M/O87 fz Main bar
11.6 x 10°/ (0.87 500 x 0.93 x 81) HB - 125
353 mun/m (G02 snetn)
93.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
Aasmin = 0-26Farnlf ye) ba 0.26x (2.56/ S00) x bd
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x81 = 108 mmf
A sna = 0.044 « 0.04 x1000 x 110 = 4400 mmm
9.3.1.1) | Secondary reinforcement [Secondary bar :
A, = 20% of the main reinforcement HB - 350
= 0.20x 353 = 71 eatin (44 rome my
SHEAR
1.6 11.6
14.81 kN/
2.
=M@B~-0
2.80 Vax - 16+ 11.6- (14.81 x2.80) x14=0
Vs 58.04 (2.80 ~ 20.7 kN/m
Ve (14.81 x 2.80) -20.73 = 20.7 kN/m.
may 09 Reinforced Concrete Design | 203
Example 8.1(a) Stair spanning longitudinally continuous over supports page 3/4
Ret, Calculations ‘Output
Design shear force, Vyg 20.7 KN/m
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
Vaac 0.12 LO00p yf)" | be
k= 1+(200a\!2 = 2.0
= 1+@00/81)" = 2.57 < 20
Pi-Aalbd < 002
402/ (1000 x81) 0.0050 = 0,02
= 0.12 x2.0x (100x 0.0050 x25)" x 1000 x81
45011N = 45.0 kN/m.
Pnin = [ 0.035k *7f-5' bd,
0.035 x 2.0 x25" x 1000 x 81
Vas
= 40093 N/m = 40.1 kN/m
So, Vac = 45.0KNim > Vy ox!
74 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
P= Aarag Sb
= 353 /1000 x81 0.0044
Reference reinforcement ratio,
Po = Ga)? x10 25) ®x19% = 0.0050
|Table 7.4N | Factor for structural system, K = 1S
P< Po
xu 15g 43.20
]
= 1501+ 86+ 090) = 308
1
eqn. 7.160 |
Modification factor for span less than 7m
= 1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
Avmoldem = 402/353 =114 < 15
‘Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
CAwoyite = 308X100 X14 = 35.0
Actual span-effeetive depth
Cd a 2800/81 = 34.6 << (/d)atonvie OKt
sy 09 204 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.1(a) Stair spanning longitudinally continuous over supports page 4/4
Ref. Calculations ‘Output
ACKING
133 h 110mm = 200mm
93.1 Main bar
‘Max. bar spacing
Secondary bar :
Srmacatave
‘Max. bar spacing
Swmuxaita “3h $400 mm =
3.5h $450 mm =
330 mm
125 mm = S ypaxsiae
385 mm
350 mm < Specs
Ox!
ox!
"AILING
‘Thickness, h
Concrete cover
2
Allunits in mm
110 mm
25 mm
may 09 Reinforced Concrete Design | 205
Example 8.1(b) Stair with landing and continuous at one end page 1/4
Ref.
Calculations ‘Output
SPECIFH
Dimension:
R 170 mm
G 1o@ 170 | G 260 mm
| =1700 | = 160mm
200 | |. 200
Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, gy = 1.2 kN/m? (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, ¢ 3.0 kN/m?
Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, fy. 25 Nimm*
Characteristic strength of steel fy, = 500 N/mm*
Unit weight of reinforced concrete - 25 KN/m?
Assumed: Cover,C= 25mm ye= 10. mm
x ICKNESS
» AG? +R 7G)
- 160 [ (2607+ 1707 )"7.260) = 191 mm
Average thickness
1 = y +2)
- “191+ 70 /2) 276 mm
ACTIONS
Landing,
Slab selfweight = 0.160 x25 4.00 N/m?
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) =__1.20 kN/m?
Characteristic permanent action, ¢ = 5.20 KN/m?
Characteristic variable action, 4 3.00 kN/m?
11.52 KN/m?* |Table A128: EN 1990
Design action, mg = 1.35¢x+ 15x 206 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.1(b) Stair with landing and continuous at one end page 2/4
Ret ‘Output
Plight
Slab selfweight = 0.276 x25. = 6.90 kN?
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) — —_1.20 kN/mn?
Characteristic permanent action, 2 = 8.10 kN?
Characteristic variable action, 4 = 3.00 kim?
Design action, ng —1.35e4+1-5¢x 15.44 N/m? [rable A1.28:EN 1990
‘ANALYSIS
Consider Im width,
15,44 kW/m 11.52 keN/m
-——— Total action,
B= (4d x27
(z= 430 + (11.52 x 1.60)
fs A 60.1 kN/m.
M Moment,
M = PLIO
= 60.1x 430/ 10
7 = 25.9 kNm/n
ai MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Exfective depth,
d= h-C -05$ 56
160 = 25- (0.5x10)= 130 mm
Design moment, Mpg = —=—=«25.9 KNavm
K = M/bd"fa
25.9 x 10% / (1000 x 130 * x25)
= 0.061 < Kyg = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
= (05 +025 - K/134)]= 094d < 098d
MI ORT Sez Main bar
= 25.9.x10° / (0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 130) 10 ~ 150
= 485 mmt/n (524 rom?)
165]
9.2.1.1 | Miniosm and maximum reinforcement arca,
Agmin=026Fanlfy) bd = 0.26% (2.56/ 500) x bd
0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x 130 = 173 mth
Asma = 0.044, = 0.04 x1000 x 160 = 6400 mmm
9.3.1.1) | Secondary reinforcement [Secondary bar :
A, = 20% of the main reinforcement 1110 - 400
020x485 = 97 mom? (196 rom?)
snsy 09
: Reinforced Concrete Design | 207
ample 8.1(b) Stair with landing and continuous at one end
= 131+
10.1 + 3.18) 31.5
page 3/4
Ret ‘Calculations Output
SHEAR
25,9 km
15.44 kNan 11.52 kN/m
=M@B e 0
430 Fy ~ 259- (5.44 x2.70 x2.95)
~ 1152 «1.60 x0.80) =0
x = 1636 1/430 = 38.0 kN/m
a (13.44 2.70) +(11.5 x 1.60) ~ 38.0
= 22:1 Nim
Design shear force, Fig = 380 RN
62.2 | Design shear resistance,
Vaan =f 012K (1000s fx)! 1 bed
k= 1+ cooia', = 2.0
= 1400 /130)" = 2.24 Use: 2.0
Pi Aqlbd = 0.02
= 5247 (1000 x 130) = 0.0040 Use: 0.0040
Vpag= 0412 2.0% (100x 0.0040 x25)” x 1000 x 130
= 67316 Nim = 67.4 kNim
Vin = 1 0.035k *?f, wa Lb,
= 0.035 x 2.0 x25" x 1000 x 130
= 64347 Nim = 64.3 Kim
Se, Vrae = 674K > ug ox:
74 | DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
P= Aang [bd
4853/1000 x130 = 0.0037
Reference reinforcement ratio,
Po = ffa)®x108 = (25) "%q193 = 0,0050
frabie 74N | Factor for structural system, ~ 13
P< po
f ~ Po 2s y"*
eqn. 7.160 | x[ensvie Bra 3.24Fa(2e-1) |
sy 09 208 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.1(b) Stair with landing and continuous at one end page 4/4
Ref, Calculations Output
‘Modification factor for :span less than 7m
= 1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= AsnovAsma = 524) 485 =1.08 < 1.5
‘Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
Wd )aioyste = 31-SX1.00 xX108 = 340
Actual span-effective depth
Ca auya = 300/130 = 33.1 = (HA )atonste OK!
CRACKING
133 = 160mm < 200mm
93.1 Main bar :
Sopmatin = 3h $400 mm ~ 400 mm
‘Max. bar spacing = 150 mM < S ypaxsiss OK!
Secondary bar
Sivaxsts = 35h 450mm = 450 mm
Max. bar spacing 400 mm = S jx sit Ox!
LING
Concrete cover
25 mm
ra |
5
sy 09 Example 8.2
Reinforced Concrete Design | 209
Stair supported by landing page 1/6
Ret Calculations Outpat
PECIFICATION
7]
f 200
H +
4
i V50
: 1500
: 4
t Tt
: 100
| 1500
js
i “Too
200 10@_260= 2600 1500
260
Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, 2, = 1.2 kN/m? (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q, = 3.0 KN/m?
Material
Characteristic strength of concrete, fa. = 25 N/mm?
Characteristic strength of steel, yx 500 N/mm?
‘Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m?
Assumed: Cover, C= 25mm gy 10 mm
wy 09 210 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.2 Stair supported by landing page 2/6
Ret. ‘Calculations ‘Output
AVERAGE THICKNESS
P= h GE RYIG z
= 150 [ (2607+ 170? ) “F260) =179 mm |
‘Average thickness
' b+O+R/2
= £179 +179 +170] /2 = 264: mm.
ACTIONS
Landing
Slab selfweight = 0.150 x 25 3.75 N/m?
Permanent load (Exchiding selfweight) = __1.20 kn/m?
Characteristic permanent action, #4 = 4.95 ein?
Characteristic variable action, 7 3.00 Jeni?
Design action, ng =1.35¢x* 1.54% = 11.18 jaN/im? [Table A1.28:EN 1950
light
Slab selfweight = 0.264 x25 6.61 yeNim?
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) 1.20 N/m?
Characteristic permanent aetion, 24 7.81 ain?
Characteristic variable action, 4 = 3.00 enim?
Design action, mg = 1.352% + 1.5¢x 15.04 jeni/m? [Table A 1.28 EN 1990
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF STAIR
Effective span, Ly = Ly + O.5{Lyy + Lyal
ZL, = Clear distance between supports
Ly ~The lesser of width of support 1 or 1.8m
Liq = The lesser of width of support 2 or 1.8 m
So, Le = 2600 + 0.5 (200+ 1500) =3450 mm
Consider 1m width,
15.04 KN/m
-———4 ‘Total action,
2700 750] F = 15.04 x2.70
I 3450 = 40.6 kNim
M Bending moment,
M = FL/O
40.6 x3.45) /10
” 14.0. kNnvm,
msy '0 Example 8.2. Stair supported by landing
Reinforced Concrete Design | 241
page 3/6
Ret Calculations Output
61 MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective depth,
d= h-C -05b.u
= 150 = 25- (0.5x10)~ 120mm
Design moment, Ma 14.0 kNin/m
K = Mibd"fa
14.0 x 10°/ (1000 x 120* x 25)
= 0039 < Kya = 0.167
‘Compression reinforcement is not required
2 =d (05 +025 KI.I3)] ~ 0.96 d = 0.95d
Ay = M1087 fycz Main bar :
= 14.0 10°/ (0.87x 500 x 0.95 x 120) HO - 250
= 282 mmm (314 mmm)
9.2.1.1 | Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Secondary bar
Amin = 0.26(fanlfy) bd = 0.26% (2.56 / 500) x be H110 - 400
= 0.0013 bd’ = 0.0013 1000x120. = 156 nmi/m (196 wn
A s.max = 0.04, 0.04 x1000 x 150 6000 ma? /m
SHEAR |
14.0 kNm/m
15.04 kkN/m Vp [05.04 x2.70 x 135)
= 14.0) /3.45
11.8 kN/m
(15.04 x 2.70) - 11.8
= 28.8 kW/m
Design shear force, Vig = 28.8kN
622 | Design shear resistance,
Vaan 0.121000 5 fa)! ba
k= 1+ 2004! = 2.0
14200 / 1265 = 2.29 < 2.0
Pim Aglbd = 0.02
= 314/ (1000 x 120) = 0.0026 = 0,02
0.12 x2.0x (100 x 0,0026 x 25)” x 1000 x 120
53874 Nim = 53.9 kN/m
Vinin = [ 0.035k*?/, a lod,
= 0.035 x 2.0 x 25°" x 1000 x 120
= 59397 Nin = 59.4 KN/m
So, Vaac = 59.4 kNim Vea ok!
xy 109 212 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.2 Stair supported by landing
page 4/6
Ref,
Calculations
‘Output
1A
rable 7.4N
Eqn. 7.160
DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
P= Ags! bd = 282/ (1000 x120)~ 0.0024
Reference reinforcement ratio,
Po ~ (fa)? x10? = 25) x10? 0.0050
Factor for structural system, K = 13
P< Po
ee a, ay?
L [un Ls VFa aavia(2 ) |
= 1301+ 159 + 1907 = 59.8
Modification factor for :span less than 7 m.
1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A nore A nea 314/282 =1.11 < 15
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
Ud utoyvie =“ S9-BX100 X11 = 665
Actual span-effective depth
(Wd nas 3450/ 120 = 288 < (/d)utowoie
ox!
133
93.1
CRACKING
k= 150mm < 200mm
Main bar
Srmaxstaoe
Max. bar spacing,
Secondary bar
Siaxsbs — 35h $450 mm 450 mm,
Max. bar spacing 400 mm < Spaxstabs
3h <400mm = 400 mm
250 mm < Swanston
Ok!
OK!
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF LANDING
Effective span, Z 3400mm b= 1500 mm
w kim Loading,
W = Wimaing + load from stair
3.40 = (18 Xx 1,50) +118
= 28.6 kN/m
FI2 = (8.6 x3.40) /2
48.6 kN
FLI8
(28.6 x 3.40) x3.40 /8
41.3 kNm
eet
sy 09 Reinforced Concrete Design | 213
Example 8.2 Stair supported by landing page 5/6
Ret Calculations Output
61 MAIN REINFORCEME!
Effective depth,
d= h-C -05$ 46
= 150 = 25- (05x 10)= 120mm
Design moment, Mus = 41.3. Nm
K = M/bafx
= 41.3 x 10°/ (1500 x 120° x 25)
0.077 < Kyu = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
2 =d [05 +/025 - KAAS] = 093d < 095d
Ay =MIOR1 fz
41.3 x 10°/ (0.87x 500 x 0.93 x 120) IMain bar :
= 854 mm* 17 H10
921.1 ‘Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, (1335 mm?)
Amin = 026 amlfye) bd = 0.26% (2.56/ 500) x bd
0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1500 x 120 = 240 mm?
Agma = 0.084, = 0.04 x1500 x 150 =9000 mm?
SHEAR
Design shear force, Vyg = 48.6 KN
62.2 | Design shear resistance,
Vac ~LO12K(O00p fa)" | bad
k = 1+ 20012, $2.0
= 14200 / 120)*= 2.29 =< 2.0
Pia Aglod 5 0.02
1335/ (1500 x120)= 0.0074 = 0,02
Vrao= 0.12 x2.0x (100 x 0.0074 x25)" x 1500 x 120
‘= 114350 N 114.4 kN
min = 1 0.0354 / 42 bef
0.035 x 2.0 x 25" x 1500 x 120
= $9095N = 89.1 KN
$0, Vase = U44KN > Vy Ok!
14 ‘DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
P= Aur /bd = 854/ (1500 x120)= 0.0047
Reference reinforcement ratio,
Po = a)" x10? =@25) x19 = 0.0050
Table 7.4N | Factor for structural system, K — 1.0
sy 09 214 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.2 : Stair supported by landing page 6's
Ret ‘Calculations ‘Output
Pe = Poe
, b a"
eqn. 7.160 | = x[iisis Jaq 2e +32 7q(e-1
a a [ Log Pa 3.222
<10gi+ 79+ 020) = 194
Modification factor for span lss than 7m
1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
A apo sc00 1335 / 854 =1.56 >15
‘Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
Aang = WAKO X50 = 28.7
‘Actual spar-effective depth
Wang = 400/120 = 283 < Ud duro ox!
a
733 f= 150mm < 200mm
93.1 | Mainbar
Sinacsiibs ~ 34 $400 mm = 400 mm
Max bar spacing = [1500 -2(25) -10]/16
= 90 mm < Siyucste ox!
DETAILING
R= 170mm
G= 260mm
= 150mm
Cover= 25mm
may 09 Reinforced Concrete Design | 215
Example 8.3 Two spans of stairs intersect at right angles page 1/4
Ret, Caleulat
‘Output
200, 1500 10@255~ 2550 __ 200
eS
200
1500
10@] 255|
= 2550]
200 F—
h=]150
Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, 2. 1.0 KN/m? (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q 5 3.0 KN/m*
Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, fg = 25 Némm?
Characteristic strength of steeL fy, = 500 N/mm?
Unit weight of reinforced conerete a 25 kN/m?
Assumed: Cover,C= 25mm byae= 10mm.
sy 09 216 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.3,
‘Two spans of stairs intersect at right angles
Ret,
‘Caleulations
AVERAGE THICKNESS
Y= ALG? + RG)
= iso (2552+ 170" ) 9255) = 180 mm
‘Average thickness
6 = tO +R/2
[180 +180 +170) /2= 265 mm
[ACTIONS
Landi
Shab selfweight = 0,150 x25. =
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight)
Characteristic permanent action,
Characteristic variable action, g x
Design action, ny = 1.35ex+ 1Sqy = 10.91 jeni/m? [Table A128: EN 1990
light
Slab selfweight = 0.265 x25 = 6.63 KN?
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) 1.00 yanim?
Characteristic permanent action, = 7.63 Jenin?
Characteristic variable action, ¢ 3.00 senv/mn?
Design action, ng =1.35¢4 + 1.54% = 14.80 Nin? [Table A128: EN 1990
ANALYSIS
Consider Im width,
AG KN/m__ 14.80 kN/m
SS EEE Total action,
1.60 2.65 F = (5.46 1.60)
4.25 | + (14.80 x 2.65)
= 48.0 kN/m
‘M Bending Moment,
‘M = PL/AO
~ 4796x425 /10
” 20.4 kNvim
Vs Stoar fre,
Vx = (G.46x 1.60x 3.45)
a a 2s 255)
oom 7428
Vw 14:5 N/m
V_ = (5.46 x 1.60)
+ (14.80 x 2.65) - 14.5
= 33.4 KN/m
sy 09
1
1 Reinforced Concrete Design | 217
Example 8.3: Two spans of stairs intersect at right angles page 3/4
Ref, Calculations ‘Output
61 MAIN REINFORCEMEN
Effective depth,
d= h-C 05} 46
= 150. - 25- 5x 10)= 120. mm
Design moment, Mig = 204 KNm/m
MI bdo .
20.4 x 19% / (1000 x 120 * x25)
= 0.087 =< Kyq = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z =d 05 + (025 K/I3)] = 095d < 095d
A, =M/OBIS yz |Main bar
20.4. 108 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 120) H10 - 175
= 412 mm?/m (449 me? im)
9.2.1.1 | Minimum and maximum reinforcement arca, Secondary bar :
A grnin = 0-26 calf yy) bd = 0.26 x (2.56 / 500) x ba H110 - 400
= 0.0013 fd’ = 0.0013 x1000 x 120 = 160 n/n (196 so?
Asma 0.04%, = 0,04 1000 x 150 = 6000 mn/m
SHEAR
Design shear force, Vy = 33.4 kN/m
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
Vaan =F OAK A002 fou)! | ba
k = 1+ (200d, 5 2.0
14(200 / 120)" 2.29 < 2.0 Use: 2.0
P1=Aglbd = 0.02 ad
449/ (1000 120) = 0.0037 = 0.02
Vac 0:12 x2.0x (100x 0.0037 x 25)” x 1000 x 120
= 60676 Nim = 60.7 KNim
1 0.035% 974!" 1 bd,
0.035 x 2.0" x25" x 1000 x 120
59397 Nim = 59.4 kim
So, Vase = 60.7 Nim > Vag ox!
74 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
P= Aur /bd
= 412 /1000 x120 = 0.0034
Reference reinforcement ratio,
Po = Fa)" x10 =@5) "x10° 0.0050
snsy 09, 218 | Design of Stairs
Example 8.3 : Two spans of stairs intersect at right angles
Pe
age 4/4
Ret,
Calculations
‘Output
rable 7.4N
fqn. 7.168
Factor for structural system, K = 13
P< Po
bax{n sts Pe 3.2SFa( 2 y"]
= 1301+ 109+ 492) = 349
Modification factor for :span less than 7m.
1,00
‘Modification factor for steel area provided,
A ssro!/A sea 449/412. =1.09 < 1.5
‘Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
CAyatowic = 34.91.00 x1.09 = 380
Actual span-effeetive depth
Canna “= 4250/1200 = 35.4 < (Ed )utonnie
OK!
133
93.1
(CRACKING
h 150mm < 200mm
Main bar
‘Sromaisoe = 3h $400 mm 400 mm
‘Max. bar spacing = 175 mm < Spaxsiabs
‘Secondary bar
Smursios — 35h $450mm = 450 mm
‘Max. bar spacing = 400 mm < Syste
ox!
Ok!
DETAILIN
Reinforcement:
o1: H10-175
02: H10-175
03; 1110 - 400
04: H10 - 400 L
J 1600 2st0
All units in mm
sy 09 Reinforced Concrete Design | 219
Problems
8.1 Describe the common geometrical configuration of a stair.
8.2 With appropriate sketches, describe a simply supported stair and a continuous stair
which consists of a flight and a landing, Sketch also the idealised structure of both
stairs with their relevant shape of bending moment diagrams.
8.3 Longitudinal section of a reinforced concrete stair are connecting ground floor and
first floor of a shophouse is shown in Figure P8.3. ‘The 1.5 m width stairs have 170
mm tisers and 260 mm goings along the flight. ‘The stair is monolithically casted with
supporting beams and connecting slabs at the first floor level. However, at the ground
floor level it is only cast monolithically with a supporting beam. Other dimensions of
the staircase ate given in the figure
(@ Based on the deflection control requirement, estimate a suitable value for the
waist of the stair.
(b) With a characteristic live load of 4.0 KN/n? and a characteristic dead load of
1.2 KN/m? (excluding self-weight), design the reinforcement requited in the
stair using Grade C35 concrete, Grade 500 steel reinforcement, and a concrete
cover of 35 mm. All checking of deflection, shear and cracking should be
shown.
6@170 All units in mm
1600
6@260
Figure P83 220 | Design of Stairs
84
Figure P8.4 shows two flights of reinforced concrete stairs which link the lower and
upper level of a playground. Flight 1 which consists of 12 steps is supported by a
ground beam at the right end and by a wall at the left end. Flight 2 consists of seven
steps and is supported by the landing of Flight 1 at its lower end and by a beam at
the upper end. The overall depth and waist of both flights is 250 mm, while the
width of going and height of riser are 260 mm and 170 mm respectively. Other rele-
vant dimensions are as shown in Figure P8.5. Using the data given, design all the
reinforcement required by Flight 1 of the stairs.
Data: Characteristic live load = 3.0kN/m
Finishes and handrails 1.2 KN/m?
Characteristic strength of concrete 35 N/mm?
Characteristic strength of steel 500 N/mm?
Concrete cover to reinforcement 30 mm
LI ll |
300-1 | — 2000 —+— 12@280=3120—1 | 280
poy
—
a
s00--| | 200 ——12@200= 3120 —! oso
Figure P8.4 FRAME ANALYSIS)
9.1 INTRODUCTION
In a typical reinforced concrete building, the structural system is quite complex. ‘The
structure is three-dimensional (3D), comprising of the floor slabs, beams, columns, and
footings, which are monolithically connected and act integrally to resist vertical loads
(permanent and variable) and lateral loads (wind loads, seismic loads, ets.) Figure 9.1
shows the example of 3D view of a reinforced concrete building structure. This structure
can be idealized as a 3D frame, consisting of slabs, beams and columns, as shown in
Figure 9.2(a). In many cases the slabs are analyzed separately, hence the idealized frame
consist only beams and columns as shown in Figure 9.2(b).
‘The analysis of a 3D frame considers the real behavior of the structure, but it is more
complicated since the structure is highly indeterminate. The analysis is normally cattied
out by a computer since manual calculations is unfeasible.
In order to simplify the analysis, the 3D frame structure is generally divided into a
series of independent parallel two dimensional plane frames (2D) along the column lines
in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building, as shown in Figure 9.3. These
2D frames may farther be simplified into substitute frames (Sub-fiame)) ot continuous
beams, as shown in Figure 9.4. 222 | Frame Analysis
Figure 9.2. 3D frame of a building structure Reinforced Concrete Design | 223
@ o)
Figure 9.3 2D frame of a building structure
Figure 9.4 Substitute frames 224 | Frame Anabsis
9.2. TYPES OF FRAMES
Reinforced concrete frames which consist of columns and beams can be divided into two
types:
() Braced frames
Frames that do not contribute to the overall stability of the structure. None of the
Jateral actions, including wind, are transmitted to the columns and beams but
cattied by bracing members such as shea walls. This type of frames support vertical
actions only.
Shear walls as bracing members
Figure 9.8. Braced frame
@) Unrbaced frames
Unbraced frames are frames that contribute to the overall stability of the structure.
All lateral actions, including wind, are transmitted to the columns and beams since
there are no bracing members such as shear walls are provided. These types of frames
have to support vertical and lateral actions. Figure 9.6 Unbraced frame
9.3. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
‘The primary objective of structural analysis is to obtain a set of internal forces and
moments throughout the structure that are in equilibrium with the design loads for the
requited loading combinations. The general provisions related to analysis of the structure
are laid out in EN 1992-1-1, Section 5. Generally it will be satisfactory to determine
envelopes of forces and moments by linear elastic analysis for all or parts of the structure
and allow for redistribution,
‘The code of practices permit the use of approximate analysis techniques in which the
structure can be considered as a series of sub-frames. EC2 does not specifically describe the
extent to which various columns and beams are included in the sub-frames. ‘The methods
of sub-frames analysis discussed here ate based on BS 8110,
9.3.1 One-level Sub-frame
Each sub-frame may be taken to consist of the beams at one level together with the
columns above and below. The ends of the columns remote from the beams may
generally be assumed to be fixed unless the assumption of a pin-ended is clearly more
reasonable (for example, where a foundation detail is considered unable to develop
moment restraint). 226 | Frume Anabsis
Figure 9.7 Sub-frame for analysis of beams and columns
9.3.2 Two-free Joints Sub-frame
‘The moments and forces in certain individual beam may be found by considering a
simplified sub-ftame consisting only of that beam, the columns attached to the end of
that beam and the beams on either side, if any. ‘The column and beam ends remote
from the beam under consideration may generally be assumed to be fixed unless the
assumption of pin-ended is clearly more reasonable. ‘The stiffness of the beams on
either side of the beam considered should be taken as half their actual values if they
are taken to be fixed at their outer ends.
Figure 9.8 Sub-frame for analysis of individual beam Reinforced Concrete Design | 227
9.3.3 Continuous Beam and One-free Joints Sub-frame
‘The moments and forces in the beams at one level may also be obtained by
considering the beams as a continuous beam over suppotts providing no restraint to
rotation,
Figure 9.9 Ci
yntinuous beam for analysis
‘The ultimate moments for column may be calculated by simple moment distribution
procedures, on the assumption that the columa and beam ends remote from the
junction under consideration are fixed and that the beams posses half their actual
stiffness. The arrangement of the design ultimate variable loads should be such as to
cause the maximum moment at the column,
0.5K,
zare wr
Figure 9.10 One-free joint sub-frame for analysis of columns
9.4 ACTIONS AND COMBINATION OF ACTIONS.
‘The actions on buildings is due to permanent (dead load), variable (imposed, wind,
dynamic, seismic loads) and accidental load. In most cases, multistory buildings for office
or residential purposes are designed for dead, imposed and wind loads.
Separate actions or loads must be applied to the structure in appropriate directions
and various types of actions combined with partial safety factors selected to cause the
most sevete design conditions for the member under consideration. In general the
combination of actions discussed in Section 6.4.1 of this book should be investigated. 228 | Frame Anahsis
Example 9.1
‘The framing plans for a multistorey building are shown in Figure E9.1. ‘The main
dimensions, structural features, loads, materials etc. are also set out in the figure. Analyse
subframe 3/A-D, Level 1 to determine shear forces and bending moments of
cottesponding beams and columns. Use all three methods of analysis that discussed in
Section 9.3 of this book.
Data:
gle a) Permanent office building
as
7 b) Design life = 50 years.
©) Location: Near sub-urban
Zone 1 of Malaysia wind speed
A mapping
| d) — Topography
| Flat atea ~ slope < 0.05
7 Buildings around within one-
kilometers radius.
©) Beams in gtid line 1,2,3,...12:
250 x 600 mm,
ae f) Beams in grid line A, B, C&D:
a 250 x 500mm.
fy ® Slab thickness: 150 mm.
tevel7) tT hb) Columns: 300 x 400 mm.
seve i) Imposed load: 4.0 kN/m?.
Leva
SI }) Finishes, ceiling, services etc.:
Level 7
é 0.75 kN/m?.
3] k) Partitions : 0.5 kN/m?
Lever
v3 >
Figure E9.1 Reinforced Concrete Design | 229
9.5 ANALYSIS OF FRAME FOR LATERAL LOADS
Building frames are subjected to lateral loads as well as vertical loads. ‘The necessity for
careful attention to these forces increases for tall buildings, Buildings must not only have
sufficient lateral resistance to prevent failure but also must have sufficient resistance to
deflection to prevent damage to their various parts. Rigid frame buildings are highly
indeterminate; their analysis by exact methods (unless computers are used) is so lengthy as
to make the approximate methods very popular. The two popular approximate method of
analysis for lateral loads are portal method and cantilever method.
In the portal method, the frame is theoretically divided into independent portals. The
shear in each storey is assumed to be divided between the bays in proportion to their
spans. The shear in each bay is then divided equally between the columns. The column
end moments are the column shear multiplied by one-half the column height. Beam
moments balance the column moments, The external column only resist axial load which
is found by dividing the overturning moment at any level by the width of the building,
In cantilever method the axial loads in column are assumed to be proportional to the
distance from the centre of gravity of the frame, It is also usual to assume that all the
column in a storey are of equal cross-sectional area and the point of contraflexures are
located at the mid-points of all columns and beams.
It should be emphasized that these approximate methods may give quite inaccurate
results for irregular or high-rise structures, Application of cantilever method is illustrated
by example 9.2.
9.6 CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD
Wind forces ate variable loads which act directly on the internal and external surfaces of
structures. The intensity of wind load on a structure is related to the square of the wind
velocity and the dimension of the members that are resisting the wind. Wind velocity is
dependent on geographical location, the height of the structure, the topography of the
area and the roughness of the surrounding terrain.
‘The response of a structure to the variable action of wind can be separated into two
components, a background component and a resonant component. The background
component involves static deflection of the structure under the wind pressure. ‘The
resonant component, on the other hand, involves dynamic vibration of the structure in
response to changes in wind pressure. In most structures, the resonant component is
relatively small and structural response to wind forces is usually treated using, static
methods of analysis only. 230 | Frame Anabysis
Wind creates pressure on the windward side of a building and suction on its other
three sides. Wind also produces suction on flat roofs, on the leeward side of sloping
roofs, and even on the windward side of roofs with a pitch less than 30° (Figure 9.11).
Separation poi
Ln C a
‘Staperation point | We
Figure 9.11 Effect of wind on buildings
‘Three procedures are specified in MS 1553: 2002 for the calculation of wind pressures on
buildings: she simplified procedur, limited in application to buildings of rectangular in plan
and not greater than 15.0 m high; anabtical procedure, limited to regular buildings that are
not more than 200 m high and structure with roof spans less than 100 m; and the mind
tunnel procedure, used for complex buildings.
9.6.1 Simplified Procedure
“The steps of simplified procedure, described in MS 1553 Appendix A, are as follows:
(1) Determined the basie mind speed, V_ in accordance with MS 1553 Figure Al assuming
the wind can come from any direction,
Q) Determine the serrain/ beight multiplier, Mzcu as given in Table Al MS 1553.
@) Determine the eviemal pressure coefficient, Cpe for surface of enclose building as given
in A2.3 and A2.4
(4) Determine the intemal pressure coefficient, Cp, for surface of enclose building which
shall be taken as +0.6 ot -0.3. The two cases shall be considered to determine the
critical load requirements for the appropriate condition.
(5) The design wind pressure, p in Pa, shall be taken as:
P= 0.613(V,)? (Meat)” (Cpe — Ci) Reinforced Concrete Design | 234
9.6.2. Analytical Procedure
In the analytical procedure, the design wind pressure, shall be determined using the
following equation as mentioned in Section 2 of MS 1553:
nO
where
Ves
Coe
on
0.613 [Vaes]” Cig Con Pa
design wind speed
= importance factor given in Table 3.2 MS 1553
= site wind speed
= Ve Ma Myoat Ms My
V, = basic wind speed as given in Figure 9.12 From Figure
3.1 and Table 3.1 MS 1553)
Mg = wind directional multiplier = 1.0
terrain/height multiplier, given in ‘Table 4.1 MS 1553
shielding multiplier, given in Table 4.3 MS 1553. Shall
be taken as 1.0 if the effects of shielding are ignored ot
not applicable.
M, = hill shape multiplier, Shall be taken as 1.0 except that
for particular cardinal direction in the local
topographic zones.
x~ ll
" c
= aerodynamic shape factor
= CyeKaKoKiKy for external pressure
= external pressure coefficient given Tables 5.2(a) and
Table 5.2(b) MS 1553 for windward and leeward walls
sespectively for rectangular enclosed buildings.
Ky K., Ky, and Ky are area reduction factor, combination factor, local
pressure factor and porous cladding reduction factor respectively. All
shall be taken as 1.0 in most cases.
= dynamic response factor. Shall be taken as 1.0 unless the structure
is wind sensitive asic Wind Speed
Zon, Vs= 33.5 m/s
Zon Ii, Vs = 32.5 m/s
(Source: MS 1553:2002)
For the multistorey building in Example 9.1,
(@ Calculate the wind load on the building,
Station Vou _| Ve=Vs0 | Vion
‘Alor Setar 22| 299 | 318 |
Bayan Lepas 256 | 275 | 289
Ipoh 30.6 | 335 _| 35.7
Kota Bahra 300 324 | 342
Kota Kinabalu 283| 305 | 322
Subang m2) 321 | 343
Sei Aman 276 | 303
Senai 269 [29.1
Sandakan BA | 258
Kuala Terengganu [255 | 27.2 | 285
Kuantan 275 | 298 | 316
Kluang 29.6 | 326 | 349
Chupin, 23.8 [256 _| 27.0
Butterworth
Cameron Highlands | 25.2 [268 | 280
Petaling Jaya 288 [314 | 334
“Muadzam Shah | 226 |_244 | 258
Miri 269 | 290 _| 305
Mersing 295 | 320 | 338
Melaka 27 | 94 | 313
Figure 9. 12 Zon map and station wind for Malaysia
(b) Calculate the bending moments for all beams and columns, due to wind load.
(© Analyse the subframe consisting of Beam 3/A-D, Level 1 with the columns above
and below them, subjected to vertical load only.
(@ Sketch the bending moment diagrams for each loading (b) & (6) and the combined
loadings. Reinforced Concrete Design | 233
i acl
{Examples
Example 9.1(@): Actions on beams
Example 9.1(b): Analysis of one level sub-frames
Example 9.1(¢): Analysis of two free-joint sub-frames
Example 9.1 (d): Continuous beam + one free
Example 9.2(a): Calculation of wind loading
Example 9.2(b): Lateral load analysis: Cantilever method
Example 9.2(¢): Analysis of one level sub-ftame: Vertical load only
Example 9,2(d): Combination of vertical and lateral loads
int sub-frames 234 | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(a) Action on beams
page 1/2
Ref.
Calculations
Output
PECIFICATIO!
Loading:
Finishes, c¢
Wg, services ete, =
Density of conerete =
Imposed load -
Partition
Slab thickness, / =
Beam sie, b xh I
Column size, b xh
Loading distribution:
0.75 kim?
25 kN/m?
4,00 kN/tn?
0.50 kN/m?
150 mm
250. x 600 mm
300 x 400 mm
A 60m 6 60m ¢ 60m
Slub 2-9/A-B: Ly/Ly 60/40 = 1.50 Case 2
Shb 34/A-B: L/L. 6.0/5.0 = 120 Case 2
Slab 2-3/8-C = 60/40 1.50 Case 1
Slab 3-4/8-C = 60/50~ 120 Case
Slab 2-3/C-D 60/40 = 150 Case2
Shb3-4/C-D: LYE, ~ 60/50= 1.20 Cazo2|
ACTION:
‘Loads on slab, 2 kN/m*
Slab selfweight = O15 x25 = 3.75 kN/m?
Finishes, ceiling etc. = 0.75 KN/m?
Characteristic permanent load, g5 = 4.50 KN/m?
Imposed load = 4.00 KN/m?
Partition = 0.50 KN/m?
Characteristic variable load, gy. = 4,50 kN/m?
a Reinforced Concrete Design | 235
Example 9.1(a) Action on beams page 2/2
Ret. Caleulations (Output
Loads on beam, w kN/m :
é
1 (AB): wa
Perm. load from slab= 0.47x 4.50x 4,0 = 8.46 kN/m
Perm, load from slab= 0.42x 4.50x 5.0 = 9.45 KN/n
Beam selfweight 0.45% 0.25x 25 = 2.81 kN/m
Characteristic permanent load, Gy, 20.72 kN/m.
Variable load frslab= 0.47% 4.50x 4,0 = 8.46 kN/m
Variable load fr. sab= 0.42x 4.50x 5.0 = 9.45 KN/m
Chacracteristic variable load, Oy = 17.91 KN/m
Design load, 1.350 y+ 1.50, = 54.84.eN/m
1.386, = 27.98 kN/m
pan 2(B-C) : w,
Perm. load from slab= 0,45 x 4.50% 8.10 kN/m_
Perm, load from sab 0.39x 4,50x 5.0 = 8.78 Nin.
Beam selfweight = 0.45x 0.25x 25 2.81 kN/m_
Characteristic permanent load, 19.69 kN/m
Variable load fr. shb= 0.45x 4.50x 4,0 = 8.10 kN/m
Variable load fr. slab= 0,39x 4,50x 5.0 = 8.78 kNin
Chacracteristic variable load, Q, = 16.88 KN/m
Design load, 1.35, + 1.50, = 51.89 kN/m_
1.356, = 26.58 kN/m
Span 3(C-D): ws
Perm. load from slab= 0.47x 4,50x 8.46 kN/m
Perm. load from slab= 0.42 4.0.x 9.45 KN/m
Beam selfweight 0.45x 0.25% 2.81 kN/m,
Characteristic permanent load, 20.72 kN/m.
‘Variable load from slab 0.47x 4.50x 8.46 KN/m
Variable load from slab 0.42x 4.S0x 5.0 = 9.45 KN/m
‘Chacracteristic variable load, Oy ~ 17.91 kN/m.
Design load, 1.356, + 1.504 54.84 kN/m.
1.356, = 27.98 KN/m
sy 236 | Frame Analysis |
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 1/10
Ret Calculations Output
Data:
_ 4 Actions:
kevin
wr kwin | wakewin | wa knim [3.5m |1.356,— 28.0
135GH1.5Q= 548
4.0m |1.356, 26.6
6.0m 60m 135G,H1.5Q= 51.9
A ¢ D hws: ‘
Size 135G,— 28.0
Beam: 5 xh = 250 x 600. mm 135G,41.5Q= 54.8
Column :8 xh 300 x 400. mm
Momen of Inertia : 1 = bh*/12
Beam: 250 x 600 /I2~ 4.5% 10? mm!
Column: 7= 300 x 400 /12= 1.6.x 10” mm*
Stiffness : K =J/L
Column: Ka= 16x 10°/ 3500= 4.6.x 10° mm?
Kas 16x 10°/ 4000= 4.0.x 10° mm’ ‘
Beam: K,yy= 45x 10°/ 6000= 7.5.x 10° mm’
45x 10°/ 6000— 7.5.x 10° mm?
43x 10/ 6000= 75x 10° mm’
Distribution factor : P = K/EK
Joint Ai Fan =Kaw(Kan+Ker+Ka) = 047 |
Fa ~ Kol(Kant Key Ka) = 0.28
Fa = KallKgn + Kot Ka) 0.28
Joint B: Fug = Kan/(KantKnctKestKea) = 0.32
Fre = Kac!(K aptK actK eutK a) = 0.32
Fro = Ko/(K ant actK atK a) 0.19 ,
Fa = Kal(KantK ne*K ovtK a) O17 ’
Joint C: Fen = Knel(KnctK ep*K octK a) 032
Fen Keo KnctKevtKoitKa) = 0.32
Foy = Kol KuctK cpt k it K a) 0.19
Fa = KallKyetKop*KeitKg) = 0.17
Joint D: Fpe = Ken/(KentK etK a) 0.47
Frey = Kel Kept KanKa) = 0.28
Fa = KallKeptKetKa) = 0.25
| Reinforced Concrete Design | 237
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 2/10
Ref. Calculations Output
1: Span 1&2 design permanent & variable loads 1.356, + 1.50,
Span 3 design permanent loads 1.356,
= aa Fixed end moment
“Map =Myy= wb 22
54.8 kN/m | 51.9 kN/m | 28.0 N/m [3.5m_ 54.8 x60 “12
= 164.5 Nm
“Myc = Mew = wrk 7/12
4.0m = S19 x60 */12
6.0 m 6.0m 60m = 158.7 Nm
A c > Mey = Mpc = wh 2/12
28.0 x6.0 7/12
83.9 kNm
‘Moment distribution
a58 :
0.17 ~0.24 0.26
122 “0.71 0.32
0.40 -5.23 4.07
46.80 “172 -13.91
0.28 |A Bl 0.19 cf0.19 D
0.25 | 047 0.32 | 0.17 | 032 032 [0.17 | 032 oar
“164.5 164.5 “155.7 155.7 “83.9 3.9
40.9 | 76.8 -28 | 5 | 28 22.8 | -12.2 | 22.8 -39.2 | -20.9
“14 38.4 “114 -14 “19.6 “IL
oa | 07 -8.6 | -46 | -8.6 67 | 36 | 67 s3_| 28
-43 03 33 ~43 2.7 3.3
11 | 20 -1.2 | -06 | -1.2 os | 03 | os -16 | -o8
-0.6 1.0 03 “0.6 -0.8 03
o1_| 03 -04 | -02 | -04 o4 | 02 | 04 -o.1_| -0.1
#25 | 91.1 7913 | -69 [-1765 134.2 [8.1 [1168 0.6 [189
may‘ 238 | Frame Anahsis
Example 9.1(6) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 3/10
Ret Calculations Output
Shear foree
91” 54.8 7191.3 176,5%" 51.9 4134.2 116.8%" 28.0 40.6
p 60 4 ? 60 C ? 60 :
Van Vea Vac Vea Veo Voc
=M@B=0
6.0 Fan 4.8 x6.0x30)+ 1913-911 = 0
Vay — (98713-1913 191.1)/6.0 = 147.8 KN
Von = ( 548% 60)- 1478 = 1812 KN
EM@C-0
6.0 Vyc - G19 X6.0x30)+ 1342 -1765 ~ 0
Vue = (934.03 - 134.2 +1765 )/6.0 162.7 kN
Vou = (519% 60)- 162.7 148.6 kN
zM@D-=0
6.0 Veo - (28.0x6.0x30)- 116.8 +406 = 0
(503.56 +116.8 -40.6)/6.0 96.6 IN
96.6 = n2eN
Von
Poe
78
( 28.0 x 6.0) -
Shear force and bending moment diagrams
Hos
Fo} f189
50.1
msy ‘IL Reinforced Concrete Design | 239
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-trame page 4/10
Ref. Calculations Output
Case 2: Span 2 &3 design permanent & variable loads 1.356, + 1.50.
Span 1 design permanent loads 1.356,
7 = - Fixed end moment :
“Map Mpa wy y7/2
28.0 kN/m |_ S19 tem | 54.8 kNin [3.5m = 28.0 x6.0 712
83.9 kNm
“Mac = Mcp = Wolez/12
4.0m = 519 x60 7/12
6.0m 6.0m 6.0m 155.7 kNm
c Men = Mic = Wik y7/12
S48 x60 %/12
164.5 kNm
Moment distribution
[ares] 926 7.90
0.07 0.26 0.24
0.95 -0.32 on
“3.25 -4.07 5.23
23.87 13.91 172
028 1A BI 0.19) cl 0.19 DI
025 | 0.47 032 [0.17 032 | 0.17 | 0.32 047
“83.9 33.9 “155.7 155.7 “164.5 164.5
20.9 | 39.2 228 | 122 | 28 28 | 1s | 28 -76.8 | -40.9
114 19.6 14 14 —38.4 14
-28 | 5.3 6.7 | 36 | -6.7 x6 | 46 | a6 0.7 | 0.4
33 “2.7 43 “3.3 “03 43
os | 16 -05 | 03 | os 12 | o6 | 12 2.0 | <1
“0.3 0.8 0.6 “0.3 =1.0 0.6
ot | o1 -0.4 | -02 | -0.4 o4 | 02 | 04 3 | -o1
18.9 | -40.6 nes | 8.1 [1342 176.5] 69 [1913 1 5
ey‘ 240. | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 5/10
Ref.
Cacao [enn
Shear forc
40.6 5” 28.0 7116.8 134.2" 51.9 4176.5 191.3%" 54.8
7 60 7 60 S 6.0
Van Ven Veo
EM@B-0
6.0 Vay - 28.0 X6.0x3.0)+ 1168 -40.6 = 0
Ven (503.56 - 116.8 +40.6)/6.0 = 71.2 KN
Von ( 28.0x 60)- 71.2 - 96.6 KN
=M@C=0
6.0 Vac - (51.9 x6.0x3.0)+ 176.5 - 134.2 = 0
Vac = (934.03 -176.5 +134.2)/6.0 = 148.6 KN
Von = ( S19Xx 6.0)- 148.6 = 162.7 kN
=EM@D-0
6.0 Ven - (54.8 X60x3.0)- 191.3 4911 = 0
Von = (987.13 1913 -91.1)/6.0 = 18L.2kN
Voc, = ( 548x 60)- 181.2 = 47.8 eN
‘Shear force and bending moment diagrams
na 48.60 181 “3
1478
ry
aos), ou
189. a
Jes
may 09
|
' Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame
Reinforced Concrete Design | 241
page 6/10
Ref.
Calculations
Output
Case 3: Span 1 &3 design permanent & vai
‘Span 2 design permanent loads 1.356,
le loads 1.35G,+ 1.50,
Fixed end moment :
T “May = Mpa = wih 2
54.8 kN/m | 26.6 kN/m | _54.8 kN/m [3.5m 548 x60 7/12
feel = 164.5 kNm
“Myc = Mew = wob2"/12
4.0m 26.6 x60 712
6.0m 60m 6.0m = 79.7 Nm
A ¢ . Mop = Mpg = wib 2/12
= S48 x60 7/12
= 164.5 km
Moment distribution
[S350 [Boa]
0.52 “0.73 0.73
2.35 -2.21 2.21
3.84 -10.06 10.06
46.80 16.44 16.44
0.28 A. Bl 0.19 cf 0.19
0.25 | 047 22 [0.17 | 032 32 [017 | 032 a7 [025
“164.5 164.5 “79.7 79.7 164.5
40.9 | 76.8 -27.0 | -14.4 | -27.0 27.0 | 14.4 -16.8 | -40.9
“13.5 38.4 13.5 38.4 B.S
34 | 63 -16.5 | 8.8 | -16. 165 | ss | 16.5 3.4
“83 83 “8.3 “3.1
21 | 39 -19 | 26 36 | 19 | 3.6 24
“18 18 “1.8 “1.9
os | 08 -0.6 | 1.2 12 | o6 | 12 “0.5
46.8 [1003] [59.7] -25.8 [1045 704.5 | 25.8 [1597 100.3 [46.8
sy "11 242. | Frame Analysis
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 7/10
Ref. Calculations Output
Shear force
100.34" 54.8 7159.7 104.5" 26.6 _ 4104.5 159, 100.3
7 6.0 7 60 : 6.0
Van Vax Vac Von Veo Yc
=M@B-=0
6.0 Vay - G48 X6.0x3.0)+ 159.7 - 1003 = 0
Vag ~ (987.13 - 159.7 +1003 )/ 6.0 154.6 kN
Via ( 54.8x 60)- 154.6 = 174.4 kN
=EM@C=0
6.0 Vac - 26.6 X6.0x3.0)+ 104.5 -1045 = 0
Vac (478.41 - 104.5 4104.5 )/6.0 = 79.7 KN
Ven ( 26.6% 6.0)- 79.7 = 79.7 kN
=ZM@D-=0
6.0 Veo - (54.8 X6.0x3.0)- 159.7 4100.3 = 0
Ven = ( 987.13 +159.7 - 100.3 )/ 6.0 174.4 &N
Voc. ( 54.8x 60)- 174.4 154.6 KN
Shear force and bending moment diagrams
1546p. pa
28 —
V4a 1546
234
PTF 468
my 09 Reinforced Concrete Design | 243
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 8/10
Ret, Calculations ‘Output
Case 4: Span 2 design permanent & variable loads 1.356, + 1.50
Span 1 & 3 design permanent loads 1.356,
i = Fixed end moment :
“Man =Mys = wih P12
28.0 kN/m | 51.9 kN/m | 28.0 kN/m [3.5m 28.0 x6.0 3/12
= 83.9 kNm
Myc ~Men = Wob7/12
4.0m = 519 x60 %19
6.0m 6.0m 6.0m = 155.7 kNm
¢ D Men = Myre ~ WL 2/12
28.0 x6.0 2712
83.9 kNm
‘Moment distribution
20.98 “2093
~0.06 0.06
0.37 -0.37
3.25 1.58 3.25
23.87 13.91 “13.91 -23.87
0.28 |A Bl 0.19 0.19) pI 028
0.25 | 0.47 0.32 | 0.17 | 032 032 | 0.17 | 0.32 0.47 | 0.25
“83.9 83.9 “155.7 155.7 “83.9 83.9
20.9 | 39.2 22.8 | 12.2 | 22.8 -22.8 | -12.2 | -22.8 -39.2 | -20.9
14 19.6 “4 114 “19.6 ILA
2.8 | 53 -26 | -1.4 | -26 26 | 14 | 26 53 | 28
“13 “2.7 13 “13 2.7 13
03 | 06 o4 | 02 | 04 -0.4 | -0.2 | -0.4 -0.6 | -03
0.2 03 -0.2 02 “0.3 0.2.
-01 | -o1 00 | 00 | 00 oo | 00 | 00 ga | o1
18.3 | 39.3 i218] 11.0 [1454 145.4 | 11.0 [-121.8) 39.3 | 183 244 | Frame Analysis
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level sub-frame page 9/10
Ref. ‘Calculations ‘Output
Shear force
39.3 4" 28.0 121.8 145.44” 51.9 4145.4 121.84" 28.07 39.3
? 60 ? 60 S Given
Pan Vox Vac Ven Veo Ve
=M@B-0
6.0 Vay - C80 x60x30)+ 1218 -303 = 0
Van = (50356-1218 +39.3)/60 = 70.2kN
Van ™ (280% 60)- 70.2 = 97.75N
EM@C-0
60 Vac - G19 X60x3.0)+ 145.4 - 1454 = 0
Vs (934.03 - 145.4 4145.4) /6.0 = 155.7 kN
Von = ( 519% 60)- 155.7 155.7 kN
EM@D-~0
6.0 Ven - @80X60x30)- 121.8 439.3 - 0
Veo = (503.56 +1218 -39.3)/6.0 97.7 &
Voc, = ( 280% 6.0)- 97.7 = 7024N
Shear force and bending moment diagrams
702 155.7 977
33
1557, 702
=<
393
a8
may Reinforced Concrete Design | 245
Example 9.1(b) Analysis of one level subsframe page 10/10
Ret Calculations ‘Output
Shear Force Envelop
146 1a = :
~SShisi2 Se 162.7 =
Bending Moment Envelop
176.5 K 1913
1003
23.4 129
POA FS Rmcccaeer | F168
_— RSs
=
snsy 246 | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(e) Analysis of two free-joint sub-frame
page 1/6
Ret. Calculations
Output
Beam A-B (Beam C-D similar)
c
¢.1: Span 1 design permanent & variable loads 1.35G,+ 1.50
+ Span 2 design permanent & variable loads 1,35G,,+ 1.50,
Fixed end moment
TJ. “Map =Mpa = wy 2/12
46] 34.84 kN/m_ | 51.89 kN/m. = 54.8 x60 7/12
164.5 kNm
i Mpc Mop = wal 2*/12
40 51.9 x60 7/12
oom | 60m 155.7 kNm
A 8
Distribution factor:
Joint A: Fag= 7.5/ (75+ 46+ 4.0)
Fo = 46/ (15+ 46+ 4.0)
Fa = 40/ (75+ 46+ 40)
Joint B: TS/ (TS+ 3715+ 40+
3.8/
4.0/
46/
Fa
Moment distribution
(15+ 375+ 40+
S+ 384+ 40+
S+ 38+ 40+
49.36 995
0.02 “0.34
2.07 -0.08
0.48 “1.75
46.80 “1.79
0.28 |A BI 0.20,
0.25 | 0.47 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.19
“164.5 164.5 “155.7
40.9 | 76.8 -33 | 20 | -1.7
38.4 0.0
0.4 -145 | -8.9 | 7.3
0.4 0.0
18 -o.1 | -o1 | -o1
17 0.0
0.0 -06 | -04 | -03
43.2 | -92.6 186.3 | -11.4 [-165.0
sy Reinforced Concrete Design | 247
Example 9.1(c) Analysis of two free-joint sub-frame page 2/6
Ret
Calculations Output
Case
yan 1 design permanent & variable loads 1.356, + 1.50x
: Span 2 design permanent loads 1.356,
— Fixed end moment :
Man = Mpa = why /2
4.6| 54.84 N/m _| 26.58 N/m 54.8 x60 212
164.5 kNm
75 = Mey = wal 2/12
4.0 26.6 x6.0 2/12
6.0m ~ 79.7 Nm
a 8
Distribution factor:
Joint A: Pyg= 7.5/ O.S+ 46+ 40) = 0.47
Pea = 46/ (15+ 46+ 40) = 028
Fa= 40/ (5+ 46+ 40) = 025
Joint B: Fy,- 7.5/ (75+ 375+ 40+ 46)= 0.38
Fyc= 38/ (715+ 3.15+ 40+ 46) 0.19
Fa = 40/ (75+ 38+ 40+ 46)= 0.20
Fa= 46/ (75+ 38+ 40+ 46)— 0.23
‘Moment distribution
33.63
0.20
2.07
4.56
46.80
0.28 |A BI
0.25 | 0.47 0.38 O19)
=164.5 164.5 “19.7
40.9 | 76.8 -32.1 | -19.6 | -16.0
716.0 38.4 0.0
40 | 15 -145 | -29 | 73
“73 37 0.0
1s | 34 -1.4 | -09 | -0.7
-O7 17 0.0.
02 | 03 -0.6 -0.3
46.9 159, 104.1
sy 248. | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(e) Analysis of two free-joint sub-frame page 3/6
Ref, Calculations ‘Output
Shear force
Case 1
92.6 5” 186.3,
7 60
Ven Vox
EM@B~0
6.0 Van ~ (548 X6.0%3.0)+ 186.3 -92.6
Von ( 987.13 - 186.3 492.6)/60 =
Van = ( 548x 60)- 148.9
Case 2
100.65 54.8 7159.7
6.0
Van Vor
=M@B-=-0
60 Vay - (S48 x6.0x3.0)+ 159.7 - 100.6
Van = (987.13 - 159.7 +100.6)/6.0 =
Vax = ( S48x 60)- 154.7 -
Shear force and bending moment diagram.
re
sas9[
=0
148.9 kN
180.2 kN
°
154.7 kN
174.4 kN
sy ‘IL Reinforced Concrete Design | 249
Example 9.1(c) Analysis of two free-joint sub-frame page 4/6
Ref, Calculations ‘Output
Beam B-C
Case 1: Span 1 and 2 design permanent & variable loads 1.35G,,+ 1.50,
Span 3. design permanent load 1.356,
Fixed end moment
46] “Mg =Myy = wiLy7/12
54.84 kN/m_| 51.89 kN/m 27.98 kN/en 548 x60 12
= 164.5 kNm
Mac =Mcy = Wal /12
= 519 x60 7/12
= 155.7 kNm
60m “s 60m “7 60m “Meo = Moye = wl s?12
= 280 x60 */12
= 83.9 kNm
Distribution factor:
Joi B: Fyy= 3.75/35 + 457+ 40+ 75)= 0.19
Frye 1.50/G.75+ 457+ 40+ 75)= 038
457/@GIS+ 457+ 40+ 75)= 023
400/G.75+ 457+ 40+ 7.5)= 0.20
Joint C 7.50/ B.15+ 750+ 40+ 46)= 0.38
3.75/G.7S+ 750+ 40+ 46)— 0.19
457/@.7S+ 750+ 40+ 46)= 0.23
Fy = 400/G.75+ 750+ 4.0+ 46)= 0.20
‘Moment distribution
113 a7
O11 0.01
-0.07 -0.59
3.13 0.39
2.08 -16.55
Bl 0.33 cl 0.23
0.19 [0.20 | 0.38 038 | 0.20 | 0.15
164.5 “155.7 155.7 “83.9
-17 | -18 | 33 27.1 “13.6
0.0 “13.6 “17 0.0
26 | 27 | si os | 03 | 03
0.0 03 2.6 0.0
-o.1 | -o1 | 01 -1.0 | -os | -0s
0.0 “05 “0.1 0.0
o1 | o1 | 02 oo | 00 | 00
165.4] 1.0 [-167.6 729.0 [14.6 | 97.7
sy 11 250 | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(c) Analysis of two free-joint sub-frame page 5/6
Ret. Caleulations ‘Output
Case 2: Span 2 design permanent & variable loads 1.356, + 1.50%
Span 1 and 3 design permanent load 1.356, ;
Fixed end moment
46 “Ma = Mpg = wb y7/12
27.98 kim | 51.89 kN/m 27.98 kN = 38.0 x60 2/12 |
= $3.9 Nm
“Mag ~ Meg = WoL e/12
= 519 x60 9
= 155.7 Nm
Men =Mype = wahs'N12
28.0 x60 2712
$3.9 kNm
Distribution factor:
Joint B: Fya= 3.75/G.75+ 457+ 40+ 0.19
Fuc= 750/G.75+ 4357+ 40+ 038
Fu = 457/GIS+ 4574+ 404 023
Fa ~ 4.00/G.75-+ 457+ 40+ 0.20
Joint C: Fey = 7.50/G.75+ 7.50+ 40+ 038
Fep= 3.75/G.75+ 750+ 40+ 0.19 .
Fa = 457/ G75 + 150+ 404 023
Fa = 4.00/G.75+ 750+ 40+ 0.20 .
Moment distribution
“038
“0.1
0.59
23.13,
-16.55
BI [0.23
O19) 038 038 [030 [019
39 “155.7 135.7 “#39
13.6 | 14s | 27.1 27 | -14.s | -13.6
0.0 “13.6 13.6
26 | 27 | sa =s.1| 27
0.0 “2.6 2.6
os | os | 10 «10 | 05
0.0 -0.5 0.5 ‘
O1 OL 0.2 0.2 | -0.1
700.6 | 17.8 [1385 738.9 | -17.8 | -100.6
sy ‘UL Reinforced Concrete Design | 251
Example 9.1(¢) Analysis of two free-joint sub-frame page 6/6
Ret Calculations ‘Output
Shear force :
Case 1
167.6" 51.9 7129.0
6.0
Vac Yeu
=M@C-0
6.0 Vyc ~ (51.9 X6.0x3.0)+ 129.0 -167.6 = 0
Vac = ( 934.03 - 129.0 +167.6)/6.0 = 162.1 kN
Vow ~ ( SL9x 6.0)- 162.1 = 149.3 RN
Case 2
138.9% 51.9 7138.9
7 60
Vue Yew
=EM@C=0
6.0 Voc - (51.9 X6.0x3.0)+ 1389 -138.9 = 0
Van = (934.03 - 138.9 +138.9)/6.0 = 155.7 kN
Vax = ( S1L9x 60)- 155.7 = 155.7 &N
Shear force and bending moment diagram
~Thss7
\\204 20.4
L we’
94.6 Hi
Ee
sy "U1 252 | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(d) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame
page /9
Ret, Calculations
‘Output
Continuous Beam :
Bending moment and shear force in beam.
6.0m 6.0m 60m
7.5 x 10? mm’
5.63 x 10° mn!
A B c >
Moment of Inertia
T= bw2 = 250 x 600 7/12 4.50 x 10° mm*
Stirtess
AB kay —O.7S1/L = 3.38 x 10? / 6000— 5.63 x 10° mm?
BC :kpc = U/L = 4.50 x 10”/ 6000
CD: kep = 0.75 I/L = 3.38 x 10°/ 6000
Distribution fctor:
Joint A: Fan = kavant 0)
5.63/(5.63+ 0.00) = 1.00
Joint B: Fax K ap/(K ant ka)
5.63/ (563+ 7.50) = 0.43
Fre ~ kuch ant k uc)
= 7.50/ (563+ 7.50) = 0.57
Joint C: Fue = knoll act ken)
= 750/0.5+ 5.63) 057
Fen = ken uct ken)
563/(15+ 5.63) = 0a
Joint D: Kye = kepleen* 0)
= 5.63/(5.63+ 0.00) = 1.00
nay ‘UL
: Reinforced Concrete Design | 253
Example 9.1(d) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame page 2/9
Ref,
Calculations Output
Case 1: Span 1 &2 design permanent & variable loads 1.35G,.+ 1.5Qx
‘Span 3 design permanent loads 1.356,
54.8 kN/m 51.9 KN/m 28.0 KN/m
6.0m 60 6.0m
A 8 e .
Fixed End Moment
“May = May = wjLPA2= $4.84 x607/12 = 164.5 Nm
“Myc = Men ~ W2ly2= 51.89 x 607/12 155.7 KNm
“Mep= Moc = wsls12= 27.98 x6.07/12 = 83.9 KNm
‘Moment Distribution
‘0.00 | 1.00 0.43 [0.57 057 | 0.43 1.00 | 0.00
“164.5 164.5 |-155.7 155.7 | -83.9 83.9
164.5 -3.8 | -5.1 -41.0 | -30.7 83.9
92.3 | 20.5 -2.5 | 42.0
-26.5 | -35.3 25.4 | 19.1
12.7 “17.6
-s4 | 73 10.1 | 76
3.0 “3.6
29 21 | 16
1.0 =14
-0.4 | -0.6 os | 06
3 208.5 |-208.5 127.8 [127.8 0
Shear fore
54.8 7208.5 208.55 51.9 4127.8 127.8% 2
60 60 S 60
Van Van Vac Von Veo Voc
EM@B=0
6.0 Van - (S48 x6.0x3.0)+ 2085 = 0
Van = (987.13 - 2085 )/6.0 129.8 kN
Vax = ( 54.8x 60)- 1298 = 199.3 KN
EM@C=0
6.0 Myc - (51.9 x6.0x3.0)+ 1278 -2085 = 0
Vc = ( 934.03 - 127.8 +2085 /6.0= 169.1 KN
Vou = ( S519x 60)- 169.1 = 142.2 kN
=M@D-=0
6.0 Vp - 28.0 x6.0x3.0)- 1278 = 0
Veo = ( 503.56 +1278 )/ 6.0 105.2 KN
Voo = _(_28.0x 6.0)- 105.2 62.6 KN
may 254 | Frame Analysis
Example 9.1(d) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame page 3/9
Ref. Calculations Output
Case 2: Span 2 &3 design permanent & variable loads 1.356, + 1.50.
Span I design permanent loads 1.356,
28.0 kN/m 51.9 kN/m___ 54.8 kNim
60m 0 6.0m
A e ¢ >
Fixed End Moment
“Myy Myx = wibGi2= 2798 x607/12 = 83.9 kNm
“Myo = Mex = W2lg/2~ 51.89 607/12 = 155.7 kNm
“Mep= Mpc = wsLs/12= 54.84 x607/12 = 1645 KNm
‘Moment Distribution :
0.00 [1.00 048 | 057 057 | 043 1,00 | 0.00
“83.9 83.9 [155.7 155.7 | -164.5 164.5
3.9 30.7 | 41.0 si_| 38 “164.5
42.0 | 2.5 20.5 | 82.3
-19.1 | 25.4 35.3 | 26.5
17.6 “12.7
-7.6 | -10.1 54
3.6
a6 | 21 22
14
-06 | 08 od
00 727.8 [127.8 208.5 | 208.5 i)
Shear force
28.0 7127.8 127.84 51.9 4208.5 208,
o 60 60
Van Vex Vac Ven Veo
=M@B-=0
6.0 Van - (8.0 x60x3.0)+ 1278 = 0
Van = (503.56 - 127.8 )/6.0 62.6 KN
Vax = ( 280x 60)- 62.6 108.2 kN
EM@C=0
6.0 Vac ~ (51.9 x6.0x3.0)+ 208.5 -1278 = 0
Vac = (934.03 - 208.5 +127.8 /6.0= 142.2 KN
Von = (51.9% 60)- 1422 = 168.1 KN
EM@D-=0
60 Ven - (S48 x60x30)- 2085 = 0
Veo = (987.13 $208.5)/6.0 = — 199.3.KN
Voc = _( 548x 60)- 1993 = 129.8 kN
sy Example 9.1(d) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame
Reinforced Concrete Design | 255
page 4/9
Ref, Calculations
‘Output
Case 3: Span 1 &3 design permanent & variable loads 1.35G + 1.50.
Span 2 design permanent loads 1,356,
54,8 kN/m 26.6 KN/m 54.8 N/m
6.0m 60m 60m
A e e >
Fixed End Moment
“Myy ~ Mya = wibgh2= $4.84 x607/12 = 164.5 kNm
“Myc = Mey = wL;/12~ 26.58 607/12 = — 79.7kNm
105.2/
x2= 1993/
Xa— 189.0/ 54.8
x4> 107.9/ 28.0
Bending Moment Diagram
0.0
2.6
129.8
140.0
‘Mid-span moment
Span I
2.4m M, = 129.8%24/2 = 153.6 kNm
2.2m My = 62.6x2.2/2 = 70.1 kNm
2.6m My = 140.0x2.6/2 = 178.8 kNm.
2.1m My ~ 60.0% 2.1/2 64.2 kNm
Span 2
3.3m M, = (169.1x3.3/2) -208.5 = 67.1 kNm
2.7m Mz = (142.2 x2.7/2) -127.8 =67.1 kNm
3.0m Ms = (99.7 x3,0/2) -147.0 = 27.4 kNm
3.0m My ~ (155.7 x3.0/2) -143.8 = 89.7 KNm
Span 3
3.8m My = (105.2 x3.8/2) - 127.8 ~70.1 kNm
3.6m Mz = (199.3 x3,6/2) - 208.5 =153.6 kNm.
3.4m (189.0 x3.4/2) - 147.0 =178.8 kNm
3.9m (107.9 3.9/2) - 143.8 =64,2 kNm.
208.5 208.5 Case? —1—-—
178.8 258 | Frume Anahsis
Example 9.1(d) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame page 7/9
Ret. Calculations ‘Output
‘Sub-frame: Bending Moment in Columns
‘Momen of Inertia : = bh/12
Column: 1 = 300 x 400°/12— 1.6% 10? mmt
Beam: J = 250 x 6007/12= 4.5% 10? mm*
Stiffness: K =J/L
ColummioeKa= 16x 10°/ 3500= 4.6 x 10° mm
Colmer | Kes 16x 10°/ 4000= 4.0 x 10° mn
Beam: Kay 45x 10°/ 6000 75x 10° mm]
Kyo" 45x 10°/ 6000= 7.5 x 10° mm
Kep= 45x 10°/ 6000= 7,5 x 10° mm
FEM = wh7/12
34.8 KN/m 548 x607/12
164.52 KNm
Ka 05K
LL | 60m
‘Moment in upper column,
M = FEM x Ka l(Kqy + Ka+Ky2)
= 164.5 x4.0/ 40+ 46+ 3.8) 53.4
53.4 kNm, 61.0
‘Moment in lowereColumn,
M = FEMx Ka (Kou + Kat KD
164.5 x4.6/ (40+ 46+ 3.8)
= 61.0 kNm
msy “UL Reinforced Concrete Design | 259
Example 9.1(4) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame page 8/9
Ref, Calculations ‘Output
CoumB
Koy wL 7/12
$4.8 KN/m, 26.6 KN/m = 354.8 x6.07/12
= 164.5 kNm
O.5Kan OSKye KEM = wh7/12
te 26.6 x6.07/12
60m | 60m = 79.7 eNm.
AM = FEM,-FEM, = 1645-797 = 84.8 kNm
Moment in upper column,
M = AMX Ka Kot Kat 0.5K an + 0.5K xe)
84.8 x4.0/(4.0+ 4.64 3.75-+3.75)
= 211kNm 211
241
Moment in lower column,
M = AMXKg (Kay + Kg + 0.5K qn +05Ky0)
= BAR X46/(4.0+ 4.64 3.754375)
= 24.1 kN
Column ©
Kou FEM, = L712
26.6 KN/my| 54.8 kN/m 26.6 x6.07/12
79.7 kNm
05Kan 08K yo FEM, = wh7N12
es = 548 6.07/12
6om | 60m = 164.5 kNm
AM = FEM,-FEM, = 164.5- 79.7 = 84.8 kNm.
‘Moment in upper column,
M = AMXKoMKa + Kat 05Kyc + 0.5Kep)
84.8 x4.0/(4.0+ 464% 3.75 +3,75)
= 21.1kNm 21.1
aa
‘Moment in lower column,
M = AMXxKaM(Kq+Ka+0SKec+0.5Keo)
= BAB x46/(1404 46+ 3.75 +3.75) A
= 24.1 kNm
gy 260 | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.1(@) Continuous beam + one free-joint sub-frame page 99
Ret, Caleulations ‘Output
Column D
Ke FEM = wha
54.8 kN/m 548 x607/12
fae = 164.52 Nm
Oske |
60m
Moment ia upper column,
M = FEM X Ka (Ko, + Ka + 05K en)
= 1645 x4.0/ (4.0+ 46+ 3.8)
= 334kNm
‘Moment in lowereCohumn,
M = FEMXKal(Ko, + Kg +05Kep)
= 1645 x46/ 40+ 46+ 3.8)
61.0 kNm_
53.4
sy ‘I
| Example 9.2(a) Calculation of wind load
Reinforced Concrete Design | 261
page 1/3,
Ref,
Calculations
Output
Specification
“Lh
Side elevation
Building dimensions,
“Average roof height, f+ =
Width, 6 x Length, d =
Location
Terrain =
Topography =
Construction =
Sway frequencies, n,
Mode shape =
Average building density =
Linear , k
Wind
25.0 m
18.0 m x 51.0 m
Kuala Lumpur Zone 1)
Suburban terrain for all direction
Ground slope less than 1 in 20
for greater than 5 km in all direction
Reinforced concrete
0.2 Hertz,
1.0
160 kg/m’
MS 1553
Design wind pressure
oi
Val
Table 3.2
VMs
v=
Ma
Fig. 3.1
22
Table 4.1
43.1
44
M,
M,
Calculation of wind load based on MS 1553:2002
0.613 [Vaca Cox Can
design wind speed
importance factor =
Mace Ms My
basic wind speed —
wind directional multiplior =
Maeu™ terrain/height mutiplicr. Varies
with z. For2 =h
(, = shielding multiplior
bill shape multiplior
Pa
Ls
33.5 mvs
1.00
0.97
1.00
1,00
sy 262 | Frame Analysis
Example 9.2(4) Calculation of wind loud page 28
Ref. ‘Output
Ya = 335x100 X97 1,00 21.00 |
= sso me ;
Yon = 280R118 = 3737 mis ;
Cac = eorodynami tape fatoe
= Gorse aC de, for extemal pressure
sa = exlemal pressure costisint
frvie 5 20 Shweta Oa) forvarying: |
fren 5 200} ‘ewsrdwal = 0358" die 38
saa i, = area reduction factor 1.00
sas Ky = combimton aio = 1.00
baa Ky cal promsue fico = 100
bas Ki~poreus Gung reduction factor= 100
Pa Con = dynamic response factor
oe eae. Geese, en
ivtead
reve «1 fy ~Tubnce inemily at =, — 0.208 ;
fy ~ peak ctor ne :
‘background factor
= 1/ (1+ [{36(-2)? + 640 29% / Ly]
Ly, = 1000(4/10)"5 = 1287 m
36(r-s= 36 25 - Oy = 023x108
64b a2 = 64 SI)? = 1.66 x 10°
1/4 (2.89 105° 11257 }
= 0.7431
S= size reduction factor
3.5m, + eds) Vou = 30.8/ 374= 0.82
An byl Sly WVgn= TA 314= 192
= 1/ (+ 082) [1+ 1.92]
0.188
spectrum of turbulance
O.47N 1 (2H?)
N = ngbyll t+ edu) / Vw |
02x 1257{1 +3.7 x. 0.205] /37.4 = 11.83
= 0.089 ] Reinforced Concrete Design | 263
Example 9.2(a) Calculation of wind load page 3/3,
Ref. Calculations Output
Table 6.2 & = ratio structural damping to eritical damping
0.05
1 ~ peak factor for resonant response
= [2 log, (600n )°*
=[2log, (600% 0.2) ™*
3.09
gib= 37x 07831 = 102
BESE./E = 3.097x 0.188% 0.089/ 0.05 = 3.22
Cam = 142 x0.21 [10.24 3.221%
1+@ x3.70x021))
= 0,993
2.5.3 = 0.613 ga? Cay Can (Nim)
‘soe | Windward | Leeward | Total
Views] Pw | Van] pr [pw Pv
0.950 | 36.6 | 653 | 37.4 | -213 | 865
o.ss0| 33.9 | seo | 37.4 | -213 | 772
0.790 | 30.4 | 451_| 37.4 | -213 | 664
0.750 | 28.9 | 407 | 37.4 | -213 | 619
M,
Noté: Positive value indicate prevsure acting toward the
surface, negative acting away from the etirfice
kim _ Kavi? sei
0.653 0.213 0.865
0560 [2] 0213 0.772
oar 2 0213 0.664
0.407 0213 0.619
Total
sy "1 264 | Frame Anahsis
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method
page 1/10
Ref,
Calculations
‘Output
Design wind load for each floor level of sub-frame 3
wd lax teot aso x350 = SiN
‘i
Ky ' 4 75
15 1
L :
™ { it | | 35
a .
vf | | 3s
eal 1
et ff | {3s
at { } as
2 {#
dab
Cone of avy afb arta,
TT GIN TEN TIN) aN = Om
elec aaa
Damme fom conro: 9:00; 3007 300? 900
Colum etalnde 30P: OP OP! 30D:
* Assumptions,
1 Point of contraflexure|
are located at the
mid-points of all
columns and beams,
J2.1rhe direct axial loads
fn the cohumns are in
propotion to their
distances from the
centre of gravity of
the frame.
3. All the column in a
storey are of equal
cross-sectional area,
nay
; Reinforced Concrete Design | 265
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method page 2/10
Ref. Calculations Output
Level K and above
82
175m
il He W 7,
6m 6m 6m
3.0P. 1.0P "Lop 3.0P.
Axial for jumns,
EM@K=0
(82x 1.75)+ (OP x60) -(1.0P x 12.0) 0.72 kN
-G.0P x18.0) = 0 0.24 kN
60.0P = 14.3 KN LOP = 0.24 kN
P = 143/60.0= 0.24 kN 3.0P= 0.72 kN
‘Shear force in beams and columns,
75m
KTH, Hs 4
om om
0.72 kN 0.24 kN 0.24 kN 0.72 kN
Consider sub-frame to the left of F,
BFL = 0 Fy\- 0.72 =0 Py = 0.72 kN
EM@F\~0: (Uf, x 1.75)- (©.72x 3.00) = 0 Hy = 123 kN
Consider sub-frame to the left of F
BP, =0 Fr- 0.72 -0.24=0 0.95 KN,
EM@F,~0: (H)+H2)x1.75- (0.72 x9.0) 2.86 KN
- ©24x30) = 0
Consider sub-frame to the left of Fy
ZF, =0 - 072 -0.24 +0.24~0 0.72. kN
2 M@F2=0: (i, + Hy+Hy) 1.75 - (0.72 x 15.00) 2.86 kN
-(0.24.x9.0) + (0.24 x3.0) = 0
DFy= 0 8.2-H,-Hy-Hy-Hy=0 1.23 KN
may ‘11 266 | Frame Anabsis
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method page 3/10
Ref. Calculations Output
Level L and above
82,
3.5m
168.4,
75m
LTH, Ha Pon, en
6m 6m 6m
3.0P 1.0P "Lop 3.0P
‘Axial foree in cohumns,
EM@L~0
(8.2.x 5.25) + (16.4x 1.75)+ (LOP x 6.0) 3.0P = 3.58 KN
-(.0P « 12.0) [email protected] x18.0) = 0 Lop = 1.19 kN
60.0P = TLS KN 10P= 1.19 kN
P= 715/600 = 1.19kN 3.0P = 3.58 kN
Shear force in beams and columns,
0.72 kN 0.24 kN 0.24 kN 0.72 kN
1.23,
175
25
Hh, #H,|
6m
3.58 kN 1.19 kN 1.19 kN 3.58 kN
Consider sub-frame to the left of Fy
EF, = 0 Fy- 358 +0.72 = 0 Fy = 2.86kN
BM@F)~0: (Hy + 1.23)x1.75- (2.86% 3.00) 0 Hy = 3.68 kN
Consider sub-frame to the left of F’
EFL=0 : Fp- 2.86 -0.95 3.82 kN
EM@F,=0: Gy +H,)x 175+ (4.09 x 1.75) 8.58 KN
-2.86%9.0) ~0.95x3.0) = 0
Consider sub-frame to the left of Fy :
EF,/=0 : Fy- 2.86 -095 +0.95 2.86 KN
E M@F,=0: (H+ Hy +H) 175+ (6.95 x 1.75) 858 kN
~ (2.86 x'15.00) (0.95 9.0) +(0.95x30) = 0
EFy=0 + 245-Hy-Hy-Hs-H4=0 Hy = 3.68 kN
sy ‘UL Reinforced Concrete Design | 267
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method
page 4/10
Ref. Calculations Output
Level M and above
82
16.4, 3.5m
3 3.5m
75m.
to —
MT, He f Hy H,|
om 6m om
3.0P. 1.0P ” Lop 3.0P.
Axial force in columns,
=M@M-0
(8.2 x 8.75) + (16.4 x 5.25) + (15.5x 1.75) + 3.0P = 9.22 kN
(OP. x 6.0) - (1.0P x 12.0) -G.0P x 18.0) ° LOP = 3.07 kN
60.0P = 184.5 KN LOP = 3.07 kN
P = 184.5/ 60.0 = 3.07 KN 3.0P = 9.22 kN
‘Shear force in beams and columns,
3.58 KN 1.19 KN 1.19 EN 3.58 kN
6m
9.22 kN 3.07 KN 3.07 KN 9.22 kN
Consider sub-frame to the left of F
EF, 0 Fy- 922 +358 -0 Fy = 5.65 &N
ZM@F,~0: (EH, + 3.68) x 1.75- (5.65 x 3.00) = 0 I, = 6.00 KN
Consider sub-frame to the left of F's :
ZF, =0 : Fy- $65 -188-0 Fa 7.53 KN
= M@F~ (Hy +H) x 175+ (12.26 x 1.75) Hz ~ 14.00 kN
- (5.65 x9.0) - (1.88 x3.0) = 0
Consider sub-frame to the left of Fy :
ZF, =0 Fy- 5.65 - 1.88 + 1.88 Fy = 3.65 kN
E M@F, "0: (Hy +H,+Hs) 175+ (20.85 x 1.75) Hy = 14.00 KN
~ (5.65 x 15.00) - (1.88 9.0) +(1.88x3.0) = 0
BPy= 0: 400-H,-Hy-Hy-H,=0 Hy = 6.00 kN
may ‘11 268 | Frame Analysis
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method
Ref. Calculations
Output
Level N and above
82
Axial force in cohumns,
=M@M~0
Consider sub-trame to the left of Fy :
EFL =0 F,- 17.50 49.22 = 0
= M@F; GH, + 6.00) x 1.75 - (8.28 x 3.00)
Consider sub-frame to the left of F2:
EF, =0 Fz- 828 -2.76=0
= (8.28 9.0) -(2.76x3.0) = 0
Consider sub-frame to the left of Fs
EBPL=0 3: Fy- 828 -2.76 +2.76
= (B28 x 15.00) - (2.76 x9.0) + (2.76 x3.0)
BFy= 0 54,6 -H,-~H-H-H4=0
EM@F2=0: (H\+Hy)x 175+ (20.00 x 1.75)
= M@F,=0: (Hy+H2+Hy)1.75+ 4.00 x 1.75)
is] 3.5m
15.55] 3.5m
46 3.5m
tT 75m,
Nt, T Hs H,|
6m 6m 6m
3.0P. 1,0P Lop 3.0P.
(82x 12.3)+ (16.4 x 8.75) + (15.5 x 5.25) + (14.6 x 1.75) +]
(OP x60) -(1.0P x 12.0) -G.0P x18.0) = 0
60.07 350.0 KN,
P = 350.0/ 60.0 = 5,83 kN
‘Shear force in beams and columns,
9.22 KN 3.07 KN 3.07 KN 9.22 kN
17,50 kN 5.83 KN 5.83 KN 17,50 RN
°
0
3.0P = 17.50 KN
Wy
5.83 KN
5.83 KN,
17,50 kN
8.28 KN
8.19 kN
11.04 kN
19.11 kN
8.28 kN
19.11 KN
8.19 kN
imsy Reinforced Concrete Design | 269
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method page 6/10
Ree Cateuatons Onput
Level F and sioye
aoe
fc 3m
ge 33m
ie 3am
Tn Tn
bis Sm din
xine in cohunn
xM@P=0
27 speeds axiassx'er f046xé25 4 nde
(364 125% CLP £60) (LOP 2120) “Gr ik] Oa KN
P= 5649/600= 941 KN
Stoar fore ha beams and coiame
TSOEN SESEN SS34N 1750 KN
«1.75
radi oan gate om 24 uN
Conse r-rame toe it of
BPeeO7, P- 2824 417.50 = 0 10.7 ww
EMQF.=0. GET BID ELIS. (1% 100 Hy 102 KN
Comer sa frame to the of
SPeeo ; Re ibm as —6 P= 1a3aN
= M@F2=0 (A, +H) x 1,75 + (27.30 x 1.75) Hy, = 23.9 kN
-(10.7x9.0) -(G.58x3.0) = 0
Consider subtree tothe eof Fy =
EM@F,<0:(H,tH,+H) 178+ Gal 2175) | Hy 2 BASEN
G07 1500) 2.58490) 4058230) = 0
2 hy = 0+ 682-H,-Hy-Hy-Ha=0 102 270 | Frame Anabsis
;
Example 9.2(b) Lateral load analysis - Cantilever method page 7/10 |
Ref. Calculations Output
Level Q and above
8.2 :
16.4 3.5m
15.5; 3.5m
14.6,| 3.5m
13.6) C 3.5m
12.59] 3.5m
1.75m
of, fon Fay BE
om 6m 6m
3.0P Lop 1.0P 3.0P
Axial force in columns,
EM@P=0
(82x 19.3)h (164x 15.8)+ (15.5% 12.3) + (14.6x 8.75) +]3.0P = 41.3 KN
(03.6 5.25)+ (125x 1,75)+ (OP x60) - (1.0P x 12.0)| LOP= 13.8 kN
“G.OP x 180) = 0 13.8 KN
60.0? = 825.4 KN 41.3 KN
P= 825.4/ 60.0 = 13.76 KN
28.2 kN ;
175
J
