NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM

SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

Experiment-1(a)
Objectives:-
Explain Ohm's Law

Theory:-

Ohm's Law

1. The law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points. Such a conductor is characterized by
its ‘Resistance’ – R measured in Ohms.
2. V=I×R

 V is the Voltage in Volts across the conductor.

 I is the current in Amperes through the conductor.
 Voltage(V) is directly proportional to current i.eV=I×R
 Resistance(R) in inversely proportional to current(I) i.eI=VR

Figure 1: Ohm's Law triangle

NOTE:

From the above figure, the equation may be represented by a triangle known as Ohm's Law
triangle, where V (voltage) is placed on the top section, the I (current) is placed to the left
section, and the R (resistance) is placed to the right. The line that divides the left and right
sections indicates multiplication, and the divider between the top and bottom sections
indicates division.

Therefore equations derived from Ohm's law triangle are-

V=I×R

I=VR

R=VI

Explaination of Ohm's Law

From the circuit:
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

The voltage across resistor is equal to source voltage:

VR=VS

The current through the resistance is given by:

I=VRR
Procedure:-
Let us go through the experiment of confirming Ohms Law.

1. Set DC voltage(0-30 V).

2. Set the Resistance Value(1 Kohm - 100 Kohm) .
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel to resistor and ammeter series with resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage.
5. Increase the DC voltage by 2 factor and note Voltmeter and Ammeter
Readings. Keep resistance value constant
6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law.
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value.
8. V versus I graph is a straight line.
9. Therefore from the graph we see that the resistance do adhere to Ohm’s law.
Thus resistance is said to be an Ohmic device.

Observation:-

Graph:-
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

Experiment-1(b)

Objective:-

Explaination of Ohm's Law for Resistance in series

Ohm's Law for Resistance in series

Series circuits are sometimes called current-coupled or daisy chain-coupled. The current in a
series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in
a series connection carry the same current. There is only one path in a series circuit in which
the current can flow.

Current:
I=I1=I2=I3

Resistance:
Req=R1+R2+R3

Voltage:
VS=VR1+VR2+VR3

Figure 3: Series resistors

NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

From the circuit:

The equivalent resistance,

Req=R1+R2

The total current of the circuit,

IT=VSReq

Voltage across each resistance are,

For resistance R1,
VR1=R1×IT

For resistance R2,

VR2=R2×IT

In a series circuit, the current through each of the resistors is the same, and the voltage across
the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each resistor.

Procedure:-

Let us go through the experiment of confirming Ohms Law with Resistance in series.

1. Set DC voltage(0-30 V).

2. Here resistance are kept in series. Set the resistance R1(1 Kohm - 100 Kohm) value
and set resistance R2(5 - 15 Kohm).
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel with resistor and ammeter series with resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage.
5. Increase the DC voltage by 2 factor and note Voltmeter and Ammeter Readings.
Keeping resistance value constant
6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value.

Observation:-]
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

Graph:-

Experiment-1(c)

Objective :-
Explaination of Ohm's Law for Resistance in parallel

Ohm's Law for Resistance in parallel

If two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same potential difference
(voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the components are the same in
magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage is applicable to all
circuit components connected in parallel. The total current is the sum of the currents through
the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff’s current law.

Voltage:
V=V1=V2=V3

Resistance:
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

1Req=1R1+1R2+1R3

Current:
IT=IR1+IR2+IR3

From the circuit:

The equivalent resistance,

Req=R1×R2R1+R2

The total current of the circuit,

IT=VSReq

Current across each resistance are,

For resistance R1,
IR1=VSR1

For resistance R2,

IR2=VSR2

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the resistors is the same, and the total current is
the sum of the currents through each resistor.

Procedure:-

Let us go through the experiment of confirming Ohms Law with Resistance in parallel.

1. Set DC voltage(0-30 V).

2. Here Resistances are kept parallelly. Set the resistance R1 (100 ohm- 2 kohm) value
and set resistance R2(1 -30 kohm).
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel to resistor and ammeter series with resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage.
5. Increase the DC voltage by 2 factor and note Voltmeter and Ammeter Readings.
Keeping Resistance value constant
6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law.
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value.

Observation:-
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

Graph:-

Experiment-1(d)

objective:-

Explaination of Non Ohmic Device

Non Ohmic Device

A Non ohmic device is a device that does not obey Ohm's Law i.e. the resistance is not
constant, but changes in a way that depends on the voltage across it.The device is said to be
non-Ohmic. In this case V versus I graph is not a straight line, but has some curvy shape.
Such devices do not have a constant value of resistance and the resistance is called dynamic
resistance because it is constantly changing.Examples of such devices are tungsten filament
(bulb), diode,thermistor etc.
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

Figure 5: Non Ohmic Device

Note

1. Ohms Law is a very useful law but it only applies to devices that behave like resistors
– ie – I is simply proportional to V.
2. Ohms Law describes one possible relationship between V and I in a component, but
there are others, like
1. Capacitors ( I proportional to rate of change of V )
2. Diodes ( I flows in only 1 direction )
3. Thermistors ( Temperature dependent resistors )

Procedure:-

Let us go through the experiment of confirming Non Ohmic Device.

1. Set DC voltage to 5 V .
2. Use the resistor of 100K ohms and a diode.
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel to Silicon diode and ammeter series with resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage 5V.
5. Decrease the Resistance as 75K, 51K, 24K and 10K Ohms and take the readings and
note Voltmeter reading across Silicon diode and Ammeter reading.
6. Plot the V-I graph and observe the change.
7. The Change is not simply proportional. V versus I graph is not a straight line.
8. Therefore from the graph we see that the diode does not adhere to Ohms law.Thus
diode is said to be non-Ohmic device.

Observation:-
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

Graph:-

Quiz
Test Your Knowledge!!

 1. What is the value of this resistor, in ohms

o 270 Ω

o 27 kΩ
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

o 2700 kΩ

o 2.7 kΩ

Answer:- (d) 2.7 kΩ

 2. Shunt resistance is labeled with the following rating: 150 A , 50 mV. What is
the resistance of this shunt, in ohms?

Shunt resistors are often used as current-measuring devices, in that they are
designed to drop very precise amounts of voltage as large electric currents pass
through them. By measuring the amount of voltage dropped by a shunt resistor,
you will be able to determine the amount of current going through it:

o 333.3 μΩ

o 33.33 mΩ

o 3.333 Ω

o 3.333 mΩ

Answer :- (a) 333.3 μΩ

 3. If doubling the voltage across a resistor doubles the current through the
resistor then

o the resistor value decreased

o the resistor value did not change

o the resistor value increased

o it is impossible to determine the change in the resistor value

Answer:- (b) the resistor value did not change

 4. If the voltage across a fixed value of resistance is increased five times, what
does the current do?

o Not enough information

o It decreases by a factor of five.

NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

o It stays the same.

o It increases by a factor of five

Answer :- (d) it increases by a factor of five

 5. What is the power in the given circuit?

o 3.6 W

o 245 W

o 175 W

o 35 W

Answer :- (d) 35W

 6. If the voltage in the given circuit was cut in half, what would the current
equal?

o 30 mA

o 60 mA
NAME :-ABHISHEK GAUTAM
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100191

o 10 mA

o 90 mA

Answer :- (b) 60mA

 7. Resistance and current are _________.

o inversely proportional

o directly proportional

o not related

o similar to voltage

Answer :- (a) inversely proportional