‘1129192, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 datetime — Basic date and time types Source code: ib/datetime.py The datetime module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the focus of the implementation is on efficient attribute extraction for output formatting and manipulation. See also: Module calendar General calendar related functions. Module tine Time access and conversions. Module zoneinfo Conerete time zones representing the IANA time zone database. Package dateutil Third-party library with expanded time zone and parsing support. Aware and Naive Objects Date and time objects may be categorized as “aware” or “naive” depending on whether or not they include timezone information. With sufficient knowledge of applicable algorithmic and political time adjustments, such as time zone and daylight saving time information, an aware object can locate itself relative to other aware objects. An aware object represents a specific moment in time that is not open to interpretation. [1] A naive object does not contain enough information to unambiguously locate itself relative to other date/time objects. Whether a naive object represents Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), local time, or time in some other timezone is purely up to the program, just lke itis up to the program whether a particular number represents metres, miles, or mass. Naive objects are easy to understand and to work with, at the cost of ignoring some aspects of really. For applications requiring aware objects, datetime and time objects have an optional time zone information attribute, tzinfo, that can be set to an instance of a subclass of the abstract tz info class. These tzinfo objects capture information about the offset from UTC time, the time zone name, and whether daylight saving time is in effect. Only one concrete tzinfo class, the timezone class, is supplied by the datetime module, The timezone class can represent simple timezones with fixed offsets from UTC, such as UTC itself or North American EST and EDT timezones. Supporting timezones at deeper levels of detail is up to the application. The rules for time adjustment across the world are more political than rational, change frequently, and there is no standard suitable for every application aside from UTC. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html m0‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 The datetine module exports the following constants: datetime. MINYEAR The smallest year number allowed in a date or datetime object. MINYEAR is 1. datetime. MAXYEAR The largest year number allowed in a date or datetime object, MAXYEAR is 9999, datetime .UTC Alias for the UTC timezone singleton datetine.timezone.ute New in version 3.11. Available Types class datetine.date An idealized naive date, assuming the current Gregorian calendar always was, and always will be, in effect. Attributes: year, month, and day, class datetime. time {An idealized time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day has exactly 24*60°60 seconds (There is no notion of “leap seconds” here.) Attributes: hour, minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo class datetine.datetime ‘A combination of a date and a time, Attributes: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo. class datetime.timedelta A duration expressing the difference between two date, time, or datetime instances to microsecond resolution. class datetime. tzinfo {An abstract base class for time zone information objects. These are used by the datetime and tine classes to provide a customizable notion of time adjustment (for example, to account for time zone andlor daylight saving time). class datetime. timezone A class that implements the tzinfo abstract base class as a fixed offset from the UTC. New in version 3.2. Objects of these types are immutable. Subclass relationships: object timedelta tzinfo ‘timezone time htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html 2140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 Common Properties The date, datetime, time, and timezone types share these common features: + Objects of these types are immutable. + Objects of these types are hashable, meaning that they can be used as dictionary keys. + Objects of these types support efficient pickling via the pickle module, Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive Objects of the date type are always naive. {An object of type tine or datetime may be aware or naive, A datetine object dis aware if both of the following hold: 1. d.tzinfo is not None 2. d.tzinfo.utcoffset(d) does not return None Otherwise, d is naive. A tine object tis aware if both of the following hold: 1. t.tzinfo is not None 2, t.tzinfo.utcoffset (None) does not return None. Otherwise, tis naive. The distinction between aware and naive doesn't apply to timedelta objects. timedelta Objects A timedelta object represents a duration, the difference between two dates or times. class datetime. timedelta (day: hours=6, weeks=@) All arguments are optional and default to @. Arguments may be integers or floats, and may be positive or negative. ), seconds=8, microseconds=8, milliseconds=@, minutes=8, Only days, seconds and microseconds are stored internally, Arguments are converted to those units: A millisecond is converted to 1000 microseconds. + Aminute is converted to 60 seconds. + Anhour is converted to 3600 seconds. + Aweek is converted to 7 days. and days, seconds and microseconds are then normalized so that the representation is unique, with + @ <= microseconds < 1000000 + @ <= seconds < 3600*24 (the number of seconds in one day) hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation ® (3.110 Q Go Ine tollowing example illustrates now any arguments besides days, seconas and microseconas are “merged and normalized into those three resulting attributes: >>> from datetime import timedelta [>> >>> delta = timedelta( days=50, seconds=27, microsecond millisecond minutes=5, hours: weeks=2 ) >>> # only days, seconds, and microseconds remain >>> delta datetine. timedelta(days=64, seconds=29156, microsecond: OD) If any argument is a float and there are fractional microseconds, the fractional microseconds left over from all arguments are combined and their sum is rounded to the nearest microsecond using round-halfto-even. tiebreaker. If no argument is a float, the conversion and normalization processes are exact (no information is lost). If the normalized value of days lies outside the indicated range, Overflow rror is raised Note that normalization of negative values may be surprising at first. For example: >>> from datetime import timedelta >>> >>> d = timedelta(microseconds=-1) >>> (d.days, d.seconds, d.microseconds) (-1, 86399, 999999) Class attributes: timedelta.min The most negative timedelta object, timedelta(-999999999) timedelta.max The most positive timedelta object, timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999) timedelta.resolution The smallest possible difference between non-equal timedelta objects, timedelta (microsecond: ) Note that, because of normalization, timedelta.max > -timedelta.min, -timedelta.max is not representable as a timedelta object. Instance attributes (read-only) Attribute Value Between -899999999 and 999999999 days ¥ inclusive hitpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 4180‘i299, 1:01 PM @ iano | (a seconds microseconds ‘Supported operations: Operation tl = t24 03 t1=t2- 03 tl =t2*Gorti-i* t2 t= t2* fortis +t Fats th t2/forti=t2/i t= t2// Sort = t2// 03 ee gq. r= divmod(ta, t2) tL -t1 abs (t) str(t) repr(t) Notes: 1. This is exact but may overflow. 2. This is exact and cannot overflow. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation Go Between 0 and 86399 inclusive Between 0 and 999999 inclusive Result (1) Difference of {2 and 13. Afterwards t are true. (1)(6) (2is tue, Delta multiplied by an integer. Afterwards t1 // provided i In general, t7* tf (-41) + tH is true. (1) Delta multiplied by a float. The result is rounded to the nearest multiple of timedelta resolution using round-half-to-even Division (3) of overall duration 12 by interval unit t3. Returns a float object. Delta divided by a float or an int. The result is rounded to the nearest multiple of timedetta resolution using round-halt-to-even. The floor is computed and the remainder (if any) is thrown away. In the second case, an integer is returned. (3) The remainder is computed as a timedelta abject. (3) Computes the quotient and the remainder: q = t1 // t2 (3) and r = ti % t2. qis an integer and ris a timedelta object. Retums a tinedelta object with the same value. (2) equivalent to tinedelta(-t1.days, -t7.seconds, - {1.microseconds), and to t1* -1. (1)(4) equivalent to +fwhen t.days >= @, and to-twhen t.days < @ (2) Retums a string in the form [D days], J[H]H:19t: SS[ .UUUUUU],, where D is negative for negative t. (5) Returns a string representation of the tinedelta object as a constructor call with canonical attribute values. 540‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 4, -tmedeta. max 1s not representable as a tinedeita object, 5. String representations of tinedel'ta objects are normalized similarly to their intemal representation. This, leads to somewhat unusual results for negative timedeltas. For example: >>> >>> timedelta(hours=-5) datetine. tinedelta (days >>> print(_) -1 day, 19700:00 6. The expression t2 - t3 will always be equal to the expression t2 + (-t3) except when t3 is equal to ‘ttimedelta.max; in that case the former will produce a result while the latter will overflow. In addition to the operations listed above, timedelta objects support certain additions and subtractions with date and datetime objects (see below). Changed in version 3.2: Floor division and true division of a timedelta object by another timedelta object are now supported, as are remainder operations and the divmod() function, True division and multiplication of a ‘timedelta object by a float object are now supported Comparisons of timedel'ta objects are supported, with some caveats. The comparisons == or != always retum a bool, no matter the type of the compared object: >>> from datetime import timedelta >>> >>> deltal = timedelta(seconds-57) >>> delta2 = timedelta(hours=25, second: >>> delta2 I= deltai True >>> delta2 == 5 False For all other comparisons (such as < and >), when a timedelta object is compared to an object of a different type, Typetrror is raised: >>> delta2 > deltai True >>> delta2 > 5 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in Typerror: '>' not supported between instances of ‘datetime.timedelta’ and ‘int In Boolean contexts, a tinedelta object is considered to be true if and only ifit isn't equal to timedelta(a) Instance methods: timedelta.total_seconds() Return the total number of seconds contained in the duration. Equivalent to td / timedelta(seconds=1) For interval units other than seconds, use the division form directly (e.g. td / timedelta(microseconds=1) ). Note that for very large time intervals (greater than 270 years on most platforms) this method will lose microsecond accuracy. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html eo‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and ime types — Python 3.11.0 documentation ® (3.110 Q Go Examples of usage: timedelta An additional example of normalization: >>> >>> # Components of another_year add up to exactly 365 days >>> from datetime import timedelta >>> year = timedelta(days=365) >>> another_year = timedelta(weeks=40, days=84, hours=23 tee minutes=50, seconds=600) >>> year == another_year True >>> year. total_seconds() 31536000.0 Examples of timedelta arithmetic: >>> from datetime import timedelta >>> >>> year = timedelta(days=365) >>> ten_years = 10 * year >>> ten_years datetime. timedelta(days=3650) >>> ten_years.days // 365 10 >>> nine_years >>> nine_years datetime. timedelta(days=3285) >>> three_years = nine years // 3 >>> three_years, three years.days // 365 (datetime.timedelta(days=1095), 3) ten_years - year date Objects A date object represents a date (year, month and day) in an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in both directions. January 1 of year 1 is called day number 1, January 2 of year 1 is called day number 2, and so on. [2] class datetine.date(year, month, day) All arguments are required. Arguments must be integers, in the following ranges: + MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR +1 <& month <= 12 +1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year Ian argument outside those ranges is given, Valuetrror is raised. Other constructors, all class methods: classmethod date. today() Return the current local date. This is equivalent to date. fromtimestamp(time. time()) hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 40‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 This may raise OverFlowtrror, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() function, and OSError on localtime() failure. It's common for this to be restricted to years, from 1970 through 2038, Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by frontimestanp() Changed in version 3.3: Raise OverflowError instead of ValucError if the timestamp Is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() function. Raise OSError instead of ValueError on localtime() failure. classmethod date. fromordinal (ordinal) Retum the date corresponding to the proleplic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1 Valuetrror is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <= date.max.toordinal(). For any date d, date. fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d cLassmethod date. fromisoformat (date string) Return a date corresponding to a date_string given in any valid |SO 8601 format, except ordinal dates (e.g. yvvy-DoD): >>> from datetime import date >>> >>> date. fromisoformat(*2019-12-04" ) datetine.date(2019, 12, 4) >>> date. fromisoformat(*26191204" ) datetine.date(2019, 12, 4) >>> date. fromisoformat(‘2021-Wo1-1') datetine.date(2021, 1, 4) New in version 3.7. Changed in version 3.71: Previously, this method only supported the format YYYY-MI-DD. classmethod date.fromisocalendar(year, week, day) Return a date corresponding to the ISO calendar date specified by year, week and day. This is the inverse of the function date. isocalendar() New in version 3.8. Class attributes: date.min The earliest representable date, date(MINYEAR, 1, 1) date.max The latest representable date, date(MAXYEAR, 12, 31) date.resolution The smallest possible difference between non-equal date objects, timedelta(days=1) Instance attributes (read-only) hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html aio‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and tme types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 date.month Between 1 and 12 inclusive, date.day Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year. ‘Supported operations: Operation Result date2 = datel + tinedelta date2 will be timedelta.days days after date. (1) date2 = datel - timedelta Computes date2 such that date2 + timedelta == datel. (2) timedelta = date1 - date2 (3) datet is considered less than date2 when date! precedes date2 1 2 datet < date: intime. (4) Notes: 1. date2 is moved forward in time if timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedelta.days < 0. Afterward date2 - datel == timedelta.days. timedelta. seconds and timedelta.microseconds are ignored overflowError is raised if date2. year would be smaller than MINVEAR of larger than NAXYEAR, 2, timedelta. seconds and timedelta.microseconds are ignored. 3. This is exact, and cannot overfiow. timedelta. seconds and timedelta microseconds are 0, and date2 + timedelta == datet after. 4. In other words, date < date? if and only if date1.toordinal() < date2.toordinal(), Date comparison raises TypeError if the other comparand isn't also a date object. However, Not Implemented is returned instead if the other comparand has a tinetuple() attribute. This hook gives other kinds of date objects a chance at implementing mixed-type comparison. If not, when a date object is compared to an object of a different type, Typetrror is raised unless the comparison is == or !=, The latter cases return False or True, respectively. In Boolean contexts, all date objects are considered to be true. Instance methods: date.replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day) Return a date with the same value, except for those parameters given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified Example: >>> from datetime import date >>> d= date(2002, 12, 31) >>> d.replace(day=26) datetime.date(2002, 12, 26) date.timetuple() hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 940‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 Ine nours, minutes and Seconds are U, and the UST tag is +7 d.timetuple() is equivalent to: time. struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day, @, 0, 0, d.weekday(), yday, -1)) where yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 is the day number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st, date. toordinal() Retur the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. For any date object d, date. fronordinal(d.toordinal()) == d. date.weekday() Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is O and Sunday is 6. For example, date (2002, 12, 4).weekday() == 2, a Wednesday. See also isoweekday() date. isoweekday() Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. For example, date(2002, 12, 4).isoweekday() == 3, a Wednesday. See also weekday(), isocalendar() date. isocalendar() Return a named tuple object with three components: year, week and weekday. ‘The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. [3] ‘The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a Monday and ends on a Sunday. The first week of an ISO year is the first (Gregorian) calendar week of a year containing a Thursday. This is called week number 1, and the ISO year of that Thursday is the same as its Gregorian year. For example, 2004 begins on a Thursday, so the first week of ISO year 2004 begins on Monday, 29 Dec 2003 and ends on Sunday, 4 Jan 2004: >> from datetine import date p>] >>> date(2603, 12, 29).isocalendar() datetime. IsoCalendarDate(year=2004, week=1, weekday=1) >>> date(2004, 1, 4).isocalendar() datetime. IsoCalendarDate(year=2004, week=1, weekday ) Changed in version 3.9: Result changed from a tuple to a named tuple. date. isoformat() Retum a string representing the date in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-N-DD: >>> from datetime import date >>> >>> date(2002, 12, 4). isoformat() "2002-12-04" date._str_() For a date d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat() hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 100‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation ® (3.110 Q Go >>> from datetine inport date ) >>> date(2002, 12, 4).ctime() "Wed Dec. 4 00:00700 2002" d.ctime() is equivalent to: ‘time. ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple())) on platforms where the native C ctime() function (which time.ctime() invokes, but which date. ctime() does not invoke) conforms to the C standard. date. strftime(fornat) Retum a string representing the date, controlled by an explicit format string. Format codes referring to hours, minutes or seconds will see 0 values. For a complete list of formatting directives, see stritime() and strptime) Behavior. date.__format__(format) Same as date. strftine(). This makes it possible to specify a format string for a date object in formatted string literals and when using str. fornat (). For a complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior. Examples of Usage: date Example of counting days to an event: >>> import time >>| >>> from datetime import date >>> today = date. today() >>> today datetine.date(2007, 12, 5) >>> today == date. frontinestanp(time. time()) True >>> my_birthday = date(today.year, 6, 24) >>> if my birthday < today: c++ my_birthday = my_birthday.replace(year-today.year + 1) >>> my_birthday datetine.date(2008, 6, 24) >>> time_to_birthday = abs(my_birthday - today) >>> time_to_birthday. days 202 More examples of working with date: >>> from datetime import date >>> d= date. fromordinal (730920) # 730920th day after 1. 1. e001 >>> d datetime.date(2002, 3, 11) >>> # Methods related to formatting string output >>> d.isoformat() 202-03-11" htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html smo‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go ‘Monday 11. March 2002" >>> d.ctine() "Won Mar 11 @@:00:00 2002" >>> "The (2) is (@:%d), the {2} is { “The day is 11, the month is March.’ B}.".format(d, “day”, "month") >>> # Methods for to extracting ‘components’ under different calendars >>> t = d.timetuple() >>> for i in t: ses print(i) 2002 # year 3 # month a i day e @ @ @ i weekday (@ = Monday) 78 # 7th day in the year “1 >>> Ac = d.isocalendar() >>> for i in ic: vee print(i) 2002 i IS0 year a # ISO week number 1 # 150 day number (1 = Monday ) >>> # A date object is immutable; all operations produce a new object >>> d.replace(year=2005) datetime.date(2005, 3, 11) datetime Objects A datetime object is a single object containing all the information from a date object and a time object. Like a date object, datetime assumes the current Gregorian calendar extended in both directions; like a time object, datetime assumes there are exactly 3600°24 seconds in every day. Constructor. class datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hou tzinfosNone, *, fold=@) The year, month and day arguments are required, tzinfo may be None, or an instance of a tzinfo subslass. The remaining arguments must be integers in the following ranges: |, minute=8, secon + MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR, . month <= 12, . day <= number of days in the given month and year, . hour < 24, + @ <= minute < 68, + 0 <= second < 68, + @ <= microsecond < 1000000, + fold in [@, 1]. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 120‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 New in version 3.0: Added the told argument, Other constructors, all class methods: classmethod datetine.today() Return the current local datetime, with tzinfo None. Equivalent to: datetime. fromtimestamp( time. time()) See also now(), fromtinestanp() This method is functionally equivalent to now(), but without a tz parameter. classmethod datetine.now(tz=None) Retum the current local date and time. If optional argument tz is None or not specified, this is ike today(), but, if possible, supplies more precision than can be gotten from going through a tine.time() timestamp (for example, this may be possible on platforms supplying the C gettimeofday() function). If zis not None, it must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and the current date and time are converted to tz’s time zone. This function is preferred over today() and utcnow() classnethod datetine.utcnow() Return the current UTC date and time, with tzinfo None This is like now(), but returns the current UTC date and time, as a naive datetine object. An aware current UTC datetime can be obtained by calling datetime.now(timezone.utc). See also now() Warning: Because naive datetine objects are treated by many datetime methods as local times, itis. preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC. As such, the recommended way to create an object representing the ourrent time in UTC is by calling datetime.now(timezone.utc) classmethod datetine.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz-None) Retur the local date and time corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is retumed by time. time() If optional argument tz is None or not specified, the timestamp is converted to the platform’s local date and time, and the retumed datetime object is naive. If tz is not None, it must be an instance of a tz info subclass, and the timestamp is converted to tz’s time zone. frontimestamp() may raise OverflowError, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() or gmtime() functions, and OSError on localtime() or gmtime() failure. It's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038, Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by front imestamp(), and then it's hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 130‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 Changed in version 3.3: Raise Over lowtrror instead of Valuetrror if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() or gntine() functions. Raise 0Serror instead of Valuetrror on localtime() or gmtime() failure Changed in version 3.6: fromtimestamp() may return instances with fold set to 1 classmethod datetine.utefromtimestamp( timestamp) Return the UTC datetine corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, with tzinfo None. (The resulting object is naive.) This may raise OverlowError, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C gmtime() function, and OSError on gntime() failure. I's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038 To get an aware datetine object, call fromtimestanp() datetime. fromtimestamp(timestamp, timezone.utc) ‘On the POSIX compliant platforms, it is equivalent to the following expression: datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo-timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds-tinestanp) except the latler formula always supports the full years range: between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive. Warning: Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods as local times, itis preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC. As such, the recommended way to create an object representing a specific timestamp in UTC is by calling datetime. fromtimestanp(timestamp, tzetimezone.utc) Changed in version 3.3: Raise OverflowError instead of Valuetrror if the timestamp is out of the range of, values supported by the platform C gntime() function. Raise oSError instead of ValueError on gmtime() failure. classmethod datetine.fromordinal (ordinal) Return the datetine corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. Valuetrror is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <= datetime.max.toordinal(). The hour, minute, second and microsecond of the result are all 0, and tzinfo is None classmethod datetine.combine(date, time, tzinfo=self.tzinfo) Return a new datetime object whose date components are equal to the given date object's, and whose time components are equal to the given tine object's. If the tzinfo argument is provided, its value is used to set the tzinfo attribute of the result, otherwise the tzinfo attribute of the time argument is used. For any datetine object d, d == datetime.conbine(d.date(), d.tine(), d.tzinfo). If date isa datetine object, its time components and tzinfo attributes are ignored. Changed in version 3.6: Added the tzinfo argument. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 1400‘izaa, 1:01 PML ‘datetime — Basie date and tne types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go exceptions: 1. Time zone offsets may have fractional seconds. 2. The T separator may be replaced by any single unicode character. 3. Ordinal dates are not currently supported 4. Fractional hours and minutes are not supported. Examples: >>> from datetime import datetime [>>>] >>> datetine. fromisoformat('2011-11-04") datetine.datetine(2011, 11, 4, ®, @) >>> datetine. fromisofornat('20111104" ) datetine.datetine(2011, 11, 4, ®, @) >>> datetine. fromisoformat (*2611-11-@4100:05:23') datetine.datetime(2011, 11, 4, ®, 5, 23) >> datetine. fromisoformat ('2611-11-04700:05:232") datetine.datetine(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc) >>> datetime. fromisoformat(‘26111104T000523' ) datetine.datetime(2011, 11, 4, ®, 5, 23) >>> datetine. fronisoformat ('2011-Wei -2700:05:23.283") datetine.datetine(2011, 1, 4, ®, 5, 23, 283008) >>> datetime. fronisoformat( 2011-11-04 90:05:23.283") datetine.datetime(2e11, 11, 4, ©, 5, 23, 283000) >>> datetime. fromisoformat("2611-11-04 00:05:23.283+00:00') datetine.datetime(2e11, 11, 4, ©, 5, 23, 283000, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc) >>> datetine. fromisoformat('2611-11-04T88: 5: 23+04:00" ) datetine.datetime(2011, 11, 4, ®, 5, 23, ‘tzinfo=datetine. timezone(datetime. timedelta(seconds=14400))) New in version 3.7. Changed in version 3.11: Previously, this method only supported formats that could be emitted by date. isoformat() or datetine.isoformat() classmethod datetine.fromisocalendar(year, week, day) Return a datetime corresponding to the ISO calendar date specified by year, week and day. The non-date ‘components of the datetime are populated with their normal default values. This is the inverse of the function datetime. isocalendar() New in version 3.8. classnethod datetine.strptime(date_string, format) Return a datetime corresponding to date_string, parsed according to format. This is equivalent to: datetine(*(time. strptime(date_string, format)[9:6])) Valuetrror is raised if the date_string and format can’t be parsed by tine. strptime() or ifit retums a value which isn't a time tuple. For a complete list of formatting directives, see stritime() and strptime() Behavior. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 15140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 gatetane.min The earliest representable datetine, datetime(MINYEAR, 1, 1, tzinf« lone) datetine.max The latest representable datetime, datetime(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999, tzinfi jone) datetime.resolution The smallest possible difference between non-equal datetine objects, timedelta(microseconds=1) Instance attributes (read-only) datetine.year Between MINVEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive, datetine.month Between 1 and 12 inclusive. datetine.day Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year. datetine.hour In range(24) datetine.minute In range(69) datetine.second In range(6a) datetime.microsecond In range(1990000) datetine.tzinfo The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the datetime constructor, or None if none was passed datetime. fold In [@, 1]. Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval. (A repeated interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving time or when the UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.) The value 0 (1) represents the earlier (later) of the two moments with the same wall time representation. New in version 3.6. Supported operations: Operation Result datetime2 = datetimel + timedelta (1) datetine2 = datetimel - timedelta 2) hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 1610‘izaa, 1:01 PML ‘datetime — Basie date and tne types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go Timedeita = datetinel - datetimez o Compares datetine to datetime. (4) datetimel < datetime2 1. datetime? is a duration of timedelta removed from datetime, moving forward in time if timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedelta.days <0. The result has the same tzinfo attribute as the input datetime, and datetime2 - datetime == timedelta after. overflowError is raised if datetime2. year would be smaller than MINYEAR or larger than MAXYEAR. Note that no time zone adjustments are done even if the input is an aware object. 2. Computes the datetime? such that datetime? + timedelta == datetime’. As for addition, the result has the same tzinfo attribute as the input datetime, and no time zone adjustments are done even if the input is, aware. 3. Subtraction of a datetine from a datetine is defined only if both operands are naive, or if both are aware. Ifone is aware and the other is naive, Typetrror Is raised. If both are naive, or both are aware and have the same tzinfo attribute, the tz info attributes are ignored, and the result is a timedelta object f such that datetime2 + t == datetimet, No time zone adjustments are done in this case, If both are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, a-b acts as if a and b were first converted to naive UTC datetimes first. The result is (a.replace(tzinfo-None) - a.utcoffset()) - (b.replace(tzinfo-None) - b.utcoffset()) except that the implementation never overflows. 4, datetimet is considered less than datetime2 when datetime precedes datetime? in time. Hf one comparand is naive and the other is aware, Type rror is raised if an order comparison is attempted. For equality comparisons, naive instances are never equal to aware instances. If both comparands are aware, and have the same tzinfo attribute, the common tzinfo attribute is, ignored and the base datetimes are compared. If both comparands are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, the comparands are first adjusted by subtracting their UTC offsets (obtained from self. utcoffset()), Changed in version 3.3: Equality comparisons between aware and naive datetime instances don't raise Typetrror: Note: In order to stop comparison from falling back to the default scheme of comparing object, addresses, datetime comparison normally raises TypeError if the other comparand isn't also a datetine object. However, NotImplenented is returned instead if the other comparand has a ‘timetuple() attribute. This hook gives other kinds of date objects a chance at implementing mixed-type comparison. if not, when a datetime object is compared to an object of a different type, Typetrror is raised unless the comparison is, ‘The latter cases return False or True, respectively. Instance methods: datetine.date() Return date object with same year, month and day, hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html Tso‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go tinet2(), Changed in version 3.6: The fold value is copied to the returned time object, datetime. timetz() Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold, and tzinfo attributes. See also method time() Changed in version 3.6: The fold value is copied to the retumed time object. datetine.replace(year-self.year, month=self.month, da minute=self.minute, secon *, fold-@) Return a datetime with the same attributes, except for those attributes given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. Note that tzinfoNone can be specified to create a naive datetime from an aware datetime with no conversion of date and time data. elf.day, hour=self.hour, elf.second, microsecond=self.microsecond, tzinfo=self.tzinfo, ‘New in version 3.6: Added the fold argument. datetine.astimezone(tz-None) Return a datetime object with new tzinfo atrbute tz, adjusting the date and time data so the result is the same UTC time as self, but in t's local time. If provided, tz must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and its utcoffset() and dst() methods must not retum None. If selfis naive, itis presumed to represent time in the system timezone. If called without arguments (or with tz=None) the system local timezone is assumed for the target timezone, The .tzinfo attribute of the converted datetime instance will be set to an instance of timezone with the zone name and offset obtained from the OS. If self. tzinfo is tz, self.astimezone(tz) is equal to self: no adjustment of date or time data is performed Else the result is local time in the timezone tz, representing the same UTC time as self. after astz dt.astimezone(tz), astz - astz.utcoffset() will have the same date and time data as dt. - dt.utcoFFset(). If you merely want to attach a time zone object tz to a datetime dt without adjustment of date and time data, use dt.replace(tzinfo=tz). If you merely want to remove the time zone object from an aware datetime dt without conversion of date and time data, use dt.replace(tzinf jone) Note that the default tzinfo.fromute() method can be overridden in a tzinfo subclass to affect the result retumed by ast inezone(). Ignoring error cases, astimezone() acts like: def astimezone(self, tz) if self.tzinfo is tz: return self # Convert self to UTC, and attach the new time zone object. ute = (self - self.utcoffset()).replace(tzinfo=tz) # Convert from UTC to tz's Local time. return tz. fromutc(utc) Changed in version 3.3: tz now can be omitted. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 180‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 datetine.utcoffset() If tzinfo is None, returns None, else retums self. tzinfo.utcoffset(self), and raises an exception if the latter doesn't return None or a timedelta object with magnitude less than one day. Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes, datetine.dst() If tzinfo is None, retums None, else retums self. tzinfo.dst (self), and raises an exception if the latter doesn't retum None or a tinedelta object with magnitude less than one day. Changed in version 3.7: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. datetine.tzname() If tzinfo is None, retums None, else returns self.tzinfo.tznane(sel¥), raises an exception ifthe latter doesn't retum None or a string object, datetime. timetuple() Return a time. struct_time such as returned by tine. localtine(). d.timetuple() is equivalent to: ‘time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day, d.hour, d.minute, d.second, d.weekday(), yday, dst) where yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1)-toordinal() + 1 is the day number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st, The tm_isdst flag of the result is set according to the dst () method: tzinfo is None or dst() returns None, tm_isdst is set to -1; else if dst() returns a non-zero value, tm_isdst is set to 1; else tm_isdst is set to 0. datetine.utctimetuple() If datetine instance dis naive, this is the same as d.timetuple() except that tm_isdst is forced to 0 regardless of what d.dst() returns, DST is never in effect for a UTC time. If dis aware, dis normalized to UTC time, by subtracting d.utcoffset(), and a tine. struct_tine for the normalized time is returned. tm_isdst is forced to 0. Note that an OverflowError may be raised if d.year ‘was MINYEAR or MAXYEAR and UTC adjustment spills over a year boundary. War 9: Because naive datetie objects are treated by many datetine methods as local times, itis preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC; as a result, using utcfromtinetuple may give misleading results. f you have a naive datetime representing UTC, use datetime. replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc) to make it aware, at which point you can use datetime.timetuple() datetime. toordinal() Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date. The same as self. date().toordinal() datetine timestamp () hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 19140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 Naive datetine instances are assumed to represent local time and this method relies on the platform C mmktime() function to perform the conversion. Since datetime supports wider range of values than mktime() on many platforms, this method may raise OverflowError for times far in the past or far in the future, For aware datetime instances, the return value is computed as: (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo-timezone.utc)).total_seconds() New in version 3.3. Changed in version 3.6: The tinestamp() method uses the fold attribute to disambiguate the times during a repeated interval. Note: There is no method to obtain the POSIX timestamp directly from a naive datetine instance representing UTC time. If your application uses this convention and your system timezone is not set to UTC, you can obtain the POSIX timestamp by supplying tzinfo=timezone.utc: [tinestanp = dt.replace(tzinfo-timezone.utc) .tinestanp() } or by calculating the timestamp directly: | tinestanp = (dt - datetine(1979, 1, 1) / timedelta(second datetime. weekday() Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6. The same as self.date() .weekday(). See also isoneekday ) datetime. isoweekday() Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. The same as self.date().isoweekday(). See also weekday(), isocalendar() datetime. isocalendar() Return a named tuple with three components: year, week and weekday. The same as self.date().isocalendar() datetine.isoformat(sep='T', timespec=‘auto’) Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format: + YYY-HM-DDTHH:101:SS. FFFFFF, if microsecond is not 0 + YYYY-HM-DDTHH 10:5, if microsecond is 0 If utcoffset() does not return None, a string is appended, giving the UTC offset: + YYYY-HM-DDTHH 001: SS. FFFFFFHHH:MM[ SS. FFFFFF] J, if microsecond is not 0 + YYYY-HM-DDTHH M04: SS+HH /NM[ :SS[.-FRFFFF], if microsecond is 0 Examples: hitpsidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 20140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 2@19-@5-18715:17:08.132263" >>> datetime(2019, 5, 18, 15, 17, tzinfo=timezone.utc).isoformat() "2@19-@5-18T15:17:00+00:@0" The optional argument sep (default '1") is a one-character separator, placed between the date and time Portions of the result, For example: >>> from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime >>> >>> class TZ(tzinfo): +++ “A time zone with an arbitrary, constant -06:39 offset. sis def utcoffset(self, dt): a return timedelta(hours=-6, minutes=-39) >>> datetine(2002, 12, 25, tzinfo=T2()).isoformat(’ "2082-12-25 60:00:00-26:39" >>> datetine(2009, 11, 27, microsecond=100, tzinfo=TZ()).isoformat() "2089-11-27780:00:00.200100-26:39" ‘The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional components of the time to include (the default is ‘auto’ ). It can be one of the following: + ‘auto': Same as ‘seconds’ if microsecond is 0, same as ‘microseconds’ otherwise, + ‘hours: Include the hour in the two-digit HH format. + ‘minutes: Include hour and minute in HH:NM format, + "seconds": Include hour, minute, and second in HH:4M:SS format. ‘+ ‘milliseconds’ : Include full time, but truncate fractional second part to milliseconds. HH:NM:SS.sss format. + 'microseconds’ : Include full time in Hi SS. FFFFFF format Note: Excluded time components are truncated, not rounded, \ValueError will be raised on an invalid timespec argument: >>> from datetime import datetime >>> datetime.now().isoformat(timespec=' minutes") 20@2-12-25T00:00" >>> dt = datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12, 30, 59, 0) >>> dt.isoformat (timespec='microseconds’ ) "215-01 -1112:30: 59.0000" ‘New in version 3.6: Added the timespec argument. datetine._str_() For a datetime instance d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat(' *) datetine.ctime() Return a string representing the date and time >»> from datetime import datetine p>] >>> datetime(2002, 12, 4, 20, 38, 40).ctime() “Wed Dec 4 20:30:40 2002" hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 240‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 d.ctime() 18 equivaient to: time. ctime(time.mktime(d. timetuple())) on platforms where the native C ctime() function (which time.ctime() invokes, but which datetime.ctime() does not invoke) conforms to the C standard, datetine. strftime(fornat) Retum a string representing the date and time, controlled by an explicit format string. For a complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior. datetime.__format__(format) Same as datetine. strftime(). This makes it possible to specify a format string for a datetine object in formatted string literals and when using str.format(). For a complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior. Examples of Usage: datetime Examples of working with datetine objects: >>> from datetime import datetime, date, time, timezone >>| >>> # Using datetime. combine() >>> d= date(2005, 7, 14) >>> t = time(12, 30) >>> datetime. combine(d, t) datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 14, 12, 30) >>> # Using datetime.now() >>> datetime.now() datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 6, 16, 29, 43, 79043) # GMT +1 >>> datetime.now(timezone.utc) datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 6, 15, 29, 43, 79060, tzinfi jatetime. timezone.utc) >>> # Using datetime. strptime() >>> dt = datetime. strptime("21/11/26 16:30" >>> dt datetime.datetime(2006, 11, 21, 16, 30) ay 4:9") >>> # Using datetime. timetuple() to get tuple of all attributes >>> tt = dt. timetuple() >>> for it in tt: : print (it) 2006 © # year a # month 21 # day 16 # hour 38 # minute e # second 1 # weekday (@ = Monday) 325. # number of days since Ist January 1 # dst - method tzinfo.dst() returned None hitpsidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 2240‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and ime types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go ses print (it) 2006 © # TSO year 47 80 week 2 # 150 weekday >>> # Formatting a datetime >>> dt.strftime("BA, Xd. XB RY BI:2Mép") “Tuesday, 21. November 2006 94:30PM" >>> ‘The {1} is (@:Rd}, the {2} is {@:%8}, the {3} is ¢ "The day is 21, the month is November, the time is @4:30PM." Np).".format(dt, “day”, “month”, ‘The example below defines a tzinfo subclass capturing time zone information for Kabul, Afghanistan, which used +4 UTC until 1945 and then +4:30 UTC thereafter: from datetime import timedelta, datetime, tzinfo, timezone class KabulTz(tzinfo): # Kabul used +4 until 1945, when they moved to +4:30 UTC _MOVE_DATE = datetime(1944, 12, 31, 20, tzinfo-tinezone.utc) def utcoffset(self, dt): if dt.year < 1945 return timedelta(hours=4) elif (1945, 1, 1, 0, @) <= dt.timetuple()[:5] < (2945, 1, 1, @, 30): # An ambiguous ("imaginary") half-hour range representing # a ‘fold’ in time due to the shift from +4 to +4:30. # If dt falls in the imaginary range, use fold to decide how # to resolve. See PEPAIS. return timedelta(hours=4, minutes=(30 if dt.fold else 0)) else: return timedelta(hour: 2) » minute def fromute(self, dt): # Follow same validations as in datetime. tzinfo if not isinstance(dt, datetine): raise Typetrror("fromutc() requires a datetime argument") if dt.tzinfo is not self: raise Valuetrror("dt.tzinfo is not self") # A custom implementation is required for fromutc as # the input to this function is a datetime with utc values # but with a tzinfo set to self. # See datetime. astimezone or fromtimestamp. Af dt.replace(tzinfo-timezone.utc) >= self.UTC_MOVE_DATE: return dt + timedelta(hours=4, minutes-30) else: return dt + timedelta(hours=4) def dst(self, dt): # Kabul does not observe daylight saving time. return timedelta(2) def tznane(self, dt): 4f dt >= self.UTC_MOVE_DATE: htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html 2340‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 Usage of KabulTz from above: >>> tai = KabulTz() >>> >>> # Datetime before the change >>> dtl = datetime(1900, 11, 21, 16, 36, tzinfo=tz1) >>> print (dt1.utcofFset()) 4:08:00 >>> # Datetime after the change >>> dt2 = datetime(2006, 6, 14, 13, @, tzinfo=tz1) >>> print (dt2.utcoFFset()) 4:30:08 >>> # Convert datetime to another time zone >>> dt3 = dt2.astinezone(timezone.utc) >>> dt3 datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 14, 8, 30, tzinfo-datetine.timezone.utc) >>> dt2 datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 14, 13, @, tzinfo-kabulTz()) >>> dt2 == dt3 True ‘time Objects A time object represents a (local) time of day, independent of any particular day, and subject to adjustment via a tzinfo object class datetime.time(hour=@, minute=@, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinf All arguments are optional. tzinfo may be None, or an instance of a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments must be integers in the following ranges: © @ <= hour < 24, + @ <= minute < 68, + @ <= second < 68, + @ <= microsecond < 1000000, + fold in [@, 2] Ifan argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised, All default to @ except tzinfo, which defaults to None. Class attributes: ‘time.min The earliest representable time, time(@, @, @, @) ‘time.max The latest representable tine, time(23, 59, 59, 999999). time.resolution hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 20140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 Instance attributes (read-only): ‘time.hour In range(24) time.minute In range(62) time. second In range(62) time.microsecond In range(1080800) time. tzinfo ‘The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the tine constructor, or None if none was passed. time. fold In [@, 1]. Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval. (A repeated interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving time or when the UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.) The value 0 (1) represents the earlier (later) of the two moments with the same wall time representation New in version 3.6. ‘time objects support comparison of time to tine, where a is considered less than b when a precedes b in time. If one comparand is naive and the other is aware, TypeError is raised if an order comparison is attempted, For equality comparisons, naive instances are never equal to aware instances. If both comparands are aware, and have the same tzinfo attribute, the common tzinfo attribute is ignored and the base times are compared. If both comparands are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, the comparands are first adjusted by subtracting their UTC offsets (obtained from self.utcoffset()). In order to stop mixed-type comparisons from falling back to the default comparison by object address, when a tine object is compared to an object of a different type, TypeError is raised unless the comparison is == or !=. The latter cases retum False or True, respectively. Changed in version 3.3: Equality comparisons between aware and naive tine instances don't raise TypeError. In Boolean contexts, a time object is always considered to be true Changed in version 3.5: Before Python 3.5, a tine object was considered to be false if it represented midnight in UTC. This behavior was considered obscure and error-prone and has been removed in Python 3.5. See bpo- 13936 for full details, Other constructor: classmethod time. fromisoformat (time_string) Return a time corresponding to a time_string in any valid ISO 8601 format, with the following exceptions: 1, Time zone offsets may have fractional seconds. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 25140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 3. Fractional seconds may have any number of digits (anything beyond 6 will be truncated). 4, Fractional hours and minutes are not supported. Examples: >>> from datetime import time >>> >>> time. fromisoformat('@4:23:1') datetime. time(4, 23, 1) >>> time. Fromi soformat(‘T04:23 datetime. time(4, 23, 1) >>> time. fromisoformat ('T@42302") datetime.time(4, 23, 1) >>> time. Fromi soformat('@4:23:01.000384" ) datetime. time(4, 23, 1, 384) >>> time. fromisoformat('@4:23:01, 000") datetime.time(4, 23, 1, 384) >>> time, fromi soformat (‘24:23 datetime. time(4, 23, 1, tzint >>> time. Fromi soformat('@4:23:012") datetine.time(4, 23, 1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc) >>> time. fromisoformat(‘@4:23:01+00:00" ) datetime.time(4, 23, 1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc) a") 01+04:00") y=datetime. timezone (datetime. timedel ta(seconds=14400) )) New in version 3.7. Changed in version 3.11: Previously, this method only supported formats that could be emitted by time. isoformat() Instance methods: time.replace(hour=self.hour, minute=self.minute, second=self. second, microsecond=self.microsecond, tzinfosself.tzinfo, *, fold-0) Retum a tine with the same value, except for those attributes given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. Note that tzinfo=None can be specified to create a naive time from an aware ‘time, without conversion of the time data ‘New in version 3.6: Added the fold argument, time. isoformat (timespec= ‘auto’) Retum a string representing the time in ISO 8601 format, one of: + HHLHM:SS. FFFFFF, if microsecond is not 0 + HH:HM:SS, if microsecond is 0 + HEGHM:SS. FFFFFFSHH mM :SS[.FFFFFF]], if UtCoFFset() does not return None + HH:HM:SS+HH: Mill :SS[.FFFFFF]], if microsecond is 0 and utcoffset() does not return None The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional components of the time to include (the default is ‘auto’ ). It can be one of the following: + ‘auto’: Same as ‘seconds’ if microsecond is 0, same as ‘microseconds’ otherwise + ‘hours": Include the hour in the two-digit Hi format. + ‘minutes’: Include hour and minute in HH:NM format. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 26140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 format. + ‘microseconds’ : Include full time in HH:™M:58.-FFFFFF format. Note: Excluded time components are truncated, not rounded, Valuetrror will be raised on an invalid timespec argument. Example: >>> from datetime import tine >>> >>> time(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=123456) . isoformat(timespec=' minutes’ ) "12:34" >>> dt = time(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=0) >>> dt.isoformat (timespec='microseconds’ ) "12:34:56..000000" >>> dt.isoformat (timespe "12:34:56" auto’) ‘New in version 3.6: Added the timespec argument. time._str__() For atime t, str(t) is equivalent to t.isoformat() time. str-ftime (format) Retum a string representing the time, controlled by an explicit format string. For a complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior. time.__format__(format) Same as tine. strftine(). This makes it possible to specify a format string for a tine object in formatted string literals and when using str. format(). For a complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior. time.utcoffset () If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.utcoffset (None), and raises an exception if the latter doesn't return None or a tinedelta object with magnitude less than one day. Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. time.dst() If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.dst (None), and raises an exception ifthe latter doesn't retum None, or a tinedelta object with magnitude less than one day. Changed in version 3.7: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. time. tzname() If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self. tzinfo. tzname(None), of raises an exception if the latter doesn't retum None or a string object. Examples of Usage: tine hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 2740‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go >>> from datetime import tine, tzinfo, timedelta >> >>> class TZ1(tzinfo): : def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(hour: def dst(self, dt): return timedelta(@) def tznane(self,dt) return "+01:00" def _repr_(self) return f{self._class_.__name_}()" >>> t = time(12, 10, 30, tzinfi dot datetime.time(12, 10, 30, tzinfo-1Z1()) >>> t.dsoformat() "12:10:3@4@1:@0" >>> t.dst() datetime. timedelta(2) >>> t.tzname() o >>> testrftime("SH:M:8S %Z") "12:10:38 +@1:¢0" >>> "The {} is (:8H:8M}.".format("time", t) ‘The time is 12:10." z1()) tzinfo Objects class datetime. tzinfo This is an abstract base class, meaning that this class should not be instantiated directly. Define a subclass of tzinfo to capture information about a particular time zone. An instance of (a concrete subclass of) tzinfo can be passed to the constructors for datetime and tine objects. The latter objects view their attributes as being in local time, and the tzinfo object supports methods revealing offset of local time from UTC, the name of the time zone, and DST offset, all relative to a date or time object passed to them, You need to derive a concrete subclass, and (at least) supply implementations of the standard tzinfo methods needed by the datetime methods you use, The datetime module provides timezone, a simple concrete subclass of tzinfo which can represent timezones with fixed offset from UTC such as UTC itself or North American EST and EDT. Special requirement for pickling: A tzinfo subclass must have an _init__() method that can be called with no arguments, otherwise it can be pickled but possibly not unpickled again. This is a technical requirement that may be relaxed in the future. A concrete subclass of tzinfo may need to implement the following methods. Exactly which methods are needed depends on the uses made of aware datetine objects. Ifin doubt, simply implement all of them. tzinfo.utcoffset (dt) Return offset of local time from UTC, as a timedeita object that is positive east of UTC. If local time is west of UTC, this should be negative. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 2240‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 retumed must be a tinedelta object strictly between -timedelta(hours=24) and timedelta(hours=24) (the magnitude of the offset must be less than one day). Most implementations of utcoffset () will probably look like one of these two: return CONSTANT # fixed-offset class return CONSTANT + self.dst(dt) # daylight-aware class If utcoffset() does not return None, dst() should not retum None either. The default implementation of utcoffset() raises Not InplementedError. Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. tzinfo.dst (at) Return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment, as @ timedelta object or None if DST information isn’t known. Retum timedelta(@) if DST is not in effect. If DST is in effect, return the offset as a tincdelta object (see utcoffset() for details). Note that DST offset, if applicable, has already been added to the UTC offset retumed by utcoffset(), $0 there's no need to consult dst() unless you're interested in obtaining DST info separately. For example, datetine.tinetuple() calls ils tzinfo attribute's dst() method to determine how the tm_isdst flag should be set, and tzinfo. fromutc() calls dst() to account for DST changes when crossing time zones. Aninstance tz of a tzinfo subclass that models both standard and daylight times must be consistent in this, sense’ tz.utcoffset(dt) - tz.dst(dt) must return the same result for every datetine dt with dt.tzinfo == tz For sane tzinfo subclasses, this expression yields the time zone’s “standard offset’, which should not depend on the date or the time, but only on geographic location. The implementation of datetine.astimezone() relies on this, but cannot detect Violations; it’s the programmer's responsibility to ensure it. a tzinfo subclass cannot guarantee this, it may be able to override the default implementation of tzinfo. fromutc() to work correctly with astimezone() regardless, Most implementations of dst() will probably look like one of these two: def dst(self, dt): #t a fixed-offset class: doesn't account for DST return timedelta(o) or: def dst(self, dt): # Code to set dston and dstoff to the time zone's DST # transition times based on the input dt.year, and expressed # in standard Local time. if dston <= dt.replace(tzinfosNone) < dstoff: return timedelta(hours=1) hitpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.himl 29140‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 The default implementation of dst () raises NotInplementedError Changed in version 3.7: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. tzinfo.tzname(at) Return the time zone name corresponding to the datetime object dt, as a string. Nothing about string names: is defined by the datetine module, and there's no requirement that it mean anything in particular. For example, *GMT", "UTC", 500", 5:00", “EDT”, “US/Eastem’, “America/New York” are all valid replies. Return None if a string name isn't known. Note that this is a method rather than a fixed string primarily because some tzinfo subclasses will wish to return different names depending on the specific value of dt passed, especially if the tzinfo class is accounting for daylight time. The default implementation of tznane() raises Not Implementedérror These methods are called by a datetime or time object, in response to their methods of the same names. A datetime object passes itself as the argument, and a time object passes None as the argument. A tzinfo subclass's methods should therefore be prepared to accept a af argument of None, or of class datetime. When None is passed, i's up to the class designer to decide the best response. For example, returning None is appropriate if the class wishes to say that time objects don't participate in the tzinfo protocols. It may be more Useful for utcoffset (None) to return the standard UTC offset, as there is no other convention for discovering the standard offset, When a datetine object is passed in response to a datetime method, dt.tzinfo is the same object as self. ‘tzinfo methods can rely on this, unless user code calls tzinfo methods directly. The intent is that the tzinfo methods interpret dt as being in local time, and not need worry about objects in other timezones. There is one more tzinfo method that a subclass may wish to override: tzinfo.fromute (dt) This is called from the default datetime.astimezone() implementation. When called from that, dt.tzinfo is self, and dfs date and time data are to be viewed as expressing a UTC time. The purpose of fromutc() is to adjust the date and time data, retuming an equivalent datetime in selfs local time. Most tzinfo subclasses should be able to inherit the default fromutc() implementation without problems. Its strong enough to handle fixed-offset time zones, and time zones accounting for both standard and daylight time, and the latter even if the DST transition times differ in different years. An example of a time zone the default fronutc() implementation may not handle correctly in all cases is one where the standard offset (from UTC) depends on the specific date and time passed, which can happen for political reasons. The default implementations of astimezone() and fromute() may not produce the result you want if the result is one of the hours straddling the moment the standard offset changes. ‘Skipping code for error cases, the default fronutc() implementation acts like: def fromutc(self, dt): # raise ValueError error if dt.tzinfo is not self dtoff = dt.utcoffset() dtdst = dt.dst() # raise Valuecrror if dtoff is None or dtdst is None delta = dtoff - dtdst # this is self's standard offset hitpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.himl 040‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation @ iano | (a Go # raise Valuetrror if dtdst is None if dtdst: return dt + dtdst else: return dt In the following tzinfo_exanples.py fle there are some examples of tzinfo classes: from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime ZERO = tinedelta(o) HOUR = timedelta(hours=1) SECOND = timedelta(second: ) # A class capturing the platform's idea of Local time. # (May result in wrong values on historical times in # timezones where UTC offset and/or the DST rules had # changed in the past.) import time as _time STDOFFSET = timedelta(seconds = -_time.timezone) if _time.daylight: DSTOFFSET = timedelta(seconds = -_time.altzone) else: DSTOFFSET = STDOFFSET DSTDIFF = DSTOFFSET - STDOFFSET class LocalTimezone(tzinfo) : def fromute(self, dt): assert dt.tzinfo is self stamp = (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo-self)) // SECOND args = _time.localtime(stamp)[:6] dst_diff = DSTDIFF // SECOND # Detect fold fold = (args == _time.localtime(stamp - dst_diff)) return datetime(*args, microsecond=dt.microsecond, tzinforself, fold=fold) def utcoffset(self, dt) if self._isdst(dt): return DSTOFFSET else: return STDOFFSET def dst(self, dt): if self._isdst(dt): return DSTDIFF else: return ZERO def tznane(self, dt): return _tine.tznane[self._isdst(dt)] def _isdst(self, dt): htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html a0‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and ime types — Python 3.11.0 documentation ® |an0 Q Go stamp = _tine.mktine(tt) tt = _tine. localtine(stamp) return tt.tmisdst > 0 Local = LocalTimezone() # A complete implementation of current DST rules for major US time zones. def first_sunday_on_or_after(dt): days_to_go = 6 - dt.weekday() if days_to_go dt i= timedelta(days_to_go) return dt US DST Rules This is a simplified (i.e., wrong for a few cases) set of rules for US DsT start and end times. For a complete and up-to-date set of DST rules and timezone definitions, visit the Olson Database (or try pytz): http://www. twinsun. con/tz/tz-Link. htm https://sourceforge.net/projects/pytz/ (might not be up-to-date) eee SS SESS In the US, since 2687, DST starts at 2am (standard time) on the second # Sunday in March, which is the first Sunday on or after Mar 8. DSTSTART_2007 = datetine(1, 3, 8, 2) # and ends at 2am (DST time) on the first Sunday of Nov. DSTEND_2007 = datetime(1, 11, 1, 2) # From 1987 to 2006, DST used to start at 2am (standard time) on the first # Sunday in April and to end at 2am (DST time) on the Last # Sunday of October, which is the first Sunday on or after Oct 25. DSTSTART_1987_2006 = datetime(1, 4, 1, 2) DSTEND_1987_2006 = datetine(1, 10, 25, 2) # From 1967 to 1986, DST used to start at 2am (standard time) on the Last # Sunday in April (the one on or after April 24) and to end at 2am (DST time) # on the Last Sunday of October, which is the first Sunday ‘# on or after Oct 25. DSTSTART_1967_1986 = datetime(1, 4, 24, 2) DSTEND_1967_1986 = DSTEND_1987_2006 def us_dst_range(year): # Find start and end times for US DST. For years before 1967, return # start = end for no DST. if 2006 < year: dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_2007, DSTEND_2007 elif 1986 < year < 2007: dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_1987_2006, DSTEND_1987_2006 elif 1966 < year < 1987 dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_1967_1986, DSTEND_1967_1986 else: return (datetime(year, 1, 1), ) * 2 start = first_sunday_on_or_after(dststart.replace(year-year)) end = first_sunday_on_or_after(dstend.replace(year=year)) return start, end htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html 240‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and ime types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 def _init_(self, hours, reprname, stdname, dstname): Self.stdoffset = timedelta(hours=hours) self.reprname = reprname self.stdnane = stdname self.dstnane = dstname def _repr_(self): return self.reprnane def tznane(self, dt): if self.dst(dt): return self.dstname else: return self.stdname def utcoffset(self, dt): return self.stdoffset + self.dst(dt) def dst(self, dt): Af dt ds None or dt.tzinfo is None: # An exception may be sensible here, in one or both cases. # It depends on how you want to treat them. The default # fromutc() implementation (called by the default astimezone() # implementation) passes a datetime with dt.tzinfo is self. return ZERO assert dt.tzinfo is self start, end = us_dst_range(dt.year) # Can't compare naive to aware objects, so strip the timezone from 4 dt first, dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None) if start + HOUR <= dt < end - HOUR: # DST is in effect. return HOUR Af end - HOUR <= dt < end: # Fold (an ambiguous hour): use dt.fold to disambiguate. return ZERO if dt.fold else HOUR Af start <= dt < start + HOUR: # Gap (a non-existent hour): reverse the fold rule. return HOUR if dt.fold else ZERO # DST is off. return ZERO def fromute(self, dt): assert dt.tzinfo is self start, end = us_dst_range(dt.year) start = start.replace(tzinfo-self) end = end. replace(tzinfo=self) std_time = dt + self.stdoffset dst_time = std_time + HOUR Af end <= dst_time < end + HOUR: # Repeated hour return std_time.replace(fold=1) Af std_time < Start or dst_time >= end: # Standard time return std_time 4f start <= std_time < end - HOUR: # Daylight Saving time htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html 040‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go Eastern = USTimeZone(-5, "Eastern", "EST", "EDT") Central = USTimeZone(-6, "Central", "CST", "COT") Mountain = USTimeZone(-7, "Mountain", "MST", "NDT") Pacific = USTimezone(-8, "Pacific", "PSI", "POT") Note that there are unavoidable subtleties twice per year in a tzinfo subclass accounting for both standard and daylight time, at the DST transition points. For concreteness, consider US Eastem (UTC -0500), where EDT begins the minute after 1:59 (EST) on the second Sunday in March, and ends the minute after 1:59 (EDT) on the first Sunday in November: UTC 3:NM4:MM Simm G:MM 7:MM 82MM EST 22:MM 23:MM O:MM 1:MM 22MM 32MM EDT 23:MM @:MM i:MM 2:MM 3:YM 42MM start 22:MM 23:4M O:MM 1:MM 3:MM 42MM end 23:HM O:MM 1:MM 1:m4 2:4 3:4 When DST starts (the “start” line), the local wall clock leaps from 1:59 to 3:00. A wall time of the form 2:MM doesn't really make sense on that day, so ast imezone(Eastern) won't deliver a result with hour == 2 on the day DST begins. For example, at the Spring forward transition of 2016, we get: >>> from datetime import datetime, timezone >>> from tzinfo_examples import HOUR, Eastern >>> ud = datetine(2016, 3, 13, 5, tzinfo=tinezone.ute >>> for i in range(4) ses U = UO + SPHOUR : + = u.astimezone(Eastern) TID print(u.time(), “UTC =", t.time(), t.tznane() 05:00:00 UTC = 60:00:00 EST 26:80:00 UTC = @1:00:08 EST 07:00:00 UTC = @3:00:00 EDT 08:00:00 UTC = @4:¢0:00 EDT When DST ends (the “end” line), there's a potentially worse problem: there's an hour that can't be spelled unambiguously in local wall time: the last hour of daylight time. In Easter, that's times of the form 5:MM UTC on the day daylight time ends, The local wall clock leaps from 1:59 (daylight time) back to 1:00 (standard time) again. Local times of the form 1:MM are ambiguous. astimezone() mimics the local clock's behavior by mapping two adjacent UTC hours into the same local hour then. In the Eastern example, UTC times of the form 5:MM and 6:MM both map to 1:MM when converted to Easter, but earlier times have the fold attribute set to 0 and the later times have it set to 1. For example, at the Fall back transition of 2016, we get: >>> U@ = datetime(2016, 11, 6, 4, tzinfo-timezone.utc) >>> >>> for i in range(4): tes U = UO + I°HOUR ee t = u.astimezone(Eastern) sss print(u.time(), "UTC =", t.time(), t.tzname(), t.fold) 04:00:00 UTC = 25:00:00 UTC 07:80:88 UTC htpsuidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime html 040‘izaa, 1:01 PML ‘datetime — Basie date and tne types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go comparisons. Applications that can't bear wall-ime ambiguities should explicitly check the value of the fol attribute or avoid using hybrid tzinfo subclasses; there are no ambiguities when using timezone, or any other fixed-offset tzinfo subclass (such as a class representing only EST (fixed offset -5 hours), or only EDT (fixed offset -4 hours). See also: zoneinfo The datetime module has a basic tinezone class (for handling arbitrary fixed offsets from UTC) and its ‘timezone. utc attribute (a UTC timezone instance) zoneinfo brings the IANA timezone database (also known as the Olson database) to Python, and its usage is recommended. IANA timezone database The Time Zone Database (often called tz, tzdata or zoneinfo) contains code and data that represent the history of local time for many representative locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect, changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets, and daylight-saving rules. timezone Objects The tinezone class is a subclass of tzin‘o, each instance of which represents a timezone defined by a fixed offset from UTC. Objects of this class cannot be used to represent timezone information in the locations where different offsets are used in different days of the year or where historical changes have been made to civil time. class datetine.timezone(offset, name=None) The offset argument must be specified as a timedeltta object representing the difference between the local time and UTC. It must be strictly between ~timedelta(hours=24) and timedelta(hours=24), otherwise Valuetrror is raised. The name argument is optional. If specified it must be a string that will be used as the value returned by the datetime. tzname() method New in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. timezone.utcoffset (dt) Return the fixed value specified when the tinezone instance is constructed The df argument is ignored. The return value is a tinedelta instance equal to the difference between the local time and UTC. Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes, ‘timezone. tzname(dt) Retum the fixed value specified when the tinezone instance is constructed. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 3840‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go UTCEHH:#™, where + is the sign of offset, HH and MM are two digits of of fset.hours and offset-minutes respectively Changed in version 3.6: Name generated from of fset=timedel ta(@) is now plain ‘UTC", not ‘UTC+80:68" timezone.dst (dt) Always returns None timezone. fromute (dt) Return dt + offset. The dt argument must be an aware datetime instance, with tzinfo set to self. Class attributes: timezone ute The UTC timezone, timezone(timedelta(@)) strftime() and strptime() Behavior date, datetine, and tine objects all support a strftime(format) method, to create a string representing the time under the control of an explicit format string, Conversely, the datetine.strptine() class method creates a datetime object from a string representing a date and time and a corresponding format string, The table below provides a high-level comparison of strftime() versus strptime() strftine strptime Usage Convert object to string according to Parse a string into a datetine object given a a given format corresponding format Type of instance method Class method method Method of date; datetime; time datetime Signature strftine( format) strptime(date_string, format) strftime() and strptime() Format Codes The following is a list of all the format codes that the 1989 C standard requires, and these work on all platforms with a standard C implementation Directive Meaning Example Notes 7 ’ Sun, Mon, .... Sat (en_US); x Weekday as locale’s abbreviated name Se nee ea OEY (t) ‘Sunday, Monday, ..., Saturday . (en_US); mA Weekday as locale’s full name. Sonntag, Montag, ..., Samstag (1) (de_DE) hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 640‘i299, 1:01 PM xb x8 ay Ny x Xp xe we %j ® [ato datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation Q Weekday as a decimat number, wnere Us; ‘Sunday and 6 is Saturday. Day of the month as a zero-padded decimal umber. Month as locale’s abbreviated name. Month as locale’s full name, Month as a zero-padded decimal number. Year without century as a zero-padded decimal number. Year with century as a decimal number. Hour (24-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number. Hour (12-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number. Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. Minute as a zero-padded decimal number, Second as a zero-padded decimal number. Microsecond as a decimal number, zero- padded to 6 digits. UTC offset in the form sHHMM[SS[ .FFFFFF] ] (empty string if the object is naive). Time zone name (empty string if the object is. naive). Day of the year as a zero-padded decimal number. ‘Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a zero-padded decimal number. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a zero-padded decimal number. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 0,1 01,02, ..., 31 Jan, Feb, ..., Dec (en_US); Jan, Feb, ..., Dez (de_DE) January, February, ..., December (en_US); Januar, Februar, ..., Dezember (de_DE) 01, 02, ..., 12 00, 01, ..., 99 0001, 0002, ..., 2013, 2014, ..., 9998, 9999 00, 04, ..., 23 01,02, ..., 12 ‘AM, PM (en_US); am, pm (de_DE) 00, 01, ..., 59 00, 01, 5 (000000, 000001, ..., 999999 (empty), +0000, -0400, +1030, #063415, -030712.345216 (empty), UTC, GMT 001, 002, ..., 366 00, 01, ..., 53 00, 04, ..., 53 Go () (9) (2) (9) (9) (1), (3) (9) (4), (9) (5) (6) (6) () (7). (9) (7), (9) am40‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation |3i10 Q Go Locale's appropriate date and time Tue Aug 10 21:9U100 1888 Ke ati (en_US); (1) representation. Di 16 Aug 21:30:00 1988 (de_DE) (08/16/88 (None); % Locale's appropriate date representation 08/16/1988 (en_US); (1) 16.08.1988 (de_DE) . 21:30:00 (en_US); x Locale's appropriate time representation. 2130009 (tee; () m% A\literal "%" character. % Several additional directives not required by the C89 standard are included for convenience. These parameters all correspond to ISO 8601 date values. Directive Meaning Example Notes 180 8601 year with century representing te gas gogo 2013, 2044, xs year that contains the greater part of the ISO gaa5' gaan (8) week (V). ve ISO 8601 weekday as a decimal number 420.7 where 1 is Monday. ISO 8601 week as a decimal number with nv Monday as the first day of the week. Week 0101, 02, ..., 53 (8), 9) is the week containing Jan 4. These may not be available on all platforms when used with the strftime() method. The ISO 8601 year and ISO 8601 week directives are not interchangeable with the year and week number directives above. Calling strptime() with incomplete or ambiguous ISO 8601 directives will raise a Valuetrror. The full set of format codes supported varies across platforms, because Python calls the platform C library's, strftime() function, and platform variations are common. To see the full set of format codes supported on your platform, consult the stitimie(3) documentation. There are also differences between platforms in handling of unsupported format specifiers. ‘New in version 3.6: %6, %u and %V were added. Technical Detail Broadly speaking, d.strftime(fmt) acts like the time module's time. strftime(fmt, d.timetuple()) although not all objects support a timetuple() method. For the datetime. strptime() class method, the default value is 198¢-@1-21720:20:00.000: any components not specified in the format string will be pulled from the default value. [4] Using datetine.strptime(date_string, format) is equivalent to: datetime(*(time. strptime(date_string, format)[0:6])) hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 040‘i299, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 For tine objects, the format codes for year, month, and day should not be used, as time objects have no such values. If theyre used anyway, 1989 is substituted for the year, and 1 for the month and day. For date objects, the format codes for hours, minutes, seconds, and microseconds should not be used, as date objects have no such values. If they're used anyway, @ is substituted for them, For the same reason, handling of format strings containing Unicode code points that can't be represented in the charset of the current locale is also platform-dependent. On some platforms such code points are preserved intact in the output, while on others strftime may raise Unicodetrror or return an empty string instead, Notes: 1 Because the format depends on the current locale, care should be taken when making assumptions about the output value. Field orderings will vary (for example, “monthiday/year’ versus “day/monthyear’), and the ‘output may contain Unicode characters encoded using the locale’s default encoding (for example, if the current locale is ja_3P, the default encoding could be any one of eucJP, S315, oF utF-8; use locale. getlocale() to determine the current locale’s encoding). 2. The strptime() method can parse years in the full [1, 9999] range, but years < 1000 must be zero-filled to 4-digit width, Changed in version 3.2: In previous versions, strftime() method was restricted to years >= 1900. Changed in version 3.3: In version 3.2, strftine() method was restricted to years >= 1000. 3. When used with the strptime() method, the Xp directive only affects the output hour field if the XI directive is used to parse the hour, 4. Unlike the time module, the datetime module does not support leap seconds. 5. When used with the strptime() method, the Xf directive accepts from one to six digits and zero pads on the right. %F is an extension to the set of format characters in the C standard (but implemented separately in datetime objects, and therefore always available). 6. Fora naive object, the %z and Xz format codes are replaced by empty strings. For an aware object: we utcoffset() is transformed into a string of the form +HHMM[SS[.#FFFFF]], where HH is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset hours, mM is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset minutes, 5 is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset seconds and ##FF FF is a 6-digit string giving the number of UTC offset microseconds. The FFF FFF partis omitted when the offset is a whole number of seconds and both the FFFFFF and the SS part is omitted when the offset is a whole number of minutes. For example, if utcoffset() returns timedelta(hours=-3, minutes=-30), %z is replaced with the string ‘-@330° Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes. hitpsiidocs.python.org/iorarydatetime.html 940‘1129192, 1:01 PM datetime — Basie date and me types — Python 3.11.0 documentation 3.11.0 Q Go 2 parsed as an offset of one hour. In addition, providing ‘2' is identical to '+00:00' xz. In str#time(), 22 is replaced by an empty string if tzname() returns None; otherwise %2 is replaced by the retuned value, which must be a string, strptime() only accepts certain values for %2: 1. any value in time.tzname for your machine's locale 2. the hard-coded values UTC and GMT So someone living in Japan may have JST, UTC, and GMT as valid values, but probably not EST. It will raise Value€rror for invalid values. Changed in version 3.2: When the %z directive is provided to the strptime() method, an aware datetime object will be produced. The tzinfo of the result will be set fo a timezone instance. 7. When used with the strptime() method, XU and &W are only used in calculations when the day of the week and the calendar year (XY) are specified 8. Similar to XU and %W, XV is only used in calculations when the day of the week and the ISO year (X6) are specified ina strptime() format string. Also note that %6 and %Y are not interchangeable, 9, When used with the strptime() method, the leading zero is optional for formats %d, %m, KH, KI, XM, KS, %2, %U, ZH, and XV. Format %y does require a leading zero. Footnotes [1] If, that is, we ignore the effects of Relativity [2] This matches the definition of the “proleptic Gregorian’ calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book Calendrical Calculations, where it's the base calendar for all computations. See the book for algorithms for converting between proleptic Gregorian ordinals and many other calendar systems. [3] See R. H. van Gent's guide to the mathematics of the ISO 8601 calendar for a good explanation. [4] Passing datetime. strptime('Feb 29°, '%b %d') will fail since 1989 is not a leap year. hitpsiidocs.python.org/orarydatetime.html 40140