SOCIALINGUISTICS

1) Choose ALL statements  below which can best define the concept of variety.
Select one or more
A. It is used as a general term for a way of speaking.
B. It can be defined in terms of location and social class or in terms of functions.
C. It can be as broad as the standard language of a country.
D. It can be defined in terms of national identity. 
E. It refers to the language a person grows up with.

2) The term 'dialect' often implies________, when such terms are applied to language,
and can connote various degrees of inferiotity, with what connotation of inferiority
carried over to those who speak a dialect.
A. Nonstandard or even substandard
B. Superiority or even inferiority
C. Standard or even substandard
D. Denotation or even connotation
3) We use the term variety as a general term for_____; this may be something as broad
as Standard English, a variery defined in terms of location and social class
A. A way of understanding
B. A way of interpreting
C. A way of expressing
D. A way of speaking
4) Names are not only ascribed by region, which is what we might expect, but
sometimes also by_____.
A. Caste, religion, village, and so on
B. Salary, expenditure, enviroment, and so on
C. Education, beliefs, community, and so on
D. Ethic, races, family, and so on
5) Although ordinary people use the terms 'language' and 'dialect' quite freely in speech,
for them a dialect is almost certainly no more than a ______ variety of a 'real
language'
A. Local non-prestigious
B. Regionally powerful
 C. Social prestigious
D. Institutonally prestigious
6) In the everyday use of the term, 'language' is usually used to mean both______;
dialects are nonstandard and subordinate to languages.
A. The insitutional category and the standard variety
B. The orginal category and the specific variety
C. The superordinate category and the standar variety
D. The special category and the regional variety
7) A dialect is a____ variety of a language.
The language name(i.e,. English or German) is the__________ term.
A. Subordinate/ synonymous
B. Superordinate/ subordinate
C. Subordinate/ superordinate
8) We use_____ as a general term for a way of speaking (ex: standard English, lower-
class New York city speech, cocktail party talk, etc.)
A. Variety
B. Dialect
C. Register
9) Mutual intelligibility is an objectively determined fact.
A. Đúng
B. Sai
10)Your ability to understand someone who speaks differently from you may vary
according to your experience with different ways of speaking.
A. Đúng
B. Sai
11)Mutual intelligibility is a reliable criterion to distingguish dialect versus language
status.
A. Đúng
B. Sai
12)According to the criterion of mutual intelligibility, if speakers can understand each
other, they are speaking dialects of the same language; if they cannot, they are
speaking____.
 A. Different languages
B. Vernacular languages
C. Slang languages
13) The commonly criterion used to determine if two varietied are dialects of the same
language or distinct languages is that of____
A. Mutual intelligibility
B. Reciprocal comprehension
C. Bilingual intelligibility
D. Internal intelligibility
14) Power accounts for the persistence of local dialects.
A. Đúng
B. Sai
15) If speakers can understand each other, they are speaking dialects of the same
language; if they cannot, they are speaking ________.
A. majority languages
B. different languages
C. slang languages
D. vernacular languages
16) Sociolinguists claim that the defining factor in determining whether two varieties are
considered distinct languages or dialects of the same language is ________, not
linguistic similarity or difference.
A. sociopolitical formality
B. sociopolitical differences
C. sociopolitical identity
D. sociopolitical similarity
17)We can observe that ________ need not necessarily be determined by the language
they speak.
A. the loyalty of a group of people
B. the strength of a group of people
C. the formality of a group of people
D. the vigilance of a group of people
18)Alsatian people look to France not Germany for national leadership and they use
French, not German, as the ________.
A. language of unity and higher education
B. language of mobility and higher education
C. language of mobility and higher development
D. language of mobility and high class
19) The various relationships among languages and dialects can be used to show
________ help us understand what is happening.
A. how the concepts of power and solidarity
B. how the concepts of loyalty and friendship
C. how the concepts of heritage and preservation
D. how the concepts of wealth and power
20) Power requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities: one has
more of something that is important, for example, status, money, influence, and so
on, than the other or others. A language has ________ any of its dialects.
A. more equality than
B. more rights than
C. more power than
D. more priorities than

21) A feeling of solidary can lead people to preserve a local dialect or an endangered
language.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

22)The standard language is the most powerful dialect due to non-linguistic factors.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

23) Mandarin and Cantonese are two different varieties of the same language because
they are mutually intelligible. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai
24) Urdu and Hindi, while mutually intelligble, are two different languages. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai

25) The linguistics use the term vernacular to refer to the_______ in ordinary,
commonplace, social interactions.

A. Language a person struggles for and uses in private life

B. Language a person grows up with and uses in everyday life

C. Dialect a person grows up with and uses in everyday life

26) Speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese consider themselves speakers of______.

A. Different languages

B. Different accents

C. Different dialects of the same language

27) According to socialinguists, which of the following is true?

A. A language is the standard variety

B. A standard variety is also a dialect

C. Dialect are non-standard and subordinate to language.

28) The problem with using mutual intelligibility as the ________ as a dialect or a
language is that even without a dialect continuum, there are many examples of
named, distinct languages that are mutually intelligible.

A. criterion for status

B. criterion for priority

C. standard for status

D. goal to gain a caste

29) The process through which a standard language arises is primarily a linguistic
process.

A. Đúng

B. Sai
30) Power accounts for the persistence of local dialects.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

31) Power
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

32) Dialect continuum

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

33) Dialect
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

34) mutual intelligibility

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

35) Language
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

36) Solidarity
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

37) social identity

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

38)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

39) Serbs and Croats were able to agree on a norm because there was intense solidarity
between them.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

40) Standard language is a uniform way of speaking although some regional and social
variation might be considered acceptable. 

A. Đúng
 B. Sai

41) Standardization process is change-resistant. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai

42) Standard language is a clearly demarcated variety which can be objetively

determined

A. Đúng

B. Sai

43) A standard language is often associated with a nation and its economic, political, and
cultural capital. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai

44) Standardization of a language can be defined as __________

A. the process of eliminating all variants or dialects of a language.

B. the development of grammars and dictionaries of that language.

C. the separation of groups concerning regional, social, ethnic, or religious identity.

D. the decoding of a language.

45) Standard language ideology refers to the bias toward an idealized, fixed system of
language that can be subjectively described. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai

46) A dialect is _______

A. the variety that has been recorded in dictionaries and grammars.

B. a contact language that develops in multilingual colonial situations.

C. a variety typical of a particular social group.

D. a variety associated with a particular situation of use e.g. baby talk.

47) According to standard language ideology, dialects are deviations from the standard
language norm.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

48) Standardization is the process by which a language has been codified in some way.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

49) The term ‘dialect’ often implies ________, when such terms are applied to language,
and can connote various degrees of inferiority, with that connotation of inferiority
carried over to those who speak a dialect

A. nonstandard or even substandard

B. superiority or even inferiority

C. standard or even substandard

D. denotation or even connotation

50)In the everyday use of the term, ‘language’ is usually used to mean both ________;
dialects are nonstandard and subordinate to languages.

A. the institutional category and the standard variety

B. the original category and the specific variety

C. the superordinate category and the standard variety

D. the special category and the regional variety

51)The commonly criterion used to determine if two varieties are dialects of the same
language or distinct languages is that of ________.

A. mutual intelligibility

B. reciprocal comprehension

C. bilingual intelligibility

D. internal intelligibility

52)Everyone can modify the way they speak depending on ________.

A. who they are with or what the situation is

 B. where they are or when they are with

C. what they say and why they say it

D. what they work on or who they live with

53)When people modify the way they speak, they are drawing on their ________.

A. plan of speaking

B. reason to explain

C. sociolinguistic knowledge

D. background of their culture group

54)Every time people change the way they speak, depending on their interlocutor or
situation, they provide ________ that builds up the sociolinguistic knowledge in the
community.

A. more reasonable information

B. more sociolinguistic information

C. more explainable information

D. more valuable opportunities

55)If speakers can understand each other, they are speaking dialects of the same
language; if they cannot, they are speaking ________.

A. majority languages

B. different languages

C. slang languages

D. vernacular languages

56)All languages exhibit ________, that is, each language exists in a number of varieties
and is in one sense the sum of those varieties.

A. internal exchange

B. internal variation

C. personal change

D. external variation
57)We use the term variety as a general term for ________; this may be something as
broad as Standard English, a variety defined in terms of location and social class.

A. a way of understanding

B. a way of interpreting

C. a way of expressing

D. a way of speaking

58)Names are not only ascribed by region, which is what we might expect, but
sometimes also by ________.

A. caste, religion, village, and so on

B. salary, expenditure, environment, and so on

C. education, beliefs, community, and so on

D. ethnic, races, family, and so on

59)Although ordinary people use the terms ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ quite freely in
speech, for them a dialect is almost certainly no more than a ________ variety of a
‘real’ language.

A. local non-prestigious

B. regionally powerful

C. social prestigious

D. institutionally prestigious

60)Sociolinguists claim that the defining factor in determining whether two varieties are
considered distinct languages or dialects of the same language is ________, not
linguistic similarity or difference.

A. sociopolitical formality

B. sociopolitical differences

C. sociopolitical identity

D. sociopolitical similarity

61)We can observe that ________ need not necessarily be determined by the language
they speak.

A. the loyalty of a group of people

 B. the strength of a group of people

C. the formality of a group of people

D. the vigilance of a group of people

62)Alsatian people look to France not Germany for national leadership and they use
French, not German, as the ________.

A. language of unity and higher education

B. language of mobility and higher education

C. language of mobility and higher development

D. language of mobility and high class

63)The various relationships among languages and dialects can be used to show
________ help us understand what is happening.

A. how the concepts of power and solidarity

B. how the concepts of loyalty and friendship

C. how the concepts of heritage and preservation

D. how the concepts of wealth and power

64)Power requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities: one has
more of something that is important, for example, status, money, influence, and so
on, than the other or others a language has ________ any of its dialects.

A. more equality than

B. more rights than

C. more power than

D. more priorities than

65)Situations in which there is ________ make it apparent that the lines drawn between
languages are not based on linguistic criteria.

A. a dialect minority

B. a dialect continuum

C. a dialect variety

D. a vernacular language continuum

 66)The problem with using mutual intelligibility as the ________ as a dialect or a
language is that even without a dialect continuum, there are many examples of
named, distinct languages that are mutually intelligible.

A. criterion for status

B. criterion for priority

C. standard for status

D. goal to gain a caste

67)________, Serbo-Croatian is a single South Slav language used by two groups of

people, the Serbs and Croats, with somewhat different historical, cultural, and
religious backgrounds.

A. Specifically

B. Historically

C. Generally

D. Linguistically

68)Although they share a writing system, Mandarin and Cantonese are not mutually
intelligible in spoken discourse; written characters are pronounced differently in
these varieties although ________.

A. they preserve the original meanings

B. they gain different meanings

C. they maintain the same syntax

D. they maintain the same meaning

69)Speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese consider themselves speakers of different

dialects of the same language, for to the Chinese a shared writing system and
________ form essential parts of their definition of language.

A. a strong tradition of political, social, and cultural unity

B. a loose tradition of political, religious, and cultural unity

C. a strong heritage of political, social, and cultural unity

D. a strong tradition of educational, religious, and cultural unity

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each blank or to respond to each question.
70)The standardization of a language involves ________.
A. the spread of the language around the world
B. the development of grammars, spelling books, and dictionaries
C. choosing a style and register in which the language is spoken typically
D. choosing a social class to speak the language.

71)Which of the following is NOT TRUE of standard language ideology?

A. Standard language is the norm.
B. Standard language is the optimum for educational purposes.
C. Standard language is a prestige variety.
D. Standard language is chosen based primarily on linguistic criteria.

72)Which groups of countries belong to the Outer Circle?

A. Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines

B. India, China, and Brazil
C. Singapore, Nigeria, and the Philippines
D. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Malaysia.

73) Which of the following are true?

A. The Inner Circle Englishes are said to be norm-providing.
B. The Outer Circle Englishes are said to be norm-developing.
C. The Expanding Circle Englishes are said to be norm-dependent.
D. A variety of English in the Outer Circle or in the Expanding Circle can be a
member of the Inner Circle after having been standardized.

74)Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of Standard English?

A. Standard English is primarily a case of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.
B. Standard English is associated with social class and ethnic traits.
C. Standard English has Received Pronunciation (RP) as its accent.
D. Standard English is promoted through education.
75)Which of the following statements is TRUE of Standard English?
A. Standard English is primarily a case of semantics.
B. Standard English is associated with slangs.
C. Standard English has Received Pronunciation (RP) as its accent.
D. Standard English is promoted through education.

76)Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of language standards?

A. They are prescriptive language rules.

B. They remain the same over time.

C. They are those to which language community members are urged to conform.

D. They are those to which language community members are exposed.

77)Which stage of the intervention process of standardization involves choosing one

variety or several features from several varieties to develop?
 A. Selection

B. Codification

C. elaboration of purposes

D. acceptance

78)Which groups of countries belong to the Outer Circle?

A. Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines

B. India, China, and Brazil C. Singapore, Nigeria, and the Philippines

D. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Malaysia.

79)Which of the following are NOT TRUE?

A. The Inner Circle Englishes are said to be norm-providing.

B. The Outer Circle Englishes are said to be norm-developing.

C. The Expanding Circle Englishes are said to be norm-dependent.

D. A variety of English in the Outer Circle or in the Expanding Circle can be a

member of the Inner Circle after having been standardized.

80)Solidarity is a feeling of equality that people have with one another. They have
________ which they will bond.

A. a common interest around

B. a common aim around

C. a different interest around

D. various interests around

81)A feeling of solidarity can lead people ________ or an endangered language in order
to resist power, or to insist on independence.

A. to change a local dialect

B. to leave behind a local dialect

C. to exchange a local dialect

D. to preserve a local dialect

82)Part of having power is having the ability ________ as a, or the, prestigious dialect,
that is, a standard language.

A. to maintain your way of speaking from others

B. to impose your way of speaking on others

C. to change your way of speaking as others

D. to take back your way of speaking from others

83)The process through which a standard language arises is _____rather than a linguistic
one. A. primarily a sociopolitical improvement

B. primarily a change in culture

C. primarily a biological adaptation

D. primarily a sociopolitical process

84)People tend to think of a language as ________ which can be objectively described

and regard dialects as deviations from this norm.

A. a legitimate and fixed system

B. a linguistic and fixed system

C. a legitimate and abstract system

D. a semantic and fixed system

85)Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE of the first diaspora?

A. It involved the migration of English speakers.

B. English was transported to the New World.

C. The destinations of the English speakers were mainly North America, Australia,
and New Zealand.

D. There was little change between the English varieties of the early colonizers and
those of modern North America.

86)Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE of the second diaspora?

A. It took place at various points during the 18th and 19th centuries.

B. It involved the colonization of Asia and Africa.

 C. Most of the Englishes developed in the second diaspora function as ESL
nowadays.

D. The second diaspora was the consequence of the first diaspora.

87)English-based creoles in the Southern parts of America and the Caribbean ________.

A. were developed right after slave trade began

B. were spoken by the next generation of the slaves

C. were also the pidgins developed among the slaves and between them and their
captors

D. had nothing to do with English

88)Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of language standards?

A. They are prescriptive language rules.

B. They remain the same over time.

C. They are those to which language community members are urged to conform.

D. They are those to which language community members are exposed.

89)Which stage of the intervention process of standardization involves choosing one

variety or several features from several varieties to develop?

A. Selection

B. Codification

C. elaboration of purposes

D. acceptance

90)Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE of the first diaspora?

A. It involved the migration of English speakers.

B. English was transported to the New World.

C. The destinations of the English speakers were mainly North America, Australia,
and New Zealand.

D. There was little change between the English varieties of the early colonizers and
those of modern North America.

91)English-based creoles in the Southern parts of America and the Caribbean ________.
 A. were developed right after slave trade began.

B. were spoken by the next generation of the slaves.

C. were also the pidgins developed among the slaves and between them and their
captors.

D. had nothing to do with English.

92)Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE of the second diaspora?

A. It took place at various points during the 18th and 19th centuries.

B. It involved the colonization of Asia and Africa.

C. Most of the Englishes developed in the second diaspora function as ESL

nowadays.

D. The second diaspora was the consequence of the first diaspora.

93)The standardization of a language involves ________.

A. the spread of the language around the world.

B. the development of grammars, spelling books, dictionaries.

C. choosing a style and register in which the language is spoken typically.

D. choosing a social class to speak the language.

94)Which of the following is NOT TRUE of standard language ideology?

A. Standard language is the norm.

B. Standard language is the optimum for educational purposes.

C. Standard language is a prestige variety.

D. Standard language is chosen based primarily on linguistic criteria.

95)Sociolinguistics is most appropriately defined as which of these?

A. The study of human behavior

B. The scientific study of vocal sounds

C. The study of animal vocalizations

D. The scientific study of language usage

96)The linguistic term "code-switching" refers to which of the following?

A. Using a secret or exclusive language in certain circumstances

B. The use of jargon within a language

C. A speaker's use of more than one language, dialect or register in an utterance or

interaction

D. A type of cryptology

97)A person who speaks three languages fluently is most properly referred to by which
of these terms?

A. Magnalingual

B. Bilingual

C. Extralingual

D. Multilingual

98)Which of the following would NOT be considered a part of sociolinguistics?

A. The study of the sounds in spoken language

B. The general perception of a dialect within a society

C. The study of the attitudes of people towards certain speech characteristics

D. The study of socioeconomic and/or political power factors and their influence on
language change.

99)Which of the following languages was not widely spread as a result of colonialism?

A. French

B. Swedish

C. English

D. Spanish

100) To what does the term "lingua franca" refer?

A. A dialect spoken in the Franconian region of Germany
B. Speaking French
C. A shared language primarily used for business, education or political reasons.
D. Speaking bluntly or directly

101) "Pidgin" most closely refers to:

 A. An extinct Native American language

B. A language group in central Africa

C. People who speak multiple dialects

D. A rudimentary language used primarily for business/trade interactions

102) A lot of relevant information on language planning can be

………………..library and archive materials, or from more free-form discussions
with members of the communities being studied.

A. gleaned from

C. borrowed from

B. provided from

D. received from

103) A major challenge that sociolinguists face is that a lot of the time speakers are
completely unaware of the ways in which language is used differently
…………………….. A. in different contexts

C. in different relationships

B. in different institutions

D. in various situations

104) Part of having power is having the ability ………………………….as a, or

the, prestigious dialect, that is, a standard language.

A. to maintain your way of speaking from others

B. to impose your way of speaking on others

C. to change your way of speaking as others

D. to take back your way of speaking from others

105) Regional dialects refer to distinctive pronunciation patterns of a language

spoken in a particular area.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

106) A dialect that the standard variety of a language is based on can exert strong
influence over all other dialects of that language.
 A. Đúng

B. Sai

107) From……………………. point of view: none of the varieties of a language is

inherently “better” than any other. They are simply different.

108) In the US, there are two ways of address a group of two or more people.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

109) Which of the following dimensions is NOT of language variation?

A. social variation

B. temporal variation

C. regional variation

D. spatial variation

110) The term 'accent' is a synonym for the following term:

A. Standard variety

B. Social dialect

C. There is no synonym for the term 'accent'.

D. Phonological dialect

111) The standard variety of a language and other varieties related to that standard
are equal in terms of power and prestige.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

112) When multiple isoglosses coincide, they form the dialect boundary.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

113) From……………………………………. point of view: some varieties are

more prestigious. The variety that develops as the standard language has usually been
one socially prestigious dialect, originally associated with a center of economic and
political power.
114) A dialect can be considered as a _____ variety of a language while the
language name of that language is the _____ term.

A. non-prestige/subordinate

B. subordinate/superordinate

C. subordinate/prestigious

115) These two sentences: “You don’t know what you’re talking about'' and “Ye
dinnae ken whit yer haverin’ aboot'' have the same…………………….

116) People from different regions of the US pronounce the vowel sound
in cot and caught differently. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai

117) The continuum view of dialect landscape theorizes that there are clear cut
borders between dialect areas. 

A. Đúng

B. Sai

118) ______ is a term used to describe attempts made to map the distributions of
various linguistic features.

A. Dialect geography

B. Isogloss

C. Dialect boundary

119) dense social network

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

120) language crossing

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

121) speech community

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
122) multiplex social network
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

123) genre
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

124) register
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

125)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

126) perceptual dialectology

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

127) community of practice

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

128) hegemonic ideology

…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

129) Which of the following scenarios cannot be regarded as an example of a

community of practice?

A. The national union of mineworkers

B. A group of children playing at a playground

C. An association of acupuncturists discussing new therapeutic techniques and the

associated benefits and risks

130) What is special about Labov’s definition of speech community?

A. His definition emphasizes the actual uniformity in the way of speaking by

speakers in a certain area.

B. His definition emphasizes the critical role of shared community membership in

forming a speech community.

C. His definition emphasizes the uniformity in ascribing certain social meanings to

particular ways of speaking.
131) Which of the following statements is true of a speech community?

A. There cannot exist more than one language in a recognizable single speech
community

B. A real speech community is a completely homogeneous one.

C. Members in a speech community can also belong to other groups and may not
meet face-to-face.

132) The distinction between What do you intend to do, your majesty? and Waddya

intend doin’, Rex? is that of ____.

A. genre

B. Style

C. Register

133) Which of the following statements is not true of social identity?

A. It is constructed through a variety of linguistic means.

B. It is rooted in social interactions.

C. It is the source of linguistic practice.

134) What is the other name for RP (Received Pronunciation)?

A. Queen's English

B. Oxford English

C. BBC English

D. All is correct

135) Which is Not correct about speech communities?

A. It is impossible for speakers to share certain norms for language when they do not
share linguisitc systems.

B. The groups may be of various sizes and formed for various purposes.

C. There are different levels speech communities which correspond to different

types of social groups.

136) When people modify the way they speak, they are drawing on their.................

A. Sociolinguistic knowledge
 B. Plan of speaking

C. Reason to explain

137) Using shared norms to define a speech............. community is NOT practical

because...............

A. Values of particular ways of speaking are not always clear

B. Norms are too diverse to be observed

C. Speakers may belong to different social and cultural groups

138) Which of the following denotes a gradual change of a language from region to
region?

A. Dialect boundary

B. Dialect continuum

C. Dialect geography

139) The statement "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy' shows
that______.

A. A language includes all of its dialects

B. A language is more powerful than any of its dialects

C. A langugage is the origin of its dialects

140) Which one is NOT a characteristic of identity?

A. Identity may be constructed through a variety of linguistic means.

B. Identity is something you have, not something you do

C. Speakers' identities must be continually reconstructed and may be redefined

through discourse; they do not exitst outside of dicourse

141) One of the functions of standardization is to_______.

A. Reduce the power distance between speakers of the language and those of its
dialects

B. Unify individuals and groups within a larger community

C. Gradually remove other non-standard varieties

142) What are the official languages in Singapore?

 A. Chinese, Malay

B. English, Chinese

C. English, Chinese, Malay

143) Which word is American English?

A. Elevator

B. Trainers

C. Flat

D. Petrol

144) Which of the following converns the level of formality in speaking?

A. Genre

B. Register

C. Style

145) _________ is the stydy of sound patterns and their meanings, within and
across langugages.

A. Phonology

B. Phonetics

C. Semantics

146) According to sociolinguists, which of the following is true?

A. A language is the standard variety

B. A standard variety is also a dialect

C. Dialects are non-standard and subordinate

147) What is the name of the first English dictionaty to be widely regarded as the
standard of the English language?

A. "Dictionary of Samuel Jonson"

B. ''The Standard English Language Dictionary"

C. "Dictionary of the English Language"

148) We use ____ as a genaral term for a way of speaking (ex: standard English,
lower-class New York City speech, cocltail party talk, etc.)

A. Variety

B. Dialect

C. Register

149) Jane and Mary are classmates and both of them have Jack as a mutual friend.
They often hang out togheter. Which type of social network are Jane, Mary and Jack
involved in?

A. A complex social network

B. A dense social network

C. A loose social network

150) _______ is used to refer either to a single linguistics norm or to group of

related norms.

A. Variety

B. Language

C. Dialect

151) Which one is NOT an example of solidarity?

A. The modernization of Hebrew

B. Parisian French

C. Persistence of local dialects

152) A dialect is a__________ variety of a language.

The language name (i.e., English or German) is the ________ term.

A. Subordinate/ synonymous

B. Superordinate/ subordinate

C. Subordinate/ superorditante

153) _________ is the idea that people can be placed into fixed social categories
and that all members we assign to a category share certain traits which we see as the
essence of this category.
 A. Essentialism

B. Stereotype

C. Generalization

154) You are also said to be involved in a ______ social network if the people
within it are tied together in more than one way, that is, not just through work but
aslo through other social activities.

A. Dense

B. Multuplex

C. Loose

155) Everyone can modify the way they speak depending on_________

A. Where they are or when the event is

B. Who they are with or what the situation is

C. What they say and why they say it

156) What are the official languages in India?

A. English, Hindu

B. English, Indian

C. English, Hindi

D. There is no official language in India.

157) Which of the following is NOT a dead language?

A. Latin

B. Greek

C. Biblical Hebrew

D. Sanskrit

158) According to the criterion of mutual intelligibity, if speakers can understand

each other, they are speaking dialects of the same language; if they cannot, they are
speaking ______

A. Different languages
 B. Vernacular languages

C. Slang languages

159) Speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese condider themselves speakers of _____

A. Different languages

B. Diffrerent accents

C. Different dialects of the same language

160) Linguistics use the term 'vernacualar' to refer to the_____ in ordinary,

commonplace, social interactions.

A. Language a person strucggles for and uses in private life

B. Language a person grows up with and uses in eveyday life

C. Dialect a person grows up with and uses in communal life

161) Which of the following is NOT an example of a social dialect?

A. Bostion dialect

B. African American dialect

C. British 'public-school' diaclect

162) Trudgill's (1995) definition of Standard English as the variety usually used in
print, normally taught in schools, learned be non-native speakers, spoken be educated
people and used in news broadcasts primarily focussed on _____.

A. How it is used

B. How it is developed

C. What linguistic features it possesses

163) Which sentence is NOT corect about the field of socialinguistics?

A. Socialinguistic questions are linguistic questions. (e.g. the different forms of

language, what it looks like, how it is structured, etc.)

B. Socialinguistic is the study of the social element of language, and how it forms
part of our identity.

164) The term can used to describe differences in speech associated with various
social groups or classes.
 ………………………………………..

165) The term used to describe attempts made to map the distributions of various
linguistic features so as to show their geographical provenance.

………………………………………..

166) Sometimes maps are drawn to show actual boudaries around such variables,
so as to distinguish an area in wich a certain feature is found from areas in which it is
absent. Such boundaries are called………………………..

167) The process be which a language has been codified in some way

……………………………….

168) An aggregate of people who come toghether around mutual engagements in

some common endeavor

………………………………………..

169) Code alternation be people who are not accepted members of the group
ascociated with the second language that they are using (code swithching into
varieties that are not generally throught to belong to them)

……………………………………………………….

170) A spectrum of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such
that neighboring varieties differ only slightly.

……………………………………………………..

171) A set of co-occurring language fearures associated with particular frames/ text
types.

……………………………………..

172) A set of language items associated with discrete occupational or social groups.

……………………………………..

173) Some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities: one has more of
something that is important, for example, status, money, infuence, and so on, than the
other or others.

……………………………………..

174) Monophthongization is a distinguishing feature of Chicano English

A. Đúng
 B. Sai

175) What is a rhotic accent?

A. A variety with realization of the post-voalic /r/

B. A variety without the realization of the post-vocalic /r/

C. A variety with variations on the phonological and lexical level

D. A regional variety

176) There is certain linguistic variaton in the specch of African Americans.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

177) Which one of these is NOT a dialect of North American English?

A. Southern States American English

B. African American English (AAE)

C. Canadian English

D. Received pronunciation (RP)

178) R-lessness is the main feature of Estuary English.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

179) Which varieties of English are spoken in England?

A. Northeastern English, Cokney English, and Scouse

B. Geordie, Canadian English, and Scouse

C. RP, Cockney English, and Estuary English

D. Scouse, Scottish English, and Estuary English

180) A form of English sometimes reffered to as Yiddish English, historically

associcated with speakers of Eastern European Jewish ancestry. This is the best
example of………………

A. Regional dialect
 B. Ethnic dialect

C. Social dialect

181) In which accent does its speaker often pronounce get out of it as [ge?a?evi?]?

A. AAVE

B. Cockney

C. Estuary English

182) Social dialect is the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a

specific socioeconomic class, such as the working-class dialects in England.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

183) In which variety of English does its speaker often say This ain't never going
nowhere?

A. SAE

B. Chicano English

C. AAVE

184) Glotal stop /t/ sound which is originally a prominent feature of Estuary
English is now spreading to other varieties.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

185) Received Pronunciation is widely spoken across the British Isles.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

186) In which variety of English does its speaker often say I'mma gonna buy it?

A. Cockney

B. Chicano English

C. AAVE

187) Many speakers of American English pronounce pin and pen identically.
 A. Đúng

B. Sai

188) Regional phonological or phonetic distinctions are often referrend to as

different………….

A. Accents

B. Varieties

C. Dialects

189) RP is not………….

A. Old English

B. Queen's English

C. BCC English

D. Oxford English

190) Dialectology is……………..

A. … independent of regional and social factors.

B. … a method to define the invarriance of langugages.

C. … a branch of computational linguistics.

D. … the scientific study of linguistic dialects.

191) In the Cockney area, the intital /h/ sound as in house is regularly dropped.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

192) The standard language is actually an idealized variety, since it has some
specific region.

A. Đúng

B. Sai

1.A group must have at least two members but there is an upper limit to group membership.

A. True
 B. False

2. All dialects are deviations from the standard,which represents the correct form
ofalanguage.

A. True
B. False

3. There are socially favored as well as socially disfavored dialects.

A. True
B. False

4. Over large distances the dialects at each end of the continuum may well be _____

although speakers can easily understand people in neighboring areas.

A. codified
B. mutual unintelligible
C. selective

5. Crystal(1995)defined the Standard English of an English speaking country as a minority

variety, identified chiefly by its vocabulary, grammar and orthography, which carries most
prestige and is most widely understood.

A. True
B. False

6. The ________ is a commonly cited criterion used to determine whether two varieties are

dialects of the same language or distinct languages,

A. mutual intelligibility
B. repertoire
C. dialect continuum

7. Everyone can modify the way they speak depending on who they are with or what the
_____ is. When they do this, they are drawing on their sociolinguistic knowledge.

A. situation
B. interlocutor
C. opportunity
8. Those who argue "There are correct and incorrect ways of using the language, determined
by rules" are said to have ____ attitudes to language.

A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. code switching

9. The standard variety has been chosen to serve as either the model or the _____ for other
varieties.

A. formular
B. norm
C. Mutuality

10. The term "_____" refers to the language a person grows up with and uses in everyday
life

in ordinary, commonplace, social interactions.

A. Pidgin
B. Vernacular
C. Creole

11. While others may have more subtle or less noticeable accents,still,every language user
speaks

with an accent.[

False

11