Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate

Candidate Name: Carl Thomas

Candidate Number:
Centre Number: 090309
Name of School: Diamond Secondary School
Year of Examination: 2023
Project start date: 4th January 2022
Project end date: 10th March 2022
Territory: Guyana
Teacher: Sir. Corey Hamilton
Title of project: The growth of Pak-choi using dried grass as organic mulch and
plastic sheet as inorganic mulch.

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 Table of Content
Unit Pages
 Introduction 4
 Acknowledgement 5
 Problem Statement 6
 Objectives/Aims 6
 Methodology:
 List of Materials Tools and Equipment 7,8
 Experimental Design 9,10
 Description of Activities 10,11
 Photographs showing student’s involvement 12-15
 Data Collection 16,17

 Results 18-22
 Discussion 23
 Conclusion 24
 Limitations 24
 Recommendations 24
 References 25
 Cost Analysis 26-30
 Rubric 31-33

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 Acknowledgement
The researcher is most appreciative to his parents who provided the useful materials and
information in order to produce this SBA. Their cousin and teacher, Sir Corey Hamilton,
who corrected and guided them to completing this SBA.

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 Introduction
Literature Review
The leafy vegetable Pak choi, or Brassica Rapa var. chinensis, is a native of
southern China. Although it resembles lettuce, Pak choi is a member of the
Brassicaceae family, which also includes vegetables like cabbage, mustard greens,
cauliflower, broccoli, water cress, and radish. The leaf stalks of this biennial have a
juicy, crisp texture, and the flowering stems are delicious. Its large, spoon-shaped
green leaves are joined by white stems.
Pak choi thrives in soil that has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Watering from the top
and leaving the leaves wet overnight, or watering excessively, are the main causes
of most illnesses. Pak choi is affected by crown rot, Alternaria leaf spot, black rot,
black leg, and clubroot. The pests that affect cabbage and napa cabbage also affect
Pak choi. These include imported cabbageworm, cabbage looper, flea beetles,
cabbage maggots, and diamondback moth larvae.
Vegetables have been grown for thousands of years in China, including Pak choy.
This vegetable is highly well-liked not only in Chinese cuisine but also in other
Asian countries. Due to differences in opinion on the proper transliteration of the
Chinese term for this vegetable, many English speakers refer to Pak choy as Bok
choy or Pak choi. Pak Choi is high in calcium, vitamins A and C, and has a flavor
like mustard. Whatever you choose to call it, this vegetable is tasty, soft, and very
adaptable. It can be used in a variety of cuisines.
Currently, there are multiple ways of growing Pak choi in Guyana and the
Caribbean. This SBA will focus on two ways. Which is to investigate the
compared growth rates of Pak choi when grown with organic and inorganic
manure.

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Problem Statement
To find the best kind of mulch materials for Pak-best choi's growth and output, an
investigation was carried out. The Agricultural Science Garden plot at Diamond
Secondary School served as the site of this experiment, which ran from January 4
until March 10, 2022. Mulching is a cultural method used to guarantee a crop's
maximum growth for economic harvest.

Aims
Technical objective:
 To observe the productivity level of Pak-choi grown using dried grass for
organic mulch and plastic sheets for inorganic mulch over a period of six (6)
weeks.
 To investigate the growth of Pak-choi using dried grass for organic mulch and
plastic sheets for inorganic mulch over a period of six (6) weeks.
Business objective:
 To investigate how the use of technology impacts productivity of Pak-choi.
 To assess the profitability of growing Pak-choi at Diamond Secondary School
using organic mulch as opposed to using inorganic mulch.

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 Methodology
List of Materials, Tools and Equipment
Materials:
● 60 Pak-choi seedlings
● Potting soil / manure
● 100 ml insecticide
● Small plastic bags
● Large plastic bags
● Spray bottle
● Dried grass
Tools and equipment:
● Garden forks
● Brushing cutlasses
● Hoe
● 1 Wheelbarrow
● 3 Watering cans
● 30 cm rulers
● Knives
● Rubber long boots
Tools & Equipment Description and uses
Garden fork a tool for gardening that has a handle
and a square-shouldered head with
several (often four) small, strong tines.
In farming and gardening, it is used to
lift, turn, and loosen soil.
Cutlass This is a short metal blade tool, some
of which have curved ends and wooden
or rubber handles. The cutlass is

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 frequently employed for weeding,
cutting small trunks and pegs, and
clearing land.
Hoe A digging tool with a long handle and a
blade that is at a right angle to the
handle. The soil is cleared, weeds are
pulled out, and root crops are harvested
using it.
Wheelbarrow A wheelbarrow is a tiny, one-wheeled
hand-propelled vehicle that is meant to
be pushed and maneuvered by one
person using two handles at the back.
Wheelbarrows are useful for carrying a
range of materials, including compost,
mulch, and rock to the garden. To
transport huge shrubs and trees from
one place to another. hauling bricks
and getting rid of garden waste.
Watering can When watering plants by hand, a
watering can is a portable container
with a handle and a funnel. If you don't
have access to surface irrigation or
mechanical irrigation, you can use this
to perform light irrigation tasks like
applying water to crops during the dry
season.
Knife A garden knife is the definition of
simplicity. It has only a handle and a
blade; there are no moving parts. A
good gardening knife is necessary for a
variety of outdoor jobs, including
lifting bark and pruning stems.
Ruler A ruler is a tool or apparatus that is
used to measure distance and create
straight lines. The rulers are marked at
the top and bottom with conventional
distances in centimeters and inches,
respectively. The length is measured
with a ruler in both metric and imperial
units.
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 Rubber long boots This pair of rubber long boots is knee-
length, making it particularly suited for
those who have spent a lot of time in a
muddy and humid environment. They
may efficiently stop liquid splashing
and safeguard your calves.
Table 1: Function of each equipment used.
Experimental Design
The method used to carry out this investigation was the independent measures
design. An independent measures design is a research method in which multiple
experimental groups are used and participants are only in one group. Each
participant is only in one condition of the independent variable during the
experiment.
The farm comprised of nine (9) cambered beds which were equally divided into
plots: plot A, plot B and plot C The beds were 30 cm (12 in) apart from each other.
The dimensions for the beds were 180 cm (70.8 in) in length and 60 cm (24 in) in
width.
Plot A consisted of Pak-choi plants which were grown using dried grass as an
organic mulch material. Plot B consisted of Pak-choi plants which were grown
using plastic sheeting as an inorganic mulch material. Plot C consisted of the
control Pak-choi plants.
The experiment was conducted at Diamond Secondary School during the period
4th January to the 10th of March 2022.
The collection and documenting of data was recorded weekly. Qualitative
observations such as leaf color and leaf damage were recorded using the camera on
smart phones. Quantitative observations such as the length of Pak-choi leaves were
recorded using rulers. The number of surviving plants and the number of leaves per
plant were recorded in the farm diaries or notebooks.
The reason for this investigation was to determine whether organic mulch or
inorganic mulch would be the most suitable for the growth of Pak-choi.

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 KEY: “X” denotes position
of pak-choi seedling
Figure 1: Diagram showing
planting arrangement of Pak-
choi seedlings in a bed.

Description of Activities
Soil Preparation and Formation of Beds
The land was cleared of existing weeds and bushes. The plant debris was removed
from the land. After the land was cleared, the soil was tilled using a garden fork,
and it was refined using a hoe. Beds and drains were then formed. The beds
measured 180 cm long by 60 cm wide and the drains measured 30 cm wide by 30
cm deep.
Planting and Spacing
The crop was established using three-week-old seedlings. The seedlings were
planted at a spacing of 25 cm (10 in) apart within rows and 38–45 cm (15-18 in)
between rows. A five-cm hole was dug, one seedling was placed in the hole and
the hole was refilled with soil. The soil was firmed around the base of the stem;
care being taken not to crush the plant. Two rows of three seedlings per row were
planted in each bed. After transplanting, the seedlings were watered using a
watering can.
Mulching
Materials such as dried grass and plastic sheeting were placed on the soil surface
around the base of the plants.

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Irrigation
The plants were watered to ensure that the soil was kept evenly moist throughout
the experimental period.
Weed Management
Weeds were controlled by hand weeding in both beds.
Pest and Disease Management
Pests and diseases were controlled by using appropriate pesticides at recommended
application rates. The same amount of pesticide was applied to each plant on the
beds.
Harvesting
The crop was harvested at six weeks after seedlings were transplanted. Plants were
harvested by cutting off the stem at soil level. After harvesting, the plants were
placed in plastic trays and taken to a cool location where the dried, damaged leaves
were removed. The plants were then rinsed in clean water and placed in plastic
bags.

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 Evidence to show that activities were done

Land clearing using a cutlass Primary and secondary tillage

Construction of beds and drains

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Transplanting of the Pak-choi seedlings

Applying the organic and inorganic mulch

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Irrigation of the plants Removal of weeds from the bed

Pesticide application Harvesting of Pak-choi

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Cleaning and packaging of the harvested Pak-choi

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 Data Collection
Over the experimental period, the following data were recorded in tables and used to plot graphs
where appropriate:

Height: The height of each Pak-choi plant was measured and recorded for four weeks.

Bed A: Control Plant Week

number
1 2 3 4

1 8.4 10.3 12.5 14

2 8.4 10.2 12.3 14.2

Height of Pak- 3 8.3 10.2 12.1 13.8
choi plants (cm)
4 8.3 10.4 12.4 14.1

5 8.4 10 12.4 14.3

6 8.3 10.4 12 13.7

Table 2 showing the height of Pak-choi plants (cm) grown on Bed A for four (4) weeks.

Bed B: dried Plant Week

grass number

1 2 3 4

1 8.4 10.4 12.4 14.6

2 8.5 10.6 12.6 14.5

Height of Pak- 3 8.5 10.4 12.3 14.4

choi plants (cm)
4 8.4 10.3 12.4 14.5

5 8.6 10.3 12.2 14.6

6 8.5 10.5 12.4 14.3

Table 3 showing the height of Pak-choi plants (cm) grown on Bed B for four (4) weeks.

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 Bed C: plastic Plant Week
sheets number

1 2 3 4

1 8.7 11.2 13 14.6

2 8.6 10.7 12.5 14.8

Height of Pak- 3 8.7 10.8 12.7 14.7

choi plants (cm)
4 8.7 10.7 12.8 14.8

5 8.7 10.8 12.6 14.6

6 8.6 11 12.8 15

Table 4 showing the height of Pak-choi plants (cm) grown on Bed C for four (4) weeks.

Yield: The yield was measured by obtaining the fresh weight of harvested Pak-choi plants after
removal of unwanted leaves.
Bed A: Control Bed B: Dried grass Bed C: Plastic sheet

Plant number Fresh Plant number Fresh Plant number Fresh

weight/plant weight/plant weight/plant
(kg) (kg) (kg)

1 0.6 1 0.7 1 0.7

2 0.5 2 0.9 2 0.8

3 0.5 3 0.7 3 0.8

4 0.6 4 0.6 4 0.9

5 0.4 5 0.7 5 0.9

6 0.5 6 0.8 6 0.8

Table 5 showing the comparison of the fresh weight (kg) of harvested Pak-choi plants on Bed A,
Bed B and Bed

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 Results
Bed A: Control Plant Week
number
1 2 3 4

1 8.4 10.3 12.5 14

2 8.4 10.2 12.3 14.2

Height of Pak- 3 8.3 10.2 12.1 13.8

choi plants (cm)
4 8.3 10.4 12.4 14.1

5 8.4 10 12.4 14.3

6 8.3 10.4 12 13.7

Avg. 8.4 10.3 12.3 14

Table 6 showing the average height of Pak-choi plants (cm) grown on Bed A for four (4) weeks.

Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 1: (8.4 + 8.4 + 8.3 + 8.3 + 8.4 + 8.3)
cm = 50. 1 cm ÷ 6 = 8.4 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 2: (10.3 + 10.2 + 10.2 + 10.4 + 10 +
10.4) cm = 61.5 cm ÷ 6 = 10.3 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 3: (12.5 + 12.3 + 12.1 + 12.4 + 12.4 +
12) cm = 73.7 cm ÷ 6 = 12.3 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 4: (14 + 14.2 + 13.8 + 14.1 + 14.3 +
13.7) cm = 84. 1 cm ÷ 6 = 14.0 cm

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 Bed B: dried Plant Week
grass number

1 2 3 4

1 8.4 10.4 12.4 14.6

2 8.5 10.6 12.6 14.5

Height of Pak- 3 8.5 10.4 12.3 14.4

choi plants (cm)
4 8.4 10.3 12.4 14.5

5 8.6 10.3 12.2 14.6

6 8.5 10.5 12.4 14.3

Avg. 8.5 10.4 12.4 14.5

Table 7 showing the average height of Pak-choi plants (cm) grown on Bed B using dried grass as
mulch for four (4) weeks.

Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 1: (8.4 + 8.5 + 8.5 + 8.4 + 8.6 + 8.5)
cm = 50.9 cm ÷ 6 = 8.5 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 2: (10.4 + 10.6 + 10.4 + 10.3 + 10.3 +
10.5) = 62.5 cm ÷ 6 = 10.4 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 3: (12.4 + 12.6 + 12.3 + 12.4 + 12.2 +
12.4) = 74.3 cm ÷ 6 = 12.4 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 4: (14.6 + 14.5 + 14.4 + 14.5 + 14.6 +
14.3) = 86.9 cm ÷ 6 = 14.5 cm

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 Bed C: plastic Plant Week
sheets number

1 2 3 4

1 8.7 11.2 13 14.6

2 8.6 10.7 12.5 14.8

Height of Pak- 3 8.7 10.8 12.7 14.7

choi plants (cm)
4 8.7 10.7 12.8 14.8

5 8.7 10.8 12.6 14.6

6 8.6 11 12.8 15

Avg. 8.7 10.9 12.7 14.8

Table 8 showing the average height of Pak-choi plants (cm) grown on Bed C using plastic sheets
as mulch for four (4) weeks.

Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 1: (8.7 + 8.6 + 8.7 + 8.7 + 8.7 + 8.6)
cm = 52 cm ÷ 6 = 8.7 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 2: (11.2 + 10.7 + 10.8 + 10.7 + 10.8 +
11) = 65.2 cm ÷ 6 = 10.9 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 3: (13 + 12.5 + 12.7 + 12.8 + 12.6 +
12.8) = 76.4 cm ÷ 6 = 12.7 cm
Calculating the average height of Pak-choi plants in week 4: (14.6 + 14.8 + 14.7 + 14.8 + 14.6 +
15) = 88.5 cm ÷ 6 = 14.8 cm

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 Bed A: Control Bed B: Dried grass Bed C: Plastic sheets

Plant number Fresh Plant number Fresh Plant number Fresh

weight/plant weight/plant weight/plant
(kg) (kg) (kg)

1 0.6 1 0.7 1 0.7

2 0.5 2 0.9 2 0.8

3 0.5 3 0.7 3 0.8

4 0.6 4 0.6 4 0.9

5 0.4 5 0.7 5 0.9

6 0.5 6 0.8 6 0.8

Avg. 0.5 Avg 0.7 Avg 0.8

Table 9 showing the average fresh weight (kg) of harvested Pak-choi plants on Bed A, Bed B
and Bed C.

Calculating the total weight and average fresh weight of harvested Pak-choi plants grown on Bed
A: (0.6 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.5) kg = 3.1 kg ÷ 6 = 0.5 kg

Calculating the total weight and average fresh weight of harvested Pak-choi plants grown on Bed
B: (0.7 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.8) kg = 4.4 kg ÷ 6 = 0.7 kg

Calculating the total weight and average fresh weight of harvested Pak-choi plants grown on Bed
C: (0.7 + 0.8 + 0.8 + 0.9 + 0.9 + 0.8) kg = 4.9 kg ÷ 6 = 0.8 kg

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 Chart Title
16

14

12

10

0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Bed A Bed B Bed C

Figure 12: Graph showing the average height of the Pak-choi plants on Bed A, Bed B and Bed C
for four weeks.

Chart Title

Average Weight

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Bed C (Inorganic) Bed B (Organic) Bed A (Control)

Figure 13: Graph showing average fresh weight of harvested Pak-choi on Bed A, Bed B and Bed
C at the end of the investigation.

Discussion
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Bok choy and Pak choi are occasionally mistakenly called Chinese
cabbages. It has been grown since the fifth century CE in Asia, and it is
still one of the most significant vegetables, particularly in China. The
leafier cultivar is Pak choi, while Bok choy is distinguished by its broad,
white, meaty leaf midribs. Due to its tasty leaves, this biennial variant is
planted as an annual. Plants can weigh more than 2 kg and grow to a
height of 0.6 m. Although leaves are typically eaten fresh, they can also
be blanched and then dried for use during times when fresh vegetables
are scarce.
To compare the crops produced and the total weight attained using
inorganic mulch and organic mulch, the Pak-choi seedlings were divided
equally. According to the data gathered, the inorganic mulch produced a
substantially larger yield, with a difference of 0.2 to 0.3 in weight and a
difference of 0.5 to 0.8 in height. It was understood that the inorganic
part produced a setting that inhibited weed growth and maintained the
soil's coolness, so enhancing the ability of the plants to absorb nutrients.

Conclusion
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 - At the end of this investigation, it is concluded that the inorganic
manure bed (Bed C) produced a much higher harvest, in height and
weight, than the other beds.
Limitations
- During the Christmas holiday in 2021, there was no present at the
school to water the crop.
- There was excessive rain at the time and caused unwanted
vegetation to flourish.
- The school needed the beds to be weeded, therefore, harvesting the
crop too early.
Recommendations
- After transplanting the seedlings, apply a soil insecticide and soil
fungicide at the recommended rates to protect seedlings in the
early stages.
- When watering, and water to the ground at the base of the plant to
avoid splashing soil onto the leaves.
- Use clean water to irrigate the plants.
- Integrated Pest Management is the best approach to controlling
pests and diseases in the garden plot. With this method, pesticides
are not heavily relied upon cultural, as well as biological methods
are used.
- The soil should be well tilled and sufficiently drained to allow for
good water retention.
- Pak choi do not tolerate acidic soils.
- Agricultural lime should be incorporated in the soil.

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References
- https://www.delightedcooking.com/what-is-pak-choy.htm
- https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_944_2005-01-
19.html
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-
and-pharmaceutical-science/bok-choy
- https://stephaniesuesansmith.com/growing-pak-choi-for-stir-fries/

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 Cost Analysis
Table 1: Projected Income

Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($)

Pak-choi 60 220 13,200

Total Projected Income 13,200

Table 2: Projected Expenditure

Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($)

Pak-choi seedlings 60 35 per seedling 2100

Manure 1 bag 1000 per bag 1000

Insecticide 1 bottle (100 ml) 2000 per bottle 2000

Large plastic bags 12 50 per bag 600

Total Projected Expenditure 5,700

Projected Profit/Loss
The projected profit or loss was calculated using the formula below:

Projected Profit/Loss = Projected Income – Projected Expenditure

= $13,200 - $5,700

= $7,500

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Table 3: Actual Income

Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($)

Pak-choi 48 240 11,520

Total Projected Income 11,520

Table 4: Actual Expenditure

Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($)

Pak-choi seedlings 60 50 per seedling 3,000

Manure 1 bag 1,500 per bag 1,500

Insecticide 1 bottle (100 ml) 2,500 per bottle 2,500

Large plastic bags 12 60 per bag 720

Total Projected Expenditure 7,720

Actual Profit/Loss
The actual profit or loss was calculated using the formula below:

Actual Profit/Loss = Actual Income – Actual Expenditure

= $11,520 - $7,720

= $3,800

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Figure 1: Graph showing the comparison of the projected income and actual income.

Figure 2: Graph showing the comparison of the projected expenditure and actual income.

P a g e | 27
Figure 3: Graph showing the comparison of the projected profit/loss and actual profit/loss.

Analysis of budgets
Upon completion of the Pak-choi production, the budgets were analyzed. The total
income was projected to be $13,200. However, the actual sales only yielded
$11,520. This is a shortfall of $1,680. The reduced income was due to following
reasons:

1. Twelve (12) Pak-choi plants were unable to be sold due to praedial larceny
and damage. A total of forty-eight (48) Pak-choi plants was sold.

2. The projected selling price of Pak-choi based on market information was

$220 per head but because the Pak-choi heads were larger than anticipated
they were sold at a new price of $240 per head.

The projected expenditure was estimated at $5,700 and the actual expenditure was
$7,720. This is a difference of $2,020 lower than projected. More money was spent
than was planned for the following reasons:

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 1. The cost of the seedlings had increased by $15 per seedling so an additional
$900 more was spent.

2. In the budget, the estimated cost of 100 ml insecticide was $2,000. The
actual cost of 100 ml insecticide was $2,500. This was a difference of $500.

3. The estimated cost of 1 bag of manure was $1,000. The actual cost of 1 bag
of manure was $1,500. This was a difference of $500.

4. The estimated cost of a pack of large plastic bags was $600. The actual cost
of a pack of large plastic bags was $720. This was a difference of $120.

The profit made from this activity was $3,800 which was $3,800 less than was
expected. The projected profit was $7,500 but, due to lower income and increased
expenditure, the actual profit was reduced.

Table 1: Comparison of Projected and Actual Income, Expenditure and Profit/Loss

Projected ($) Actual ($) Difference between

Projected and Actual ($)

Income 13,200 11,520 -1,680

Expenditure 5,700 7,720 2,020

Profit/Loss 7,500 3,800 -3,700

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 Rubric
Item Descriptor Marks

Total Awarded

Introduction Name of Student - -

(2)
Student Registration Number - -

Name of School - -

Title of Project - -

Start Date - -

End Date - -

Table of Contents - -

Problem Statement clearly written 1

Hypothesis clearly written - -

Aim clearly written 1

Methodology Accurate List of Materials, Tools and Equipment Used 1

(6)
Valid Experimental Design 1

Data Collection 1

Production 5 or more activities described 2

Practices /
1 to 4 activities described 1
Activities (2)

No activities described 0

3 or more photographs showing student 1

engaged in this investigation

P a g e | 30
 Results Collected relevant data 1
(4)
Presentation of Results – appropriate format used 1

Interpretation Fully interprets results 2

of results (2)

Partially interprets results 1

Did not attempt to interpret 0

results

Discussion Fully discussed findings with reference to relevant 3

supporting literature
(3)

Partially discussed findings with reference 2

to relevant supporting literature

Discussed finding with no supporting literature 1

Did not attempt to discuss findings 0

Conclusion, Limitation & Conclusion 1

Recommendations
(3) Limitations 1

Recommendations for improvement 1

Presentation (1) Less than 5 spelling and grammatical errors 1

contained in the report

References (1) At least 2 references properly cited 1

TOTAL (Investigative Report) 20 ÷ 2 …÷2

= 10 = ….

Cost Analysis Complete Budget Projected Income – output, price, 1

total
(10)

Projected Expenditure – inputs, 1

price, total

Surplus/Shortfall correctly 1
calculated

P a g e | 31
Actual Income & Income/Sale of Produce – 1
quantity, price, total
Expenditure

Expenditure – quantity, price, 1

total

Surplus/Shortfall correctly 1
calculated

Comparison of Provides a full and accurate 4

comparison of all 3 parameters
Projected and
Actual - Income
Partially compares all 3 3
- Expenditure parameters
- Surplus/shortfall
Correctly compares any 2 2
parameters

Correctly compares any 1 1

parameter

Did not attempt to compare any 0

parameter

TOTAL (Cost Analysis) 10

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