CONTENT
01  AMPLITUDE MODULATION ..................................................... 2 

 02  ANGLE MODULATION ........................................................... 22 

03  SHIFT KEYING........................................................................ 29 

04  PCM (PULSE CODED MODULATION ....................................... 34 

05  PAM/PWM ........................................................................... 39 

06  MULTIPLEXING ..................................................................... 41 

07  INFORMATION THEORY ........................................................ 45 

08  DELTA MODULATION ............................................................ 51 

09  MISCELLANEOUS DIGITAL ..................................................... 53 

10  GSM/CDMA/BCM ................................................................. 66 

11  MISCELLANEOUS .................................................................. 72 

12  RANDOM SIGNALS AND NOISE ............................................. 75 

 01
Amplitude Modulation
A0.45to0.55 [GATE – EC – 2014] AD [IES – EC - 1991]
1. Consider sinusoidal modulation in an AM system. 7. A block diagram for a super heterodyne receiver
Assuming no over modulation, the modulation for AM signal is shown in the figure.
index (  ) when the maximum and minimum
values of the envelope, respectively, are 3 V and
1 V, is ---------.
AA [IES-EC-2013]
2. What is the ratio of modulating power to the total
power at 100% AM modulation ?
(A) 1:3 (B) 1:2
(C) 2:3 (D) 1:4
AC [IES-EC-2013]
3. A bandwidth of 10 kHz is required for AM
system. If the lowest frequency component in the Match the following
modulated signal is 555 kHz, carrier frequency in Column – I
kHz is :
A. Block A
(A) 525 (B) 550
B. Block B
(C) 560 (D) 565
C. Block C
AB [IES-EC-2013]
4. An AM signal with a carrier of 1 kW has 200 W D. Block D
in each side band. The percentage of modulation Column – II
is : 1. Local oscillator
(A) 20% (B) 89.4% 2. AF amplifier
(C) 49.7% (D) 40% 3. IF amplifier
AA [IES – EC - 1996] 4. RF amplifier.
5. In a low level modulation AM system, the Codes :
amplifiers following the modulated stage can be
A B C D
(A) Liner amplifier
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) Harmonic generators
(B) 2 4 1 3
(C) Class C power amplifier
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) Class B unturned amplifier
(D) 4 3 2 1
AA [IES – EC - 2001]
6. For an AM wave, the maximum voltage was A350 [GATE – EC1 – 2015]
found to be 10 V and the minimum voltage was 8. In the system shown in Figure (A), m(t) is a low-
found to be 5 V. The modulation index of the pass signal with bandwidth W Hz. The frequency
wave would be : response of the band-pass filter H(f) is shown in
Figure (B).If it is desired that the output signal
(A) 0.33 (B) 0.52
z(t) = 10x(t), the maximum value of W (in Hz)
(C) 0.40 (D) 0.1 should be strictly less than ________

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 AD [IES-EC-2014]
10. If a 400-watt carrier is amplitude modulated to a
depth of 75 percent, what is the total power in the
modulated wave ?
(A) 517.5 W (B) 463.3 W
(C) 448.5 W (D) 512.5 W
AB [IES-EC-2014]
AA [GATE - EC - 2007] 11. What will be the total modulation index if a wave
9. In the following scheme, if the spectrum M(f) of is amplitude modulated by three sine waves with
m(t) is as shown, then the spectrum Y(t) of y(t) modulation indices of 25%, 50% and 75% ?
will be : (A) M t  1.5 (B) M t  0.93
(C) M t  1.22 (D) M t  1

AC [IES-EC-2013]
12. An audio signal, 15 sin (2π 1500t) amplitude
modulates 60sin (2π103t). The modulation index
will be
(A) 20% (B) 50%
(C) 25% (D) 100%
AA [GATE - IN - 2004]
13. Due to an amplitude modulation by a sine wave,
if the total current in the antenna increase from
4A to 4.8 A the depth of modulation in
percentage is
(A) 93.8 (B) 80.1
(C) 90.1 (D) 20.2
AA [GATE - EC - 2008]
14. Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signal
(A) Ac cos c t  2 cos mt cos c t. For
demodulating the signal using envelope detector,
he minimum value of Ac should be
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 0.5 (D) 0

(B) AA [IES – EC - 2007]

15. Why does an FM radio station perform better than
an AM station radiating the same total power?
(A) FM is immune to noise
(B) AM has only two sidebands while FM has
more
(C) FM uses larger bandwidth for large
(C) modulation depth
(D) Capture effect appears in FM
AC [GATE - EC - 2010]
16. Suppose that the modulating signal is m(t) =
2 cos(2f mt ) and the carrier signal is
xc (t )  Ac cos(2f ct ).
Which one of the
(D) following is a conventional AM signal without
over – modulation?
(A) x (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2f c t )
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(B) x(t )  Ac [1  m(t )]cos(2f c t ) (C) Cuts off an IF amplifier when the AGC is
maximum
(C) x ( t )  Ac cos(2  f c t )  Ac m (t ) cos(2  f c t ) (D) Cuts off an IF amplifier when the AGC is
4 minimum
(D) x(t )  Ac cos(2f mt ) cos(2f c t ) AA [IES-EC-2014]
23. In flat-top sampling a hold circuit is sometimes
 Ac sin(2f mt ) cos(2f c t )
required. This hold circuit can be designed as a
AC [IES – EC - 1993] sampler followed by
17. Which one of the following statement regarding (A) A shunt capacitor
the following signal x (t) = 5 sin ( 2  10 3 t ) sin (B) An envelope detector
( 2  10 6 t ) is incorrect? (C) Parallel RC circuit
(A) The upper side band frequency is 1001000 (D) A series resistance along with parallel RC
circuit in shunt
(B) The lower side band frequency is 999000
(C) The carrier amplitude is 5 AB [IES – EC - 1993]
24. The envelope detector is a/an
(D) x (t) is a DSB – SC signal
(A) Synchronous detector
AC [GATE - EC - 2005] (B) Asynchronous detector
18. Which of the following analog modulation
(C) Product demodulator
scheme requires the minimum transmitted power
and minimum channel bandwidth? (D) Coherent detector
(A) VSB (B) DSB – SC AD [IES – EC - 1996]
25. The choice of the product RC is an envelope
(C) SSB (D) AM
detector using a diode and an R- C circuit is
AB [IES-EC-2013] government by
19. Determine the bandwidth occupied by a
(A) Both the lowest and the highest modulation
sinusoidal frequency modulated carrier for which
frequencies
the modulation index is 2.4
(B) Only the depth of modulation
(A) 4.8 fm (B) 6.8 fm
(C) 2.4 fm (D) 3.8 fm (C) The depth of modulation and the lowest
modulation frequency
AD [IES – EC - 1991]
(D) The depth of modulation and the highest
20. In case a signal band limited to fm is sampled at a
modulation frequency.
rate less than 2 fm the constructed signal will be
(A) Distortion less AB [IES – EC - 1997]
(B) Small in amplitude 26. A super heterodyne receiver has an IF of 465 kHz
. If it is tuned to station broadcasting at 500 kHz
(C) Having higher frequencies suppressed. and its oscillator is operating at 965 kHz. Then
(D) Distorted. the 1430 KHz frequency would be the
AD [IES – EC - 1992] (A) Adjacent channel frequency
21. In broadcast television, the number of scanning (B) Image frequency
per frame is chosen to be an odd number to
(C) Gyro frequency
(A) Reduce the required bandwidth
(D) Maximum usable frequency
(B) Improve the picture resolution
(C) Reduce peak power requirement AA [IES – EC - 1992]
27. A carrier is simultaneously modulated by two
(D) Make interlacing easier. sine waves with modulation indices of 0.3 and
0.4. if the modulated power is 10 kW, what is the
AA [IES – EC - 1992]
total modulated power.
22. The typical squelch circuit.
(A) 11.25 kW (B) 10 kW
(A) Cuts off an audio – amplifier when the carrier
is absent (C) 10.125 kW (D) 10.5 Kw
(B) Eliminates the RF interference when the AD [IES – EC - 1998]
signal is weak
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28. Match List – I and List – II and select the correct
answer using the CODES given below the Lists.
List – I
A. Frequency modulation
B. Double sideband suppressed signal carrier
C. PCM
D. Amplitude modulation
Pm cos  Pm
(A) (B)
List – II 2 4
1. Envelope detection Pm sin 2  Pm cos 2 
(C) (D)
2. Commanding 4 4
3. Balanced modulator AB [GATE - EC - 2004]
4. Pre – emphasis and de – emphasis 33. Consider a system shown in fig. Let X(f) and Y(f)
denote the Fourier transforms of x(t) and y(t)
Codes : respectively. The ideal HPF has the cut-off
frequency 10 KHZ.
A B C D
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 4 3 1 2
(D) 4 3 2 1
AD [GATE - EC - 1998]
29. The image channel selectivity of super
heterodyne receiver depends upon
(A) IF amplifiers only
(B) RF and IF amplifiers only
(C) Preselector, RF and IF amplifiers
The positive frequencies where Y(f) has spectral
(D) Preselector and RF amplifiers only peaks are
AD [GATE - EC - 1999] (A) 1 KHZ and 24 KHZ
30. A modulated signal is given by, (B) 2KHZ and 24KHZ
s(t )  m1 (t ) cos(2f ct )  m2 (t )sin(2f ct ) where
(C) 1 KHZ and 14 KHZ
the baseband signal m1 (t ) and m2 (t ) have
(D) 2 KHZ and 14 KHZ
bandwidths of 10 KHz and 15 KHz, respectively.
The bandwidth of the modulated signal, in KHz, AC[IES – EC - 1999]
is 34. In a super heterodyne recover, the IF is 455 kHz,
if it is tuned to 1200 kHz, the image frequency
(A) 10 (B) 15
will be.
(C) 25 (D) 30
(A) 1655 kHz (B) 745 kHz
AA [GATE - EC - 1987]
(C) 2110 kHz (D) 910 kHz
31. In a super heterodyne AM receiver, the image
channel selectivity is determined by: AA[IES – EC - 1999]
(A) the preselector and RF stages 35. Assertion (A): Square law detectors are not
particular satisfactory for the detection of
(B) The preselector, RF and IF stages
modulated signals.
(C) The IF stages
Reason (R) : With square law detector harmonic
(D) all the stages distortion of as high as 25% occurs for a
AD [GATE - EC - 2000] completely modulated signal
32. A message m(t) bandlimited to the frequency (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
f m has a power of Pm . The power of the output explanation of A
signal in the figure is :

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(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct 0.30sin9000t ]cos(6 10 t ) 6

explanation of A
What are the sidebands of the signals in radians?
(C) A is true but R is false
(A) 5  103 and 9  103
(D) A is false but R is true.
(B) 5.991  6 ,5.995  10 6 , 6.005  10 6 and
AC [IES – EC - 2003] 6.009  106
36. Consider the following
(C) 4  10 3 ,1.4  10 4
1. Pulse-position modulation
(D) 1  10 6 ,1.1  10 7 ,3  10 6 , and 1.5  107
2. Pulse-code modulation
3. Pulse-width modulation AA [IES – EC - 2001]
40. A signal x(t) = 6 cos 10 t is sampled at te rate of
Which of these communications are not digital ? 14 Hz. To recover the original signal, the cut –
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3 off frequency fc of the ideal low – pass filter
should be
(C) 1 and 3 (D) 1, 2 and 3
(A) 5Hz  fe  9Hz (B) 9HZ
AA [IES – EC – 2000]
37. Match List – I (Operations) with List – II (C) 10 Hz (D) 14 HZ
(Functions) and select the correct answer using
the CODES given below the list AC [GATE - EC - 1990]
41. In commercial TV transmission in India, picture
List – I and speech signals are modulated respectively as:
A. Companding (Picture) (Speech)
B. Squelch (A) VSB and VSB
C. Premphasis (B) VSB and SSB
(C) VSB and FM
D. Double conversion. (D) FM and VSB
List – II
AA [IES – EC - 1996]
1. Improving image rejection 42. Double spotting in super heterodyne receivers is
2. Variation of stop rise in quantization caused by
3. Muting the receiver (A) Poor front – end rejection
4. Boosting of higher modulating frequencies at (B) Misalignment of receiver
the transmitter (C) Detuning of one or more IF stages
Codes : (D) Non – functioning of AGC
A B C D
AA [IES – EC - 1997]
(A) 2 3 4 1 43. Which of the following pairs are correctly
(B) 2 1 4 3 matched?
(C) 4 3 2 1 1. Multiplexed telegraph.......... FM
(D) 4 1 2 3 2. Medium wave radio propagation....... AM
AB [IES – EC - 2007] 3. Television................. VSB
38. FM broadcast standards specify a maximum 4. Short – wave .......... radio propagation......
deviation of frequency to be equal to 75 kHz. AM
What is the modulation index for FM wave ?
Select the correct answer using the CODES given
(A) 1/5 (B) 5 below
(C) 60 (D) 1125 Codes :
AB [IES – EC - 2004] (A) 2, 3 and 4 (B) 2 and 3
39. In a broadcast transmitter, the RF output is (C) 1, 2 and 3 (D) 1 and 4
represented as
e(t )  50[1  0.89cos5000t AA [IES-EC-2014]
44. As compared to A-law compander, the  -law
compander produces
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(A) More companding at low amplitudes (A) It is more noise immune than other
modulation systems
(B) More companding at high amplitudes
(B) Compared with other systems it requires less
(C) Less companding at low amplitudes transmitting power
(D) Less companding at high amplitudes (C) Its use avoids receiver complexity
(D) No other modulation system can provide the
AB [GATE - EC - 1992] necessary BW for high fidelity
45. The maximum power efficiency of an AM
modulator is AC [IES – EC - 1991]
50. For a signal amplitude modulated to a depth of
(A) 25% (B) 50% 100% by a sinusoidal signal, the power is …….
(C) 33% (D) 100% as the power of un modulated carrier ?
Common Data for the Next Two Questions : (A) same (B) 2 times
Consider the following Amplitude Modulated (AM) (C) 1.5 times (D) twice
signal, where f m  B
AB [GATE - IN - 1998]
X AM  t   10 1  0.5sin 2f m t  cos 2f c t 51. For an amplitude modulated signal with carrier
power 500 W and modulation index 0.75, the
AC [GATE - EC - 2006] total power is,
46. The average side-band power for the AM signal
(A) 540.5 W (B) 640.5 W
given above is
(C) 440.5 W (D) 740.5 W
(A) 25 (B) 12.5
AA [IES – EC - 2012]
(C) 6.25 (D) 3.125
52. An amplitude
modulated signal is
AB [GATE - EC - 2006] [ A  0.5 ACosmt ] ct where m and c are
47. The AM signal gets added to a noise with Power respectively.
Spectral Density S n (f) given in the figure below.
Modulating and carrier frequencies, the power
The ratio of average sideband power to mean efficiency is
noise power would be:
(A) 11.11% (B) 0.25%
(C) 4.32% (D) 50%
AA [IES – EC - 1999]
53. An arbitrary signal m(t) has zero average value
and it is band limited to 3.2 kHz. It is sampled at
the rate of 8k sample/s. The samples are passed
through an idea band pass filter with center
frequency of 32 kHz and bandwidth of 6.4 kHz.
The output of the band – pass filter is
25 25 (A) AM – DSB signal with suppressed carrier
(A) (B)
8N 0 B 4N 0 B (B) AM – DSB single with carrier
25 25 (C) AM – SSB signal with carrier
(C) (D)
2N 0 B N0 B (D) A sequence of exponentially decaying sine
waves
AB [IES – EC - 2001]
48. If the radiated power of AM transmitter is 10 kW, AB [IES – EC - 2000]
the power in the carrier for modulation index of 54. Which one of the following statements regarding
0.6 is nearly the threshold effect in demodulators is correct?
(A) 8.24 kW (B) 8.47 kW (A) It is exhibited by all demodulators when the
input signal to noise ratio is low
(C) 9.26 kW (D) 9.6 kW
(B) It is the rapid fall in output signal to noise
AC [IES-EC-2014] ratio when the input signal to noise ratio falls
49. Amplitude modulation is used broadcasting below a particular value
because
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(C) It is the property exhibited by all AM (C) increased by 50% (D) quadrupled
suppressed carrier coherent demodulators
AD [IES – EC - 2006]
(D) It is the property exhibited by correlation 60. Which one of the following blocks is not
receivers. common in both AM and FM receivers?
AB [IES – EC - 2010] (A) RF amplifier
55. Assertion (A):
(B) Mixer
In amplitude modulation systems the value of
modulation index should be around 1. (C) If amplifier
Reason (R) : (D) Slope detector
The power carried in the intelligence carrying AA [IES – EC - 2006]
sidebands increases with the modulation index. 61. A signal contains components at 400 Hz and
(A) Both A and R is true and R is correct 2400 Hz. This signal modulates a carrier of
explanation of A frequency 100 MHz. However, after
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct demodulation it is found that the 400 Hz signal
explanation of A component is present. The channel BW is 15
kHz. What is the reason for the higher frequency
(C) A is true but R is false signal not to be detected properly?
(D) A is false bur R is true.
(1) Modulation used is FM and BW is
AC [GATE - EC - 2000] insufficient
56. The amplitude modulated wave form s(t) = (2) Modulation used is AM and BW is
Ac [1  K a m(t )]cos ct is fed to an ideal insufficient
envelope detector. The maximum magnitude of (3) Modulation used is FM but pre-emphasis is
K a m(t ) is greater than 1. Which of the following not used
could be the detector output?
(4) Modulation used is AM but detector is for
(A) Ac m (t ) FM
(B) Ac2 [1  K a m (t )]2 AC [IES – EC - 2007]
62. The modulation index of an AM is changed from
(C)  Ac 1  ka m  t   0 to 1. How does the transmitted power change?
2
(D) Ac 1  K a m(t ) (A) Gets halved
(B) Gets doubled
AC [GATE - EC - 2002]
57. A 1 MHz sinusoidal carrier is amplitude (C) Gets increased by 50 percent
modulated by a symmetrical square wave of (D) Remains unchanged
period 100  sec . Which of the following
frequencies will NOT be present in the modulated AB [GATE - EC - 2004]
signal? 63. An AM signal is detected using an envelope
detector. The carrier frequency and modulating
(A) 990 KHz (B) 1010 KHz signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 KHz
(C) 1020 KHz (D) 1030 KHz respectively. An appropriate value for the time
constant of the envelope detector is
AA [IES – EC - 2001]
58. In a low – level AM system, the amplifier which (A) 500  sec (B) 20  sec
follows the modulated stage must be the
(C) 0.2  sec (D) 1  sec
(A) Linear device
AC [GATE - EC - 1989]
(B) Harmonic device
64. Which of the following schemes suffer(s) from
(C) Class – C amplifier the threshold effect?
(D) Non – linear device (A) AM detection using envelope detection
AC [IES – EC - 2003] (B) AM detection using synchronous detection
59. The modulation index of an AM wave is changed (C) FM detection using a discriminator
from 0 to 1. The transmitted power is :
(D) SSB detection with synchronous detection
(A) unchanged (B) halved
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AA [GATE-EC-2000] (A) DSB – SC signal
65. The Hilbert transform of cos 1 t  sin 2 t is (B) FM signal

(A) sin 1 t  cos 2 t (C) PM signal

(D) PAM signal
(B) sin 1 t  cos 2 t
AB [GATE - EC - 1998]
(C) cos 1t  sin 2 t 71. A DSB-SC signal is generated using the carrier
(D) sin 1t  sin 2 t cos (c t   ) and modulating signal x(t). The
envelope of the DSB-SC signal is
AB [GATE - EC - 2011]
66. A message signal (A) x(t)
m  t   cos 2000t 4cos 4000t modulates the (B) | x (t ) |
carrier c  t   cos 2f c t where f c =1 MHz to (C) only positive portion of x(t)
produce an AM signal. For demodulating the (D) x (t ) cos 
generated AM signal using an envelope detector,
the time constant RC of the detector circuit AC [GATE - EC - 2003]
should satisfy 72. A DSB-SC signal is to be generated with a carrier
(A) 0.5ms  RC  1ms frequency f c  1 MHz using a non-linear devices
with the input-output characteristic
(B) 1s  RC  0.5ms
v0  a0 vi  a1vi3
(C) RC  1s
Where a 0 and a1 are constants. The output of the
(D) RC  0.5ms
non-linear devices can be filtered by an
AD [GATE - EC - 2003] appropriate band-pass filter
67. c(t) and m(t) are used to generate an AM signal.
Let vi  Aci cos(2 f ci t )  m (t ) where m(t) is the
The modulation index of the generated AM signal
Total sideband power message signal. Then the value of ' f ci ' (in MHz)
is 0.5. Then the quantity
Carrier power is
is : (A) 1.0 (B) 0.333
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4 (C) 0.5 (D) 3.0
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/8 A3.95 to 4.05 [GATE – EC - 2014]
AC [IES – EC - 1992] 73. In a double side-band(DSB) full carrier AM
68. The saving in power in the DSBSC system transmission system, if the modulation index is
modulated at 80% is doubled, then the ratio of total sideband power to
the carrier power increases by a factor of
(A) Nil (B) 80% ________.
(C) 75.76% (D) 50% AA [GATE - EC - 2002]
AD [IES – EC - 2007] 74. The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal
69. On modulating a carrier of frequency fc by an pulse noise. The noise at the detector output is
audio signal f s the following components have (A) the in-phase component
resulted:
(B) the quadrature component
f c , f c  f s and f c  f s
(C) zero
What is this type of modulation likely to be?
(A) Amplitude modulation DSB (D) the envelope
(B) Single sideband modulation AA [IES – EC - 2002]
(C) Frequency modulation only 75. Assertion(A) :
(D) Amplitude modulation or frequency SSB transmission is not appropriate for
modulation rectangular pulse transmission.
Reason(R) :
AA [IES – EC - 2009]
70. A balanced modulator is used in the generation of
which of the following?
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Whenever SSB modulating signal has abrupt A59.9to60.1 [GATE – EC – 2014]
transitions, the resulting envelope A(t) gives rise 80. In the figure, M (f) is the Fourier transform of the
to envelope horns. message signal m (t) where A = 100 Hz and B =
(A) Both A and R is true and R is correct 40 Hz. Given v (t) = cos (2  fct) and w (t) = cos
explanation of A (2  (fc + A)t), where fc > A. The cutoff
frequencies of both the filters are fc.
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false bur R is true.
AB [IES – EC - 2003]
76. Consider the following:
1. Filter system
2. Phase-shift method
3. Third method
4. Balanced modulator
Which of these can be used to remove unwanted
sidebands in SSB? The bandwidth of the signal at the output of the
(A) 1, 2 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 3 modulator (in Hz) is -------.
(C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 3 and 4 AC [GATE – EC1 – 2015]
81. Consider the signal
AC [IES – EC - 2003]
77. In an SSB transmitter one is most likely to find s(t)  m(t)cos (2 f c t)  m(t)
ˆ sin(2fc t) where
(A) Class-C audio amplifier
m̂(t) denotes the Hilbert transform of m(t) and
(B) Tuned modulator band width of m(t) is very small compared to fc .
The signal s(t) is a.
(C) Class-B RF amplifier
(A) High pass signal
(D) Class-AB power amplifier
(B) Low pass signal
AA [GATE – IN – 2001]
78. For a suppressed carrier amplitude modulator (C) Band pass signal
(AM-SC) system, the carrier and the modulating (D) Double side band suppressed carrier signal
inputs are x c  t   cos c t and
AA [GATE – EC2 – 2015]
x m  t   0.5sin m t , respectively. The output of 82. Consider a binary, digital communication system
the system is proportional to which uses pulses g(t) and – g(t) for transmitting
bits over AWGN channel. If the receiver uses a
(A) sin  c  m  t  sin  c  m  t matched filter, which one of the following pulses
will give the minimum probability of bit error ?
(B) sin  c  m  t  cos  c  m  t

(C) 1  0.5sin m t  cos c t

(A)
(D) 1  0.5sin m t  cos c t

AB [GATE - EC - 2006]
79. A message signal with bandwidth 10 kHz is
Lower-Side Band SSB modulated with carrier
frequency fc1  10 Hz. The resulting signal is
6

then passed through a Narrow-Band Frequency

(B)
Modulator with carrier frequency fc 2  10 Hz.
9

The bandwidth of the output would be

(A) 4 10 Hz (B) 2 10 Hz
4 6

(C) 2 10 Hz (D) 2 10 Hz

9 10

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(C) cos 2t  sin t

(D) 2cos 2t  sin t

(C)
AC [GATE - IN - 2008]
88. Consider the
A.M. signal s(t) =
[1  m(t )]cos(2πf ct ). It is given the bandwidth of
the real, low-pass message signal m(t) is 2KHz. If
fc  2MHz, the bandwidth of the band-pass
(D) signal s(t) will be
(A) 2.004 MHz (B) 2MHz
(C) 4 kHz (D) 2kHz
AD [IES-EC-2014]
AA [IES – EC - 1992]
The signal m(t )  sin c(2 10 t ) is frequency
4
83. 89. MODEM stands for
modulated with K = 103 Hz/V. What is the
maximum instantaneous frequency of the (A) Modulator at transmitting side and detector at
modulated signal when carrier frequency is 1 the receiving side.
MHz ? (B) Which deals with analog signals and show
(A) 0.999 MHz (B) 0.998 MHz digital information
(C) 1.002 MHz (D) 1.001 MHz (C) Analog to digital at transmitting side and
digital to analog at a receiving side.
AB [IES – EC - 1991] (D) A device which deals with digital signals
84. If signal frequency is 470 kHz, what will be the only.
frequency of block D when frequency of
incoming signal is 1.15 MHz. AD [IES – EC - 1992]
(A) 1.15 MHz. (B) 1.620 MHz 90. Match List – I with list – II and select the correct
(C) 2.090 MHz (D) 2.09 MHz. answer by using the CODES given below the
lists.
AC [IES – EC - 1991]
List – I List – II
85. For a signal amplitude modulated to a depth of
100% by a sinusoidal signal, the power is ......... A. IF Noise 1. Ganged tuning
as the power of un modulated carrier? B. Image frequency 2. Spurious
response
(A) same (B) 2 times
C. station selector 3. Leaky filter
(C) 1.5 times (D) twice. capacitor
AC [GATE - IN - 2000] D. Excessive hum 4. Mixer stage.
86. A sinusoidal signal of amplitude 2mV and Codes
frequency 5 kHz is buries in Gaussian noise with A B C D
zero mean value. The noise has a uniform power
spectral density of 100 pW/Hz up to a cut-off (A) 3 2 1 4
frequency of 1 MHz. For this system, the signal (B) 1 2 3 4
to noise ratio in dB is
(C) 2 3 1 4
(A) 20 (B) 100
(D) 4 2 1 3
(C) – 20 (D) – 40
AC [IES – EC - 1992]
AA [GATE - IN - 1999] 91. Frequency hogging is used in carrier system is :
87. If frequency modulated system, the carrier and
(A) Conserve frequency
the output signals are xc (t )  cos c t and
(B) Reduce distortion
y (t )  cos(ct  sin 2t  cos t ), respectively.
(C) Reduce cross talk
The modulating input xm (t ) is proportional to
(D) None of the above
(A) 2cos 2t  sin t
AD [IES – EC - 1992]
(B) sin 2t  cos t
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92. A 1000 kHz carrier is simultaneously modulated 97. Consider the following statement
with 300 Hz and 2 kHz audio sine waves. Which 1. The bandwidth of the A.M. wave depends on
of the following frequencies will not be present in the bandwidth of the modulating signal
the output?
2. The bandwidth of the A.M. wave depends on
(A) 998 kHz (B) 999.7 kHz the modulation index.
(C) 1000.3 kHz (B) 700 kHz 3. The bandwidth of the F.M. wave, for all
AD [IES – EC - 1992] practical purpose, depends on the amplitude
93. Assertion (A): Modulation is used to reduce of the carrier
bandwidth Of these statements
Reason (R): Modulation separates differing (A) 1 and 2 are correct
transmission. (B) 1 and 3 are correct
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (C) 2 and 3 are correct
explanation of A
(D) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
correct explanation of A AA [IES – EC - 1994]
98. The loading of telephone lines by inductances at
(C) A is true but R is false uniform intervals is done to
(D) A is false but R is true. (A) Reduce attenuation
AC [IES – EC - 1992] (B) Eliminate high frequencies
94. Assertion (A):
(C) Reduce near end cross talk
Pre – emphasis is used to amplify high
frequencies (D) Reduce far end cross talk

Reason (R): AD [IES – EC - 1995]

99. One of main functions of the RF amplifiers in a
De – emphasis circuit is used de – emphasis low super heterodyne receiver is to
frequency components
(A) Provide improved tracking
(A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct
explanation of A (B) Permit better adjacent channel rejection
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct (C) Increase the tuning range of the receiver
explanation of A (D) Improve the rejection of the image frequency
(C) A is true but R is false AD [IES – EC - 1996]
(D) A is false but R is true 100. Telephone traffic is specified in terms of
AC [IES – EC - 1993] (A) Average waiting time
95. The resolution of a TV picture is determined by (B) Peak waiting time
(A) Video amplify cation factor (C) Grade of service
(B) Video bandwidth (D) Erlangs
(C) The number of frames scanned AA [IES – EC - 1996]
(D) The output of the video detector 101. Besides video, which of the following signals are
found in the output of a normal television video
AD [IES – EC - 1993] detector?
96. To balance out – the local oscillator noise at the
input to the intermediate frequency or to IF 1. Sync
amplifier in super heterodyne receivers, the 2. Sweep
microwave circuit used is
3. Sound (modulated signal)
(A) Balanced amplifier
Select the correct answer using the CODES given
(B) Balanced isolator
below
(C) Balanced phase shifter
Codes :
(D) Balanced microwave mixer
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 3
AB [IES – EC - 1994]
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(C) 1 and 2 (D) 2 and 3 107. The image channel rejection in a super
heterodyne receiver comes from
AD [IES – EC - 1997]
102. Consider the following statements (A) IF stages only
(B) RF stages only
Traffic load on a telephone network depends on
(C) detector and RF stages only
1) The rate of calls initiated by each subscriber
(D) detector, RF and IF stages
2) The number of subscribers on the network
AC [GATE - EC - 1999]
3) The average duration of each call. 108. The input to a channel is a band pass signal. It is
Of these statements obtained by linearly modulating a sinusoidal
carrier with a single-tone signal. The output of the
(A) 2 and 3 are correct channel due to this input is given by
(B) 1 and 2 are correct
y(t )  (1/100)cos(100t 106 )
(C) 1 and 3 are correct
(D) 1, 2 and 3 are correct cos(106 t  1.56)

AB [IES – EC - 1997] The group delay ( t g ) and the phase delay ( t p ) in

103. In a carrier telephone system, a group occupies a seconds, of the channel are
frequency band of 6
(A) tg  10 , t p  1.56
(A) 36 to 48 kHz
6
(B) 60 to 108 kHz (B) tg  1.56, t p  10
(C) 92 to 140 kHz 8 6
(C) tg  10 , t p  1.56 10
(D) 140 to 172 kHz
(D) tg  10 , t p  1.56
8
AC [IES – EC - 1998]
104. The choice of the product RC in a simple
envelope detector using a diode and an RC circuit AB [GATE - EC - 1999]
is governed by 109. A modulated signal is given by
 at
(A) Both the lowest and the highest modulation s (t )  e cos[ c  )t ]u (t ), where
frequencies a, c and  are positive constants,
(B) The depth of modulation and the lowest and c   . The complex envelope of s(t) is
modulation frequency
given by
(C) The highest modulation frequency and the
depth of modulation (A) exp(at ) exp[ j (c  )t ]u (t )
(D) The carrier frequency. (B) exp(  at ) exp[( j  t )]u (t )
A101kHz [GATE - EC - 1994] (C) exp[( j  t )]u (t )
105. A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a
sinusoidal signal of 500 Hz, the maximum (D) exp[ j (c  )t ]
frequency deviation being 50 KHz. The
bandwidth required, as given by the Carson’s rule AD [GATE - EC - 2005]
is _________. 110. Find the correct match between group 1 and
group 2.
AB [GATE - EC - 1995]
106. The image (second) channel selectivity of a super Group 1 Group 2
heterodyne communication receiver is determined P. {1  km (t )} W Phase
by modulation
A sin{c t )
(A) antenna and preselector
(B) the preselector and RF amplifier
Q K m(t) A sin(c t ) X Frequency
modulation
(C) the preselector and IF amplifier
R. A sin{c t  km(t )} Y Amplitude
(D) the RF and IF amplifier modulation
AB [GATE - EC - 1996]

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S. t Z DSB-SC (B) A reduction in interference
Asin[ct  k  m t  dt] modulation (C) An improvement in selectivity characteristics
 (D) An improvement in directional characteristics
AC [GATE - EC - 1993]
(A) P – Z, Q – Y, R – X, S - W 114. Which of the following demodulator(s) can be
used for demodulating the signal x(t) =
(B) P – W, Q – X, R – Y, S – Z
5(1  2 cos 200 t ) cos 20000 t
(C) P – X, Q – W, R – Z, S – Y (A) Envelope demodulator
(D) P – Y, Q – Z, R – W, S – X (B) Square-law demodulator
(C) Synchronous demodulator
AC [GATE - EC - 2009]
(D) None of the above
111. For a message signal m(t) = cos(2f mt ) and
A2110kHz [GATE - EC - 1993]
carrier of frequency f c , which of the following
115. A super heterodyne radio receiver with an
represents a single side-band (SSB) signal? intermediate frequency of 455 KHZ is tuned to a
station operating at 1200 KHZ. The associated
(A) cos(2f mt ) cos(2f ct ) image frequency is _________ KHZ.
(B) cos(2 f c t ) AA [GATE - EC - 1994]
116. Match the following:
(C) cos[2( f c  f m )t ] (A) SSB (1) Envelope detector
(B) AM (2) Integrate and dump
(D) [1  cos(2f mt )]cos(2f c t )
(C) BPSK (3) Hilbert transform
AB [GATE - EC - 2011] (4) Ratio detector
112. The Column-I lists the attributes and the Column- (5) PLL
2 lists the modulation system.
Codes:
Match the attribute to the modulation system that
best meets it. A B C
(A) 3 1 2
P. Power efficient I. Conventional (B) 3 2 1
transmission signals AM
(C) 2 1 3
Q. Most bandwidth II. FM (D) 1 2 3
efficient transmission
of voice signals AB [GATE - EC - 2003]
117. Choose the correct one from among the
R. Simplest receiver III. VSB
alternatives A, B, C, and D after matching an
structure
item in Group 1 with the most appropriate item in
S. Bandwidth efficient IV. SSB-SC Group 2.
transmission of Signals Group1 Group2
with significant dc
component P Ring modulator 1. Clock recovery

Codes: Q VCO 2. Demodulation of

(A) P-IV, Q-II, R-I, S-III FM

(B) P-II, Q-IV, R-I, S-III R Foster-Seely 3. Frequency

(C) P-III, Q-II, R-I, S-IV discriminator conversion

(D) P-II, Q-IV, R-III, S-I S Mixer 4. Summing the two

AA [GATE - EC - 1987] inputs
113. In a radar receiver the antenna is connected to the
receiver through a waveguide. Placing the 5. Generation of FM
preamplifier on the antenna side of the waveguide 6. Generation of DSB-
rather than on the receiver side leads to: Sc
(A) A reduction in the overall noise figure
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AD [GATE - EC - 2005]
121. A carrier is phase modulated (PM) with
(A) P-1 Q-3 R-2 S-4
frequency deviation of 10 kHz by a single tone
(B) P-6 Q-5 R-2 S-3 frequency of 1 kHz. If the single tone frequency
(C) P-6 Q-1 R-3 S-2 is increased to 2 kHz, assuming that phase
deviation remains unchanged, the bandwidth of
(D) P-5 Q-6 R-1 S-3 the PM signal is
AA [GATE - EC - 2003] (A) 21 kHz (B) 22 kHz
118. A super heterodyne receiver is to operate in the (C) 42 kHz (D) 44 kHz
frequency range 550 KHZ-1650 KHZ, with the
AA [GATE - EC - 2006]
intermediate frequency of 450 KHZ. Let R =
122. The diagonal clipping in Amplitude
Cmax
denote the required capacitance ratio of the Demodulation (using envelope detector) can be
Cmin avoided if RC time-constant of the envelope
local oscillator and I denote the image frequency detector satisfies the following condition, (here W
(in KHZ) of the incoming signal. If the receiver is is message bandwidth and  c is carrier
tuned to 700 KHZ, then frequency both in rad/sec)
(A) R = 4.41, I = 1600 1 1
(A) RC < (B) RC >
W W
(B) R = 2.10, I = 1150
1 1
(C) R = 3.0, I = 1600 (C) RC < (D) RC >
 
(D) R = 9.0, I = 1150 AA [GATE - EC - 2006]
AC [GATE - EC - 2004] 123. A Hilbert transformer is a
119. A 100MHz carrier of 1V amplitude and a 1 MHz (A) non-linear system
modulating signal of 1 V amplitude are fed to a (B) non-causal system
balanced modulator. The output of the modulator (C) time-varying system
is passed through an ideal high-pass filter with
(D) low-pass system
cut-off frequency of 100MHz. The output of the
filter is added with 100MHz signal of 1 V AB [GATE - EC - 2008]
amplitude and 900 phase-shift as shown in fig. 124. Consider the frequency modulated signal
The envelope of the resultant signal is :
10cos[2105 t  5sin(21500t )
7.5sin(2  1000t )] with carrier frequency of
10 5 Hz.
The modulation index is :
(A) 12.5 (B) 10
(A) Constant
(C) 7.5 (D) 5
(B) 1  sin(2106 t ) AA [IES – EC - 1998]
125. Modems are used for data transmission telephone
(C) 5 / 4  sin(2106 t ) lines to
(A) Increase the transmission capacity
(D) 5 / 4  cos(210 t ) 6
(B) Improve noise performance
AA [GATE - EC - 2004] (C) Incorporate error control coding
120. Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and (D) Eliminate dc component in the transmitted
frequencies 10KHZ and 10.1 KHZ are added signal
together. The combined signal is given to an ideal
frequency detector. The output of the detector is : AC [GATE - EC - 2009]
(A) 0.1 KHZ sinusoid 126. A message signal given by
(B) 20.1 KHZ sinusoid  
1  
1
m (t )    cos 1t    sin 2 t is amplitude-
(C) a linear function of time 2 2
modulated with a carrier of frequency  c to
(D) a constant
generate s(t) = [1  m (t )]cos  c t . What is the
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power efficiency achieved by this modulation centre frequency of a few hundred kHz for
scheme? voice - modulated signals.
(A) 8.33% (B) 11.11% 2. IF amplifiers is designed for a frequency of
6MHz at a centre frequency of 40 MHz for
(C) 20% (D) 25% TV receivers.
AA [IES – EC - 1999] 3. Tuned amplifiers used for IF amplifier which
127. A 10 kW carrier is sinusoid ally modulated by of these statements is/are correct ?
two carriers corresponding to a modulation index (A) 1 only (B) 3 only
of 30% and 40% respectively. The total radiated (C) 2 and 3 (D) 1, 2 and 3
power is
AD [IES – EC - 2003]
(A) 11.25 kW (B) 12.5 kW
131. In the circuit shown below, the transformers are
(C) 15 kW (D) 17 kW centre tapped and the diodes are connected as
shown in a bridge. Between the terminals 1 and 2
AC[IES – EC - 1999] an a.c. voltage source of frequency 400 Hz is
128. In phase modulation, the frequency deviation is connected. Another a.c. voltage of 1.0 MHz is
(A) Independent of the modulating signal connected between 3 and 4. The output between 5
frequency and 6 contains components at
(B) Inversely proportional to the modulating
signal frequency
(C) Directly proportional to the modulating signal
frequency
(D) Inversely proportional to the square root of
the modulating frequency.
AD [IES – EC - 2000]
129. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct
(A) 400 Hz, 1.0 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz
answer using the CODES given below the lists
(B) 400 Hz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz
List – I
(C) 1 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz
A. AM broadcast (D) 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz
B. FM Broadcast
AA [IES – EC - 2004]
C. TV Broadcast 132. Which one of the following statements is correct
? In a ratio detector
D. Point – to – point
(A) Linearity is worse than that of a phase
List – II discriminator
1. Troposphere waves (B) Stabilization is provided against signal
strength variations
2. 535 kHz – 1600 kHz
(C) The output is twice of that obtainable from a
3. Repeater tower similar phase discriminator
4. VSB modulation communication (D) The circuit is same as that in a discriminator,
5. Multipath phenomenon except that the diode connections are reversed

Codes : AB [IES – EC - 2005]

133. A composite signal xc (t ) is expressed as:
A B C D
(A) 1 2 3 4 xc (t )  Ac cos ct  Am cos(c  m )t
(B) 2 3 4 5
 Am cos(c  m )t.
(C) 3 4 5 1
(D) 2 1 4 3 Which of the following methods can be employed
to retrieve the sinusoidal component at  m from
AD [IES – EC - 2003]
130. Consider the following statements : xc (t ) ?
1. Intermediate-frequency (IF) amplifier is (A) An envelope detector, square law detector
designed for a bandwidth of a few kHz at a
(B) Only a discriminator
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(C) Only a square law detector (A) 1 2 3 4
(D) Only an envelope detector (B) 3 4 1 2
AC [IES – EC - 2005] (C) 1 4 3 2
134. A circuit produces an output y (t )  a  bx(t ) ,
2
(D) 3 2 1 4
where x (t ) is its input..
AA [IES – EC - 2007]
This circuit can produce which one of the 137. What is the typical bandwidth of a 2-wire
following? telephone line?
(A) Rectified output (A) 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz
(B) Pulse modulation (B) 20 Hz to 4 kHz
(C) Amplitude modulation (C) d.c. to 4 kHz
(D) Frequency modulation
(D) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
AA [IES – EC - 2006]
AC [IES – EC - 2007]
135. Match List - I (Modulation) with List-II (power
138. How can the quantizing noise be reduced?
input to Antenna in Watts) and select the correct
answer using the code given below the lists : (A) By using de-emphasis circuit
List - I (B) By using RF amplifier in the receiver
A. 100% AM (C) By increasing the number of quantization
levels
B. 50% AM
(D) By sending sloping pulses
C. 10% AM
AD [IES – EC - 2008]
D. FM 139. Match List I with List II and Select the Correct
List - II answer using the code given below the Lists:

1. 1.5 List I List II

2. 1.125 (Selection) (Function)

A. IF amplifier 1. Demodulator
3. 1.005
B. Mixer 2. Narrow band tuned
4. 1.00
amplifier
Codes :
C. Detector 3. Variable gain
A B C D amplifier
(A) 1 2 3 4 D. Automatic gain 4. Frequency
(B) 3 4 1 2 control conversion
(C) 1 4 3 2 Codes :
(D) 3 2 1 4
A B C D
AA [IES – EC - 2006] (A) 1 4 2 3
136. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct (B) 2 3 1 4
answer using the code given below the Lists: (C) 1 3 2 4
List I List II (D) 2 4 1 3
(Communication Service) (Bandwidth) AB [IES – EC - 2009]
A. AM Broadcast 1. 10 kHz 140. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(A) AGC in radio receivers will keep the total
B. Telephone 2. 4 kHz
signal output fairly constant but the noise
C. Wideband FM 3. 200 kHz component will be reduced; with the result
the S/N ratio will improve.
D. TV 4. 7 MHz
(B) AGC in radio receivers is a linear operation
Codes: with respect to both signals and noise.
A B C D
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(C) Sudden changes in the output while tuning, (D) 2 sin ( 200 t )
which may cause damage to the components,
is an unavoidable feature of AGC. AC [IES – EC - 1992]
145. For signal amplitude modulated to a depth of
(D) AGC operation is independent of the filter 100% by a sinusoidal signal, power is
components used in AGC circuit
(A) Same as the power of unmodulated carrier
AC [IES – EC - 2010] (B) Twice as the power of unmodulated carrier
141. Assertion (A) :
(C) 3/2 times the power of unmodulated carrier
When coding signals like speech signals A-law or
(D) 2/3 times the power of unmodulated carrier.
 -law quantizers are used.
AD [IES – EC - 2000]
Reason (R) :
146. In an amplitude modulated system, if the total
A – law and  -law quantizers occupy smaller power is 600 W and the power in carrier is 400
bandwidth than uniform quantizers. W. Then the modulation index is
(A) Both A and R is true and R is correct (A) 0.5 (B) 0.75
explanation of A (C) 0.9 (D) 1
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A AC [IES – EC - 2002]
147. Consider the following types of modulation:
(C) A is true but R is false
1. Amplitude modulation
(D) A is false bur R is true.
2. Frequency modulation
AA [IES – EC - 2011]
3. Pulse modulation
142. In a super heterodyne receiver arrange the
following components sequentially from input to 4. Phase modulation
the output: Which of the above modulations are used for
1. Antenna telecasting TV programmes?
2. Mixer (A) 3 and 4 (B) 2 and 3
3. IF amplifier (C) 1 and 2 (D) 1 and 4
4. Audio amplifier AA [IES – EC - 2003]
(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 4, 2, 3 and 1 148. A public broadcast system using amplitude
modulation with double sideband should
(C) 1, 3, 2 and 4 (D) 4, 3, 2 and 1 invariably have which one of the following
AA [IES – EC - 2012] features at the transmitter?
143. The threshold effect in demodulators is (A) Band limit the signal to 5 kHz
(A) The rapid fall of output SNR when the input (B) Use a high frequency carrier oscillator
SNR falls below a particulars value
(C) Use a stable crystal oscillator
(B) Exhibited by all the demodulators when the
input SNR is low (D) Use an all-round radiating transmitting
(C) Exhibited by all AM suppressed carrier antenna
coherent demodulators AA [IES – EC - 2009]
(D) Exhibited by correlation receivers. 149. An amplitude modulated signal occupies a
frequency range from 395 kHz to 405 kHz. It can
AB [IES – EC - 2012] be demodulated by which of the following?
144. The signal x (t) = sin (200  t )+2sin(400  t ) is
modulated to produce a signal (A) Using an enveloped detector and filter

g  t   x  t  sin  400  t   (B) Multiplying with a 395 kHz local signal

(C) Multiplying with a 405 kHz local signal
This is passed through a low pass filter having a
cut – off frequency of 400 Hz and pass band gain (D) Low pass filtering with cut-off at 400 kHz
of 2. Then the output signal after the filter is
A4.9-5.1 [GATE–S1–EC–2016]
(A) 0 150. A superheterodyne receiver operates in the
(B) 0.5 sin ( 200 t ) frequency range of 58 MHz − 68 MHz. The
(C) Sin ( 200 t ) intermediate frequency f IF and local oscillator

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frequency f L O are chosen such that f IF  f LO . It s(t). The signal obtained by passing s(t) through
is required that the image frequencies fall outside an ideal envelope detector is
t he 58 M Hz − 68 MHz band. The minimum (A) cos  m t  (B) sin  m t 
required f IF (in MHz) is ________
(C) cos  m t   sin  m t  (D) 1
A0.49-0.51 [GATE–S1–EC–2016]
151. The amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is A5.19-5.23 [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
modulated by a single sinusoid to obtain the 156. The unmodulated carrier power in an AM
amplitude modulated signal transmitter is 5 kW. This carrier is modulated by
s(t )  5cos1600t  20cos1800t  5cos 200t . a sinusoidal modulating signal. The maximum
The value of the modulation index is _______. percentage of modulation is 50%. If it is redued
to 40%, then the maximum unmodulated carrier
AC[GATE-EC-2002]
power (in kW) that can be used without
2sin 2t
m t   .s  t   cos 200t overlading the transmitter is ________.
152. In the figure t
A0.12-0.13 [GATE – EC – 2018]
sin199t
 157. Consider the following amplitude modulated
and n(t) t . The output y(t) will be signal:
s (t )  cos(2000t )  4cos(2400t )
                                       cos(2800t )
The ratio (accurate to three decimal places) of the
power of the message signal to the power of the
sin 2t carrier signal is __________.
(A)
t AD [GATE – EC – 2018]
sin 2t sin t 158. Let c (t )  Ac cos(2 f c t ) and m (t )  cos(2  f m t ) . It
(B)  cos3t is given that f c  5 f m . The signal c(t )  m(t ) is
t t
applied to the input of a non-linear device, whose
sin 2t sin 0.5t output v0 (t ) is related to the input vi (t ) as
(C)  cos1.5t
2t t v0 (t )  avi (t )  bvi2 (t ) , where a and b are positive
sin 2t sin t constants. The output of the non-linear device is
(D)  cos0.75t
t t passed through an ideal band-pass filter with
center frequency f c and bandwidth 3 f m , to
A10[GATE-EC-2014] produce an amplitude modulated (AM) wave. If it
153. A modulated signal is y  t   m  t  cos  40000  t  is desired to have the sideband power of the AM
where the baseband signal m(t) has frequency wave to be half of the carrier power, then a / b is
components less than 5 kHz only. The minimum
required rate (in kHz) at which y(t) should be (A) 0.25 (B) 0.5
sampled to recover m(t) is________. (C) 1 (D) 2
AC[GATE-EC-2015] A8 [GATE – EC – 2018]
154. Consider the signal 159. The input 4sinc(2t) is fed to a Hilbert transformer
s  t   m  t  cos  2  f c t   m
ˆ  t  sin  2  f c t  where to obtain y(t), as shown in the figure below :
m̂  t  denotes the Hilber transform of m(t) and
the bandwidth of m(t) is very small compared to
f c . The signal s(t) is a
(A) high-pass signal sin( x )
Here sin c ( x )  . The value (accurate to
x
(B) low-pass signal 

(C) band-pass signal two decimal places) of 


| y (t ) |2 dt is _______.
(D) double sideband suppressed carrier signal A0.3 [GATE – IN – 2018]
AD[GATE-IN-2016] 160. An amplitude modulated signal is shown in the
155. The signal m  t   cos   m t  is SSB (single side- figure. The modulation index is (up to one
decimal place) ____.
band) is modulated with a carrier cos   c t  to get

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A0.74 to 0.76 [GATE-EC-2019]

161. The baseband signal m(t) shown in the figure is
phase-modulated to generate the PM signal
(t )  cos(2 f c t  k m (t )) . The time t on the x-
axis in the figure is in milliseconds. If the carrier
frequency is f c  50 kHz and k  10  , then the
ratio of the minimum instantaneous frequency (in
kHz) to the maximum instantaneous frequency
(in kHz) is ______ (rounded off to 2 decimal
places).

-------0000-------

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Answer : 151. 0.49-0.51
156. 5.19-5.23
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
157. 0.12-0.13
* A C B A A D * A D
161. 0.74 to 0.76
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C A A A C C C B D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D A A B D B A D D D
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A D B C A C A B B A
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C A A A B C B B C C
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
B A A B B C C A C D
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
A C B C A B D C D A
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
B C * A A B C A B *
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
C A D B C C A C A D
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
C D D C C D B A D D
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
A D B C * B B C B D
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
C B A C * A B A C A
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
D A A B A C A C D D
131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
D A B C A A A C D B
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
C A A B C D C A A *
151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
* C 10 C D * * D 8 0.3
161
*

1. 0.45to0.55
8. 350
73. 3.95-4.05
80. 59.9to60.1
105. 101kHz
115. 2110kHz
150. 4.9-5.1
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02
Angle Modulation
[GATE – IN – 1999] AC [IES – EC - 2001]
1. A phase locked loop can be employed for 4. An angle-modulated signal is expressed by
demodulation of
fa (t )  cos(2 108 t  75sin 2 103 t )
(A) pulse amplitude modulation signal
(B) pulse code modulation signal The peak frequency deviation of the carrier is
then
(C) frequency modulation signal
(A) 1 kHz (B) 7.5 kHz
(D) signal side band amplitude modulation
signals (C) 75 kHz (D) 100 kHz
AB [GATE - EC - 2012] AD [GATE - EC - 2002]
2. The signal m(t) as shown is applied both to a 5. An angle-modulated signal is given by
phase modulator (with k p as the phase constant)
s (t )  cos 2(2 106 t  30sin150t
and a frequency modulator with ( kf as the
frequency constant) having the same carrier  40 cos150t ).
frequency
The maximum frequency and phase deviations of
s(t) are
(A) 10.5 KHz, 140  rad
(B) 6 KHZ, 80  rad
(C) 10.5 KHZ, 100  rad
(D) 7.5 KHZ, 100  rad
The ratio k p / k f (in rad/Hz) for the same
AA [GATE – EC – 2014]
maximum phase deviation is 6. Consider an FM signal f (t) =
(A) 8 (B) 4 cos  2 f ct  1 sin 2 f1t   2 sin 2 f 2t  . The
(C) 2 (D)  maximum deviation of the instantaneous
frequency from the carrier frequency fc is
AC [GATE - EC - 2014]
3. The phase response of a passband waveform at (A) 1 f1   2 f 2
the receiver is given by
(B) 1 f 2   2 f1
  f   2  f  f c   2pf c

where f c is the center frequency, and (C) 1   2

 and  are positive constants. The actual signal (D) f1  f 2

propagation delay from the transmittance to
receiver is : AA [IES – EC - 1996]
7. In the generation of modulated signal, a varactor
   diode can be used for
(A) (B)
    (A) FM generation only
(C)  (D)  (B) AM generation only

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(C) PM generation only (C) First increase, attain a maximum and then
decrease
(D) Both AM and PM generation
AB [IES – EC - 1998] (D) First decreases, become zero and then
8. An FM signal with modulation index mf is passed increase.
through a frequency tripler. The modulation index AC [IES – EC - 1997]
of the output signal will be. 14. Two carriers 40 MHz and 80 MHz respectively
(A) m f (B) 3m f are frequency modulated by a signal of frequency
4 kHz, such that the band widths of the FM signal
(C) 9m f (D) 27 m f in the two cases are the same, the frequency
deviation in the two cases are in the ratio of
AC [IES – EC - 2000]
(A) 1:4 (B) 1:2
9. A signal m(t)  5 Cos 2 100t frequency
modulates carriers. The resulting FM signal is (C) 1:1 (D) 2:1
{ 10Cos(2 10 t )  15Sin(2 100t ) }
5
the
AD [IES – EC - 1991]
approximate bandwidth of the FM signal would 15. The minimum value of mf for an FM system
be required to produce a noticeable improvement is
(A) 0.1 kHz (B) 1 kHz S
ratio over a comparable AM system with m =
(C) 3.2 kHz (D) 4 kHz N
1 is :
AC [IES – EC - 2008]
10. Which one of the following is an indirect way of (A) 3 (B) 2
generating FM ?
1 1
(A) Reactance FET modulator (C) 1 (D)
(B) Varacter diode modulator 2 3
(C) Armstrong modulator AB [IES – EC - 1991]
(D) Reactance tube modulator 16. An FM radio receiver is tuned to a 90.6 MHz
broadcast station. It will receive an image
AB [GATE - EC - 2004] frequency of
11. An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with
identical carriers, modulating signals and (A) 110 MHz (B) 112 MHz
modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The (C) 114 MHz (D) 120 MHz
resultant signal can be closely approximated by
AB [GATE - EC - 2015]
(A) broadband FM 17. Consider an angle modulated signal
(B) SSB with carrier
x(t )  6 cos[2106 t  2 sin(8000  t )
(C) DSB – SC
 4 cos(8000 t )]V . The average power of x(t) is
(D) SSB without carrier
(A) 10 W (B) 18 W
AC [GATE - EC - 2008]
12. The signal cos  c t  0.5 cos  m t sin  c t is (C) 20 W (D) 28 W

(A) FM only AC [GATE – EC3 – 2015]

18. A message signal m(t)  A m sin(2f m t) is used
(B) AM only to modulate the phase of a carrier
(C) both AM and FM A c cos(2f c t) to get the modulated
y(t)  A c cos(2f c t  m(t)) . The bandwidth of
(D) neither AM nor FM
y(t)
AD [IES – EC - 1996] (A) depends on Am but not on fm
13. As the modulation index of an FM signal with
sinusoidal modulation is increased from zero to (B) depends on fm but not on Am
three, the power in the carrier component will (C) depends on both Am and fm
(A) Increase continuously
(D) does not depend on Am or fm
(B) Decrease continuously
AC [IES-EC-2014]
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19. An FM signal has a carrier swing of 100 kHz AD [IES – EC - 1994]
when modulating signal has a frequency of 8 25. An FM signal with a deviation  is passed
kHz. The modulation index is through a mixer and has its frequency reduced
(A) 12.5 (B) 7.5 fivefold. The deviation in the output of the mixer
(C) 6.25 (D) 15 is

AD [GATE - IN - 2003] (A) 5  (B) intermediate

20. A sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 kHz is used to
produce an FM signal with a modulation index 
(C) (D) 
β  5. The bandwidth (where 98% of power is 5
contained) of the FM signal is AB [IES – EC - 1995]
(A) 2 kHz (B) 3 kHz 26. In FM sound broadcasting system, the maximum
(C) 6 kHz (D) 12 kHz frequency deviation is usually

AC [GATE - IN - 2003] (A) 15 kHz (B) 75 kHz

21. The scheme shown in figure is used for the
generation of wideband FM from a narrow band (C) 200 kHz (D) 5.2 MHz
FM. The multiplier box multiplies the input
AC [IES – EC - 1995]
frequency by the factors shown. The input x(t) is
27. The sound signal in TV broadcast is modulated in
a narrow band FM signal of carrier 100 kHz and
frequency deviation of 25 Hz. The local oscillator (A) SSB (B) VSB
frequency in kHz and the multiplication constant
m to achieve an output y(t) with a carrier of 2.0 (C) FM (D) DSB – SC
MHz and a frequency deviation of 1.0 kHz are
respectively: AD [IES – EC - 1996]
28. Pre – emphasis in FM system involves

(A) Compression of the modulating signal

(B) Expansion of the modulating signal

(C) Amplification of lower frequency

(A) 750,4 (B) 1000, 4 components of the modulating signal
(C) 750,8 (D) 1000,8
(D) Amplification of higher frequency
AA [GATE - IN - 2000] components of the modulating signal
22. In an FM broadcast, the maximum frequency
deviation allowed is 75kHz and the maximum AA [IES – EC - 1996]
modulation frequency is 15 kHz. The bandwidth 29. Assertion (A): Frequency modulation (FM) is
is closest to preferable to amplitude modulation (AM) for
(A) 180 kHz (B) 60 kHz transmitting high quality music
(C) 105 kHz (D) 120 kHz. Reason (R): FM signals have higher noise
immunity
AB [IES – EC - 1991]
23. An FM signal is being broadcast in the 88 – 108 (A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct
MHz band having a carrier swing of 125 kHz. explanation of A
The modulation index is : (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
(A) 100% (B) 83% correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(C) 67% (D) 50%
(D) A is false but R is true.
AB [IES – EC - 1993]
24. If the transmission bandwidth is doubled in FM, AD [IES – EC - 1997]
then the SNR is : 30. Match List – (modulation) with List – II
(A) Also doubled (characteristic) and select the correct answer
using the CODES given below the lists.
(B) Improved four – fold
List – I
(C) Decreased by one fourth
(D) Unaffected A. AM

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B. FM (A) Both A and R is true and R is correct
explanation of A
C. Noise in FM
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
D. Noise in AM and FM explanation of A
List – II (C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false bur R is true.
1. Mobile Communication
2. Constant carrier frequency AA [IES – EC - 2002]
34. Assertion(A) :
3. Triangular noise power spectrum If the index of modulation (m f ) of an FM signal
4. Rectangular noise – power spectrum gradually increases beyond 0.25, it will contribute
Codes : to the generation of a progressively larger number
of side bands separated by the modulation
A B C D frequency ( f m ).
(A) 2 1 4 3 Reason(R) :
A large modulation index will generate a finite
(B) 1 2 3 4
number of side bands.
(C) 1 2 4 3
AB [IES – EC - 2003]
(D) 2 1 3 4 35. In a modulator it is found that the amplitude
spectrum consists of a component at fc, the carrier
AD [IES – EC - 1998] frequency and one component each at fc – fs and
31. Assertion (A): AM has better noise performance f c  f s , where f s is the modulating signal
than FM frequency. Then the modulator used is
Reason (R): AM results in an increase in signal (A) AM
power. (B) AM and/or Narrow band FM with depth
(A) Both A and R is true and R is correct  0.5
explanation of A (C) FM
(D) PAM
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A AD [IES – EC - 2003]
(C) A is true but R is false 36. Assertion (A):
Narrow band FM signal can be detected using an
(D) A is false bur R is true.
envelope detector.
AB [IES – EC - 1999] Reason(R):
32. The correct sequence of subsystems in an FM
Narrow band FM signal contains a carrier
receiver is :
component and two sideband components.
(A) Mixer, RF amplifier, limiter, IF amplifier, (A) Both A and R is true and R is correct
discriminator, audio amplifier explanation of A
(B) RF amplifier, mixer, IF amplifier limiter, (B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
discriminator audio amplifier explanation of A
(C) RF amplifier, mixer, limiter, discriminator IF (C) A is true but R is false
amplifier, audio amplifier
(D) A is false bur R is true.
(D) Mixer, If amplifier, limiter, audio amplifier,
discriminator AB [IES – EC - 2011]
37. What bandwidth is needed for an FM signal that
AA [IES – EC - 2002] has a peak deviation of  3kHz and handles audio
33. Assertion(A) : signals from 200 Hz to 5 kHz?
The demodulated output power spectral density is
(A) 6 kHz (B) 16 kHz
parabolic over the range | f | w for FM where 
is the signal bandwidth. (C) 10 kHz (D) 9.6 kHz
Reason(R) : AC [IES – EC - 2012]
FM demodulation is essentially a differentiation 38. Statement (I): FM spectrum consists of a carrier
process. and an infinite number of side band components

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Statement (II): FM signals are used only in TV (C) 9 (D) 27
transmission to ensure better picture quality
AA [GATE - EC - 2000]
Codes :
44. In an FM system, a carrier of 100 MHz is
(A) Both Statement (I) and statement (II) are modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5 KHz. The
individually true and statement (II) is the bandwidth by Carson’s approximation is 1 MHz.
correct explanation of statement (I) If y(t) = (modulated waveform)3, than by using
(B) Both Statements (I) and statement (II) are Carson’s approximation, the bandwidth of y(t)
individually true but statement (II) not the around 300 MHz and the spacing of spectral
correct explanation of statement (I) components are, respectively
(C) Statement (I) is true but statement (II) is false
(A) 3 MHz, 5 KHz
(D) Statement (I) is false but statement (II) is
true. (B) 1 MHz, 15 KHz
AD [GATE - EC - 1994] (C) 3 MHz, 15 KHz
39. v  t   5[cos(10 t )  sin(10 t )  sin(10 t )]
6 3 6
(D) 1 MHz, 5 KHz
represents
(A) DSB suppressed carrier signal AD [GATE - EC - 2003]
45. c(t) and m(t) are used to generate an FM signal. If
(B) AM signal
the peak frequency deviation of the generated FM
(C) SSB upper sideband signal signal is three times the transmission bandwidth
(D) Narrow band FM signal of the AM signal, then the coefficient of the term
AC [GATE - EC - 1995] cos[2(1008 103 )t ] in the FM signal(in terms
40. A PLL can be used to demodulate of the Bessel coefficients) is
(A) PAM signals (A) 5 J 4 (3)
(B) PCM signals (B) (5 / 2) J 8 (3)
(C) FM signals
(C) (5 / 2) J 8 (4)
(D) DSB – SC signals
(D) 5 J 4 (6)
AA [GATE - EC - 1987]
41. A carrier Ac cos ct is frequency modulated by a AA [GATE - EC - 2005]
signal Em cos mt. The modulation index is 46. A device with input x(t) and output y(t) is
2
characterized by: y(t) = x (t). An FM signal with
m f . The expression for the resulting FM signal
frequency deviation of 90 kHz and modulating
is: signal bandwidth of 5kHz is applied to this
(A) Ac cos[ c t  m f sin  m t ] device. The bandwidth of the output signal is
(B) Ac cos[c t  m f cos m t ] (A) 370 kHz (B) 190 kHz
(C) Ac cos[c t  2 m f sinm t ] (C) 380 kHz (D) 95 kHz
 2m f Em  AD
(D) Ac cos c t  cos mt 
 m  47. A baseband signal m(t) modulates a carrier to
produce the following angle modulated signal
AA [GATE - EC - 1989] s(t )  Ac cos 2108 t  k p m(t ) , where m(t) is
A signal x(t) = 2 cos(.10 t ) volts is applied to
4
42.
shown in the below figure. Determine the value
an FM modulator with the sensitivity constant of of kp so that the peak frequency deviation of the
10 kHz/volt. Then the modulation index of the
FM wave is : carrier is 100 kHz.
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 4 /  (D) 2 / 
AD [GATE - EC - 1996]
43. An FM signal with a modulation index 9 is
applied to a frequency tripler. The modulation
index in the output signal will be
(A) 0 (B) 3
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rad/V. If the carrier frequency is 20 kHz, the
instantaneous frequency (in kHz) at t = 0.5ms is
____.

-------0000-------

(A) 4 0 (B) 80

40 80
(C)  (D) 
7 7
AC
48. An angle-modulated signal is given by
s(t )  5cos 2(106 )t  0.2cos200t  Find
whether s(t ) is a PM or an FM signal ?

(A) only PM
(B) only FM
(C) can be either PM or FM
(D) none of these
Common Data Question For Next Two Questions
Given an angle-modulated signal
xc (t )  10cos  c t  3sin mt  . Assume PM and
f m  1kHz .

AC
49. Calculate the bandwidth when f m is doubled.

(A) 4 kHz (B) 8 kHz

(C) 16 kHz (D) 32 kHz
AA
50. Calculate the bandwidth when f m is decreased by
one-half.
(A) 4 kHz (B) 8 kHz
(C) 16 kHz (D) 32 kHz
A60.1[GATE-IN-2016]
sin 100t 
51. The signal m  t   is frequency
100t
modulated (FM) with an FM modulator of
frequency deviation constant of 30 kHz/V. Using
Carson’s rule, the approximated bandwidth of the
modulated wave in kilohertz is _________.
A69.9-70.1 [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
52. A modulating signal given by x(t) =
5sin(4103 t  10 cos2103 t )V is fed to a phase
modulator with phase deviation constant k p = 5

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C B C C D A A B C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C D C D B B C C D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C A B B D B C D A D
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
D B A A B D B C D C
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A A D A D A D C C A
51 52
* *

51. 60.1
52. 69.9-70.1

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03
Shift Keying
 
AB [IES – EC - 1992] (B) On-Off keying
1. Frequency shift keying is used mostly in (C) Pulse width modulation
(A) Radio transmission (D) Delta modulation

(B) Telegraphy AC [GATE - EC - 1988]

6. The message bit sequence to a DPSK modulator
(C) Telephony is 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, and 1. The carrier phase during the
reception of the first two message bits is  ,  .
(D) None of these. The carrier phase for the remaining four message
AD [GATE – EC3 – 2015] bits is
2. The modulation scheme commonly used for (A)  , ,0,  (B) 0,0,  , 
transmission from GSM mobile terminals is
(C) 0, , ,  (D)  ,  ,0,0
(A) 4-QAM
AB [GATE - EC - 2000]
(B) 16-PSK 7. In a digital communication system employing
(C) Walsh-Hadamard orthogonal codes Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), the 0 and 1 bit
are represented by sine waves of 10 KHz and 25
(D) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) KHz respectively. These waveforms will be
orthogonal for a bit interval of
AD [IES – EC - 2000]
3. If binary PSK modulation is used for (A) 45  sec (B) 200  sec
transmission, the required minimum bandwidth is (C) 50  sec (D) 250  sec
9600 Hz. To reduce the transmission bandwidth
to 2400 Hz, the modulation scheme to be adopted AD [GATE - EC - 2002]
should be 8. For a bit-rate of 8 kbps, the best possible values
of the transmitted frequencies in a coherent
(A) Quadrature phase – shift keying
binary FSK system are
(B) Minimum shift keying (A) 16 KHz and 20 KHz
(C) 6 – ary quadrature amplitude modulation (B) 20 KHz and 32 KHz
(C) 20 KHz and 40 KHz
(D) 8 – ary PSK
(D) 32 KHz and 40 KHz
AB [GATE – IN – 2014]
4. A full duplex binary FSK transmission is made AC [IES – EC - 1997]
through a channel of bandwidth 10 kHz. In each 9. The bit rate of a digital communication system is
direction of transmission the two carrier used for 34 M bit/s. The modulation scheme is QPSK.
the two states are separated by 2 kHz. The The baud rate of the system is
maximum baud rate for this transmission is : (A) 68 Mbit/s (B) 34 Mbit/s
(A) 2000 bps (B) 3000 bps (C) 17 Mbit/s (D) 8.5Mbit/s
(C) 5000 bps (D) 10000 bps AC[GATE - EC - 1995]
10. For a given data rate, the bandwidth B p of a
AA,B,D [IES – EC - 2011]
5. Which one of the following scheme is digital BPSK signal and the bandwidth B0 of the OOK
modulation technique? signal are related as
(A) Pulse code modulation
(A) Bp  B0 / 4 (B) Bp  B0 / 2
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(C) B p  B0 (D) B p  2 B0 16. In a digital communication system employing
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), the 0 and 1 bit
AB [IES – EC - 2004] are represented by sine waves of 10 kHz and 25
11. What is the SNR improvement with FSK over kHz respectively. These waveforms will be
ASK in most types of noise environment ? orthogonal for a bit interval of
(A) 200 to 300 dB (A) 250  sec (B) 200  sec
(B) 3 to 4 dB (C) 50  sec (D) 45  sec
(C) 10 to 12 dB
AC [IES-EC-2014]
(D) 0 dB 17. Consider the following :
AB [GATE – IN – 2014] 1. Pulse-position modulation.
12. A full duplex binary FSK transmission is made 2. Pulse-code modulation.
through a channel of bandwidth 10 kHz. In each 3. Pulse-width modulation.
direction of transmission the two carrier used for Which of the above communications are not
the two states are separated by 2 kHz. The digital ?
maximum baud rate for this transmission is (A) 1 and 2 only
(A) 2000 bps (B) 3000 bps (B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 and 3 only
(C) 5000 bps (D) 10000 bps
(D) 1, 2 and 3
AA [GATE - EC - 1989]
13. In binary data transmission DPSK is preferred to AC [GATE – EC – 2014]
PSK because 18. Coherent orthogonal binary FSK modulation is
used to transmit two equiprobable symbol
(A) a coherent carrier is not required to be waveforms s1 (t) = α cos 2  f1 t and s2 (t) = α cos
generated at the receiver
2  f2t, where α = 4 mV. Assume an AWGN
(B) for a given energy per bit, the probability of channel with two sided noise power spectral
error is less N0
0 density  0.5  1012W / Hz . Using an
(C) the 180 phase shifts of the carrier are 2
unimportant optimal receiver and the relation
2
(D) more protection is provided against impulse  u
1 
noise  v   e 2
du, the bit error probability
2 v
AC [GATE - EC - 1992]
for a data rate of 500 kbps is
14. The bit stream 01001 is differentially encoded
using ‘Delay and Ex OR’ scheme for DPSK
transmission. Assuming the reference bit as a ‘1’
(A) Q  2   
(B) Q 2 2
and assigning phases of ‘0’ and ‘  ’ for 1’s and
0’s respectively, in the encoded sequence, the (C) Q  4  (D) Q  4 2 
transmitted phase sequence becomes
AA [IES – EC - 2004]
(A)  0  0 (B) 0   0 0 19. Consider minimum shift keying (MSK) also
(C) 0    0 (D)   0  known as fast FSK with frequency spacing 2 f d
between state frequencies fb is the data rate.
AA [GATE - EC - 2003]
15. If S represents the carrier synchronization at the Which one of the following correctly relates rb
receiver and  represents the bandwidth and f d ?
efficiency, then the correct statement for the
coherent binary PSK is rb rb
(A) f d  (B) f d 
(A)   0.5, S is required 4 2
3r
(B)   1.0, S is required (C) f d  b (D) f d  rb
4
(C)   0.5, S is not required
AA [GATE - EC - 1992]
(D)   1.0, S is not required 20. Coherent demodulation of FSK signal can be
effected using
AB [IES-EC-2014]
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(A) correlation receiver Determine energy of bit – to – noise (Eb/N0)
density ratio for a receiver bandwidth equal to the
(B) band pass filters and envelope detectors
minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth
(C) matched filter (A) 23 dB (B) 2.3 dB
(D) discriminator detection. (C) 8.8 dB (D) 0.88 dB

A16 [GATE – EC – 2014] AB [GATE - EC - 1990]

21. An M-level PSK modulation scheme is used to 26. In a BPSK signal detector, the local oscillator has
transmit independent binary digits over a band a fixed phase error of 200. This phase error
pass channel with band width 100 kHz. The bit deteriorates the SNR at the output by a factor of
rate is 200 kbps and the system characteristic is a (A) cos 200 (B) cos 2 20 0
raised-cosine spectrum with 100% excess band
width. The minimum value of M is ----------. (C) cos700 (D) cos 2 70 0

A1.414 [GATE – EC – 2014] AC [GATE - EC - 2004]

22. Let Q    be the BER of a BPSK system over 27. A source produces binary data at the rate of 10
kbps. The binary symbols are represented as
an AWGN channel with two-sided noise power shown in fig.
spectral density N0/2. The parameter  is a
function of bit energy and noise power spectral
density. A system with two independent and
identical AWGN channels with noise power
spectral density N0/2 is shown in the figure the
BPSK demodulator receives the sum of outputs
of both the channels. If the BER of this system is

Q b   then the value of b is ----------.

The source output is transmitted using two

modulation schemes, namely Binary PSK
AB [IES – EC - 1994] (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let B1
23. If carrier modulated by a digital bit stream had and B 2 be the bandwidth requirements of BPSK
one of the possible phases of 0, 90, 180 and 270 and QPSK respectively. Assuming that the
degrees, then the modulation is called. bandwidth of the above rectangular pulses is 10
(A) BPSK (B) QPSK KHZ, B1 and B 2 are
(A) B1  20 KHZ , B2  20 KHZ
(C) QAM (D) MSK
(B) B1  10 KHZ , B2  20 KHZ
AD [IES – EC - 2001]
24. For a given data rate, the bandwidth βp of BPSK (C) B1  20 KHZ , B2  10 KHZ
signal and the bandwidth β0 of the OOK signal (D) B1  10 KHZ , B2  10 KHZ
are related as
AB [GATE–S1–EC–2017]
0 28. In the binary frequency shift keying (FSK), the
(A)  p  (B)  p  2  o
2 given signal waveforms are

0 u 0  t   5cos  20000t  ;0  t  T, and

(C)  p  (D)  p   o
4 u1  t   5cos  22000t  ; 0  t  T,
AC [IES – EC - 2012] Where T is the bit-duration interval and t is in
25. A coherent binary phase – shift – keyed (BPSK)
seconds. Both u 0  t  and u i  t  are zero outside
transmitter operates at a bit rate of 20 Mbps. For
a probability of error P(e) of 10-4 and given the interval 0  t  T . With a matched filter
carrier –to – noise (C/N) density ratio of 8.8 dB. (correlator) based receiver, the smallest positive

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value of T (in milliseconds) required to have
u 0  t  and u1  t  uncorrelated is
(A) 0.25 ms (B) 0.5 ms
(C) 0.75 ms (D) 1.0 ms
A7.90-8.10 [GATE–S1–EC–2017]
29. A continuous time signal x(t) =
4 cos  200t   8cos  400t  , where t is in
seconds, is the input to a linear time invariant
(LTI) filter with the impulse response
 2sin  300t 
 , t0
ht   t
 600, t0

Let y(t) be the output of this filter. The maximum
value of y  t  is _________

-------0000-------

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D D B * C B D C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B A C A B C C A A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
* * B D C B C B *

5. A,B,D
21. 16
22. 1.414
29. 7.90-8.10

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04
PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation)
AC[IES – EC - 1993] AC [IES – EC - 1998]
1. In a PCM system, the number of quantization 6. Four voice signals, each limited to 4 kHz and
levels are 16 and the maximum signal frequency sampled at Nyquist rate, are converted into binary
is 4 KHz, the bit transmission rate is : PCM signal using 256 quantization levels. The
bit transmission rate for the time division
(A) 64 K bits/sec.
multiplexed signal will be :
(B) 16 K bits/ sec (A) 8 kbps (B) 64 kbps
(C) 32 K bits/ sec (C) 256 kbps (D) 512 kbps
(D) 32 bits/ sec AA [IES – EC - 1992]
7. In PCM, the biggest advantage as compared to
AA [IES – EC - 1994]
AM is
2. PCM system requires regenerative repeaters over
long distances. The correct sequence of the (A) Larger bandwidth
operations which such a repeater performs is?
(B) Larger noise
(A) Timing, equalization and decision making
(C) Inability to handle analog signals
(B) Equalization, timing and decision making
(D) Incompatibility with time division multiplex
(C) Timing, thresholding (decision) and system
equalization
AA [IES – EC - 1992]
(D) Thresholding timing and equalization...
8. In PCM if the transmission path is very long
AB [IES – EC - 1992] (A) Repeater stations are used
3. In a PCM the amplifier levels are transmitted in a
(B) Pulse width may be increased
7 unit code. The sampling is done at the rate of
10 kHz. The bandwidth should be (C) Pulse amplitude is increased
(A) 5 kHz (B) 35 kHz (D) Pulse spacing is reduced.

(C) 70 kHz (D) 5 MHz AB [IES – EC - 2000]

9. In a PCM system each quantization level is
AC [IES – EC - 1991] encoded into 8 bits, the signal to quantization
4. The signal to quantization noise ratio in a PCM noise ratio is equal to
system depends upon 2
1. Sampling rate
1 1 
(A)   (B) 48 dB
2. Number of quantization levels
12  256 
3. Message signal bandwidth (C) 64 dB (D) 256 dB

Codes : AB [IES – EC - 2007]

10. In a PCM system, if we increase the quantization
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2 and 3 only levels from 2 to 8, how do the relative bandwidth
(C) 2 only (D) 3 only requirements vary ?
(A) Get doubled
AC [IES-EC-2013]
5. In a PCM system, the amplitude levels are (B) Get tripled
transmitted as 7 bit code-words. The sampling is (C) Remain same
done at 10 kHz. The bandwidth of the system is : (D) Become eight times
(A) 10 kHz (B) 20 kHz
AA [IES – EC - 2010]
(C) 35 kHz (D) 70 kHz
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11. Assertion (A) : (C) Amplitude-separation Multiplexing
PCM/FM systems transmit PCM pulses by (D) Code Division Multiplexing
modulating a high frequency carrier and hence
A1.99 to 201[GATE – EC – 2014]
occupy large band width and eliminate distortion.
17. In a PCM system, the signal m (t) =
Reason (R) : sin 100 t   cos 100 t  V is sampled at the
Large bandwidth ensures SNR tide off and hence Nyquist rate. The samples are processed by a
distortion-less transmission is ensured. uniform quantizer with step size 0.75 V. The
minimum data rate of the PCM system in bits per
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct second is ----------.
explanation of A
AC [IES – EC - 2000]
(B) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the 18. The bandwidth of ‘N’ bit binary coded PCM
correct explanation of A signal for modulating a signal having bandwidth
(C) A is true but R is false of ‘f’ Hz is :

(D) A is false but R is true f f

(A) Hz (B) Hz
N N2
AA [GATE - EC - 1998]
2
12. Compression in PCM refers to relative (C) Nf Hz (D) N f Hz
compression of
AB [IES – EC - 2001]
(A) higher signal amplitudes
19. For 10 – bit PCM system, the signal to
(B) lower signal amplitudes quantization noise ratio is 62 dB. If the number of
bits is increased by 2, then the signal to
(C) lower signal frequencies
quantization noise ratio will
(D) higher signal frequencies
(A) Increase by 6 dB
AC [GATE - EC - 1987]
(B) Increase by 12 dB
13. Companding in PCM system leads to improved
signal – to – quantization noise ratio. This (C) Decreased by 6 dB
improvement is for:
(D) Decreased by 12 dB
(A) Lower frequency components only
(B) higher frequency components only AA [IES – EC - 2006]
20. Assertion(A) : An eight-bit PCM system
(C) lower amplitudes only
performs better than a six-bit PCM system.
(D) higher amplitudes only
Reason (R) : Eight-bit system produces smaller
A3times [GATE - EC - 1994] quantization noise than a six-bit system.
14. The bandwidth required for the transmission of a (A) Both A and R are true but R is the correct
PCM signal increases by a factor of ________ explanation of A
when the number of quantization levels is (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
increased from 4 to 64. correct explanation of A
AB [GATE - EC - 1999] (C) A is true but R is false
15. The peak-to-peak input to an 8-bit PCM coder is (D) A is false but R is true
2 volts. The signal power – to – quantization
noise power ratio (in dB) for an input of 0.5 AD [IES – EC - 2006]
cos( m t ) is 21. How much is contributed by each bit in the code
word of a PCM system under uniform and
(A) 47.8 (B) 43.8 symmetric quantization to the signal to noise
(C) 95.6 (D) 99.6 ratio ?

AA [IES-EC-2013] (A) 3 dB (B) 4 dB

16. What multiplexing method do the CODECs use (C) 5 dB (D) 6 dB
to transmit two PCM signals in opposite direction
over the same transmission line ? AD [IES – EC - 2009]
(A) TDM 22. An audio signal is to be transmitted digitally.
Which is the system best suited for good fidelity?
(B) FDM
(A) 8-bit PCM
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(B) 13-bit PCM of the signal by the FSK receiver without
considering noise is
(C) 32-bit PCM
(A) 840 Hz to 1320 Hz
(D) PCM system with non-uniform quantizer
(B) 960 Hz to 1200 Hz
AC [IES – EC - 2010] (C) 1080 Hz to 1320 Hz
23. The quantization noise of a PCM system depend
(D) 720 Hz to 1440 Hz
on
(A) Number of quantization levels AC [GATE - EC - 1998]
29. In a PCM system with uniform quantization,
(B) Step-size increasing the number of bits from 8 to 9 will
(C) Both step-size and number of quantization reduce the quantization noise power by a factor
levels of
(D) Sampling rate (A) 9 (B) 8
AD [IES – EC - 2011] (C) 4 (D) 2
24. The main factor that determines the accuracy of a
AC [GATE - EC - 2004]
reconstructed PCM signal is the
30. In a PCM system, if the code word length is
(A) Signal bandwidth increased from 6 to 8 bits, the signal to
(B) Pulse repetition rate quantization noise ratio improves by the factor
(C) Pulse amplitude (A) 8/6 (B) 12
(D) Number of bits used for quantization (C) 16 (D) 8
AB [GATE - EC - 1995] AC [GATE - EC - 1988]
25. If the number of bits per sample in a PCM system 31. A signal having uniformly distributed amplitude
is increased from n to n + 1, the improvement in in the interval (-V, +V) is to be encoded using
signal-to-quantization noise ratio will be PCM with uniform quantization. The signal –to-
(A) 3dB (B) 6 dB quantizing noise ratio is determined by the
(C) 2n dB (D) n dB (A) dynamic range of the signal
AC [GATE - EC - 1995] (B) sampling rate
26. The signal to quantization noise ratio in an n-bit (C) number of quantizing levels
PCM system (D) power spectrum of signal
(A) depends upon the sampling frequency AD [GATE - EC - 1996]
employed 32. The number of bits in a binary PCM system is
(B) is independent of the value of ‘n’ increased from n to n+1. As a result, the signal to
(C) increasing with increasing value of ‘n’ quantization noise ratio will improve by a factor
(D) decreases with the increasing value of ‘n’ (A) (n  1) / n
AC [GATE – IN – 2010] (B) 2( n1)/ n
27. In a pulse code modulated (PCM) signal sampled
at f s and encoded into an n-bit code, the (C) 22( n1)/ n
minimum bandwidth required for faithful (D) Which is independent of n
reconstruction is :
AB [GATE - EC - 2003]
(A) 2 nf s (B) nf s 33. A signal is sampled at 8 KHZ and is quantized
using 8-bit uniform quantizer. Assuming SNRq
nfs
(C) (D) f s for a sinusoidal signal, the correct statement for
2 PCM signal with a bit rate of R is :
AD [GATE – IN – 2013] (A) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 25.8 dB
28. Signals from fifteen thermocouples are
multiplexed and each one is sampled once per (B) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB
second with a 16-bit ADC. The digital samples
are converted by a parallel to serial converter to (C) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 55.8 dB
generate a serial PCM signal. This PCM signal is
frequency modulated with FSK modulator with (D) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB
1200 Hz as 1 and 960 Hz as 0. The minimum
Common Data question for the next two questions
band allocation required for faithful reproduction
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A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth  
of 4.5 MHz. This signal is sampled, quantized and (A) sec (B) sec
100 120
binary coded to obtain a PCM signal. If the signal is to
be sampled at a rate 20% above the Nyquist rate & (C) 60sec (D) none
quantized into 1024 levels.
A15.9-16.1 [GATE–S3–EC–2016]
AA 40. A speech signal is sampled at 8 kHz and encoded
34. Determine the sampling rate. into PCM format using 8 bits/sample. The PCM
(A) 10.8 MHz (B) 5.4 MHz data is transmitted through a baseband channel
via 4-level PAM. The minimum bandwidth (in
(C) 21.6 MHz (D) 9 MHz kHz) required for transmission is _______.
AB AD[GATE–S1–EC–2017]
35. Determine the minimum bandwidth required to 41. Which one of the following statements about
transmit this signal. differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is
true?
(A) 108 MHz (B) 54 MHz
(A) The sum of message signal sample with its
(C) 216 MHz (D) 72 MHz prediction is quantized
Common Data for the next two questions (B) The message signal sample is directly
The bandwidth of an input signal to the PCM is quantized, and its prediction is not used.
restricted to 4 kHz. The input signal varies in amplitude (C) The difference of message signal sample and
from 3.8V to +3.8 V and has the average power of 30 a random signal is quantized
mW. The required signal to noise ratio is given as 20
(D) The difference of message signal sample with
dB. The PCM modulator produces binary output.
its prediction is quantized.
Assuming uniform quantization.
A7 [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
AC
42. A sinusoidal message signal is converted to a
36. Find the number of bits required per sample.
PCM signal using a uniform quantizer. The
(A) 3 (B) 5 required signal to quantization noise ratio
(SQNR) at the ouptut of the quantizer is 40 dB.
(C) 7 (D) 6 The minimum number of bits per sample needed
to achieve the desired SQNR is ____ .
AB
37. Output of 30 such PCM codes are time A11.80 to 11.82 [GATE-EC-2019]
multiplexed. What would be the minimum 43. A voice signal m(t) is in the frequency range 5
required transmission bandwidth for this kHz to 15 kHz. The signal is amplitude-
multiplexed signal ? modulated to generate an AM
signal f (t )  A(1  m (t )) cos 2 f c t , where
(A) 1680 kHz (B) 840 kHz
f c  600 kHz . The AM signal ƒ(t) is to be
(C) 420 kHz (D) 210 kHz digitized and archived. This is done by first
sampling ƒ(t) at 1.2 times the Nyquist frequency,
AA
and then quantizing each sample using a 256-
38. Determine the minimum sampling rate for the
level quantizer. Finally, each quantized sample is
signal S a (100t ) .
binary coded using K bits, where K is the
100 minimum number of bits required for the
(A) Hz (B) 100 Hz encoding. The rate, in Megabits per second

(rounded off to 2 decimal places), of the resulting
200 stream of coded bits is ____ Mbps.
(C) 200 Hz (D) Hz

AB -------0000-------
39. Determine the Nyquist Interval for the following
signals :

S a (100t )  S a2 60t

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A B C C C A A B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A C * B A * C B A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D D C D B C C D C C
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
C D B A B C B A B *
41 42 43
D 7 *

14. 3 times
17. 1.99 to 201
40. 15.9-16.1
43. 11.80 to 11.82

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05
PAM/PWM
AC [IES – EC - 2000] Select the correct answer using the code given
1. Four signals each band – limited to 5 kHz are below
sampled at twice the nyquist rate. The resulting
(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only
PAM samples are transmitted over a signal
channel after time division multiplexing. The (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
theoretical minimum transmission bandwidth of
the channel should be equal to AC [IES – EC - 2000]
6. Four signals each band – limited to 5 kHz are
(A) 5 kHz (B) 20 kHz sampled at twice the nyquiest rate. The resulting
(C) 40 kHz (D) 80 kHz. PAM samples are transmitted over a signal
channel after time division multiplexing. The
AC [IES – EC - 2002] theoretical minimum transmission bandwidth of
2. Which of the following pulse modulation is the channel should be equal to
analog?
(A) 5 kHz (B) 20 kHz
(A) PCM
(C) 40 kHz (D) 80 kHz.
(B) Differential PCM
AB [GATE - EC - 1995]
(C) PWM 7. A PAM signal can be detected by using
(D) Delta (A) an ADC
AA [IES – EC - 1991] (B) an integrator
3. Which of the following requires a synchronizing (C) a band pass filter
signal?
(D) a high pass filter
(A) Single channel PPM system
(B) PAM AD [IES – EC - 2011]
8. PAM signals are constructed by using a low pass
(C) PDM filter of pass band slightly greater than base band
(D) All of the above to avoid aliasing. This avoids distortion
AD [IES – EC - 1996] (1) For flat top pulses
4. PAM signal can be demodulated by using a
(2) If low pass filter has sharp cut off
(A) Low pass filter (LPF) alone (3) Flat top pulses introduce envelope delay
(B) A Schmitt trigger followed by a LPF (4) Flat top pulses introduce amplitude distortion
and delay
(C) A differentiator followed by a LPF
AA [IES – EC - 1991]
(D) A clipper circuit followed by a LPF
9. Which of the following requires a synchronizing
AA [IES – EC - 2008] signal?
5. Which of the following pulse modulation are (A) Single channel PPM system
digital?
(B) PAM
1. PCM
(C) PDM
2. Differential PCM
(D) All of the above
3. PWM
A34.5-35.5 [GATE–S1–EC–2016]
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10. Consider binary data transmission at a rate of 56 Answer :
kbps using baseband binary pulse amplitude
modulation (PAM) that is designed to have a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
raised-cosine spectrum. The transmission C C A D A C B D A *
bandwidth (in kHz) required for a roll-off factor
of 0.25 is _____. 10. 34.5 to 35.5

-------0000-------

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06
Multiplexing
AC [IES – EC - 2006] (D) 1280 M bits/sec
1. In FDM systems used for telephone, which
modulation scheme is adopted? AB [IES – EC - 2008]
5. Which one of the following is correct? In a TDM
(A) AM (B) DSB-Sc system each signal is allotted in a frame a unique
(C) SSB-Sc (D) FM and fixed.
(A) Frequency slot
AA [IES – EC - 2011]
2. Assertion (A): The basic group in an FDM (B) Time slot
system occupies a band 60 kHz to 108 kHz in
(C) Amplitude slot
frequency.
(D) Phase slot
Reason (R): The voice channels in FDM are
band limited to 4 kHz and carrier AD [GATE - EC - 1998]
frequencies f c  60  4  n kHz are used for 12 6. Quadrature multiplexing is
channels in the basic group. (A) the same as FDM
(A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct (B) the same as TDM
explanation of A
(C) a combination of FDM and TDM
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the
correct explanation of A (D) quite different from FDM and TDM
(C) A is true but R is false AA [IES – EC – 1998]
7. Assertion (A): Digital communication needs
(D) A is false but R is true.
some synchronization signals
AA [IES – EC - 1993]
Reason (R): Bit synchronization signal is
3. A comparison of frequency division and time
required in time division multiplexing to
division multiplexing system shows that
distinguish groups of data.
(A) FDM requires a lower bandwidth but TDM
has greater noise immunity (A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(B) FDM has greater noise immunity and requires
lower bandwidth that TDM (B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(C) FDM requires channel synchronization, while
TDM has greater noise immunity (C) A is true but R is false
(D) FDM requires more multiplexing while TDM (D) A is false but R is true.
requires band pass filter.
AD [IES – EC - 1996]
AB [IES – EC - 1994] 8. In an ADM transmission system, the output signal
4. A TDM link has 20 signal channels and each amplitudes for 1’s and 0’s are
channel is sampled 8000 times/sec. Each sample
(A) Fixed and the repetition rate is also fixed
is represented by seven binary bits and contains
an additional bit for synchronization. The total bit (B) Fixed but the repetition rate is variable
rate for the TDM link is (C) Variable and the repetition rate is also
variable
(A) 1180 K bits/sec
(D) Variable but the repetition rate is fixed
(B) 1280 K bits/sec
AB [IES – EC - 2001]
(C) 1180 M bits/sec
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9. In a certain 12 channel TDM. System, it is found 14. Four independent messages have bandwidths of
that channel NO. 3 and channel No. 8 are 100 Hz, 100Hz, 200Hz and 400Hz, respectively.
connected to the same input signal. The Each is sampled at the Nyquist rate, and the
technique samples are time division multiplexed (TDM)
and transmitted. The transmitted sample rate (in
(A) Wastes the channel capacity
Hz) is
(B) Takes care of different sampling rates (A) 1600 (B) 800
(C) is required when different bandwidth signals (C) 400 (D) 200
are to be transmitted
AD [GATE - EC - 2008]
(D) Reduces noise 15. Four messages band limited to W, W, 2 W and 3
AA [IES – EC - 2002] W respectively are to be multiplexed using Time
10. In asynchronous TDM, for n signal sources, each Division Multiplexing (TDM). The minimum
frame contains m slots, where m is usually bandwidth required for transmission of this TDM
signal is
(A) Less than n
(B) 2 n (A) W (B) 3 W

(C) n (C) 6 W (D) 7 W

(D) Greater than 2 n AD [IES – EC - 2004]
16. Assertion(A):
AB [IES – EC - 2006]
11. Which is the most important sub-system for AM stereo broadcasting uses quadrature carrier
recovering and reconstructing signals in a TDM multiplexing (QAM).
system? Reason(R):
(A) Envelop detector followed by a low pass QAM involves more stringent synchronization
filter than an FDM system with SSB subcarrier
(B) Synchronization circuit for proper timing modulation.

(C) Band pass filters to segregate channels AC [IES – EC - 1999]

17. 12 signals each band – limited to 5 kHz are to be
(D) Coherent detector to ensure frequency and transmitted over a single channel by frequency
phase connection division multiplexing. If AM – SSB modulation
guard band of 1 kHz is used, then the bandwidth
AB [IES – EC - 2006]
of the multiplexed signal will be
12. Assertion (A) : TDM can be employed to
transmit channels having unequal bandwidths. (A) 51 kHz (B) 61 kHz
Reason (R) : If sampling theorem is strictly (C) 71 kHz (D) 81 kHz
followed, any analog signal can be reconstructed
from its samples. AB [IES – EC - 2000]
(A) Both A and R are true but R is the correct 18. Time division multiplexing requires
explanation of A (A) Constant data transmission
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the (B) Transmission of data samples
correct explanation of A
(C) Transmission of data at random
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) Transmission of data at only one sample
(D) A is false but R is true
AC [IES – EC - 2008]
AB [IES – EC - 2010]
19. Multiplexing is possible if signals are sampled.
13. A TDM system is to be designed to multiplex the
Two signals have bandwidth. A = 0 to 4 kHz and
following two signals :
B = 0 to 8 kHz respectively. The sampling
x1  5 cos(2000  ) frequency chosen is 12 kHz. Which one of the
following is correct ?
x2  2 cos(2000 t ) cos(3000 t )
The choice of the sampling frequency
The minimum sampling rate is :
(A) Is correct since A and B have an integral
(A) 4 kHz (B) 5 kHz relationship of 2
(C) 10 kHz (D) 6 kHz (B) Will not lead to aliasing
AA [GATE - EC - 1999] (C) Does not obey sampling theorem
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(D) Can never lead to multiplexing.
AB [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
20. The signal x(t) = sin(14000t ) , where t is in
seconds is sampled at a rate of 9000 samples per
second. The sampled signal is the input to an
ideal lowpass filter with frequency response H(f)
as follows :
1, | f | 12 kHz
H( f )  
0, | f | 12 kHz
What is the number of sinusoids in the output and
their frequencies in kHz?
(A) Number = 1, frequency = 7
(B) Number = 3, frequency = 2, 7, 11
(C) Number = 2, frequency = 2, 7
(D) Number = 2, frequency = 7, 11

-------0000-------

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A A B B D A D B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B B A D D C B C B

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07
Information Theory
A0.79to0.81 [GATE – EC – 2014] 6. When the channel is noisy, producing a
1. Consider the Z-channel given in the figure. The conditional probability of error p = 0.5 the
input is 0 or 1 with equal probability. If the channel capacity and entropy function would be,
output is 0, the probability that the input is also 0 respectively
equals ----------. (A) 1 and 1 (B) 1 and 0.5
(C) 0.5 and 1 (D) zero and 1
AD [GATE – EC – 2012]
7. A source alphabet consists of N symbols with the
probability of the first two symbols being the
same. A source encoder increases the probability
of first symbol by a small amount  and decreases
AB [IES – EC - 1992] that of the second by  . After encoding, the
2. An image uses 512 x 512 picture elements. Each entropy of the source
of the picture elements can take any of the 8 (A) increases
distinguishable intensity levels. The maximum
(B) remains the same
entropy in the above image will be
(C) increases only if N = 2
(A) 2097152 bits (B) 786432 bits (D) decreases
(C) 648 bits (D) 144 bits
AC [GATE – EC – 2013]
AA [IES – EC - 1993] 8. Let U and V be two independent and identically
3. A communication channel disturbed by additive distributed random variables such that P(U =
white Gaussian noise has a bandwidth of 4 kHz 1
and SNR of 15. The highest transmission rate that +1)= P(U = -1) = . The entropy H(U + V) in bits
2
such a channel can support (in k- bits/sec) is is :
(A) 16 (B) 1.6 (A) 3/4 (B) 1
(C) 3.2 (D) 60 (C) 3/2 (D) log 2 3
AD [IES – EC - 1993]
A-0.01 to 0.01 [GATE – EC – 2014]
4. A discrete zero memory information source has
9. The capacity of a Binary Symmetric Channel
40 symbols and each symbols is equally likely.
(BSC) with cross-over probability 0.5 is
The minimum number of bits required to code the
________
source with uniform length code and the entropy
of the source are respectably. A1.99 to 2.01 [GATE – EC – 2014]
10. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly until a ‘Head’
(A) 5, 5.03 (B) 6, 5.83
appears for the first time. Let L be the number of
(C) 5, 6.64 (D) 6, 5.32 tosses to get this first ‘Head’. The entropy H(L)
in bits is ______.
AD [IES-EC-2013]
5. A radio channel has a bandwidth of 10 kHz and AA [IES – EC - 2004]
an S/N ratio of 15 dB. The maximum data rate 11. A ternary source produces alphabets A, B and C
that can be transmitted is : with probabilities PA = PB = P and Pc. Which one
of the following value of the entropy of the
(A) 16.1 kb/sec (B) 24.2 kb/sec source: and the corresponding value of Pc and the
(C) 32.3 kb/sec (D) 50.3 kb/sec range of P?
(A) 1.58, 0.33 (0, 0.5)
AD [IES – EC - 2001]
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(B) 1.0, 0.5, (0, 1) (A) By using proper channel codes, we can get an
error free transmission on a noisy channel
(C) 3.0, 0.67, (0, 0.5)
(D) 2.0, 4.2 (0, 0.3) (B) It is not possible to get an error free
transmission on a noisy channel, since there
AB [IES – EC - 2005] will always be some error in the detected
12. Match List – I (Theorem/Law) with List – II signal for finite noise on any channel?
(Specified Quantity) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists (C) It is true only for some wired cannels and not
wireless channels
List – I
(D) It works only for analog signals and not for
A. Shannon source theorem digital signals on any channel.
B. Dimensionality theorem
A2.8876&3.8876 [GATE - EC - 1991]
C. Wiener – Kintchine thermo 16. A binary source has symbol probabilities 0.8 and
D. Shannon – Hartley Law 0.2. If extension coding (blocks of 4 symbols) is
used, the lower and upper bounds on the average
List – II code word length are:
1. Channel capacity coding (A) lower __________
2. Storage space of a signal (B) higher __________
3. Power spectral density of random process AB [IES – EC - 2005]
4. Optimum code length 17. Match List – I with list – II and select the correct
answer using the code given below the lists
Codes
List – I
A B C D A. Entropy coding
(A) 1 2 3 4 B. Channel capacity
C. Minimum length code
(B) 4 3 2 1
D. Equivocation.
(C) 1 3 2 4 List – II
(D) 4 2 3 1 1. McMillan’s Rule
AB [IES – EC - 1999] 2. Redundancy
13. A source deliver symbols X1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 with 3. Shannon Fano
probabilities 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/8 respectably the 4. Shannon law
entropy of the system is Codes
(A) 1.75 bits per second A B C D
(B) 1.75 bits per symbol (A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 3 4 1 2
(C) 1.75 symbols per second
(C) 1 4 3 2
(D) 1.75 symbols per bit (D) 3 2 1 4
AC [IES – EC - 2003] AD [IES – EC - 2006]
14. Consider a noisy binary channel with bit error 18. A communication channel has a bandwidth of
probability Pe = 5  10-5. Assume 10000 bits are 100 MHz. The channel is extremely noisy such
being transmitted over such a channel. The that the signal power is very much below the
probability that there will be 2 or less number of noise power. What is the capacity of this channel?
bits in error is
(A) 100 Mbps
(A) 10-4 (B) ~ 0.5
(B) 50 Mbps
(C) ~ 1 (D) 104
(C) 2400 bps
AA [IES – EC - 2005]
15. Which one of the following statements is correct? (D) Nearly 0 bps
The Shannon’s channel capacity formula AA [IES – EC - 2006]
indicates that in theory? 19. In general, attenuation per unit length in a coaxial
cable
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(A) Increases with frequency 2. Low intersymbol interference
(B) Decreases with frequency 3. Adequate timing content
(C) Remains constant with frequency 4. Transparency
(D) Depends upon the type of coaxial cable. It Select the correct answer using the code given
can either increase or decrease. below :
AB [IES – EC - 2006] (A) 1, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 4
20. A source generates four messages with
1 1 1 1 (C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 3
probability , , and .
8 8 4 12 AB [IES – EC - 2008]
26. Assertion (A):
What is the entropy of the source (bits/message)?
(A) 1 (B) 1.75 Entropy of a binary source is maximum if the
probabilities of occurrence of both the events are
(C) 2 (D) 4 equal.
AD [IES – EC - 2006] Reason(R):
21. A source produce 26 symbols with equal
probability. What is the average information The average amount of information per source
produced by this source? symbol is called entropy for a memory less
source.
(A) Less than 4 bits/symbol
(A) Both A and R are true but R is the correct
(B) 6 bits/symbol explanation of A
(C) 7 bits/symbol (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
(D) Between 4bits/symbol & 6 bits/symbol correct explanation of A

AB [IES – EC - 2007] (C) A is true but R is false

22. In order to permit the selection of 1 out of 16 (D) A is false but R is true
equiprobable events, what is the number of bits
required ? AB [IES – EC - 2011]
27. Discrete source S1 has 4 equiprobable symbols
(A) 8 (B) 4 while discrete source S2 has 16 equiprobable
(C) log10 16 (D) 2 symbols. When the entropy of these two sources
is compared, entropy of
AC [IES – EC - 2007]
23. Which one of the following is correct? (A) S1 is greater than S2
(A) Coding reduces the noise in the signal (B) S1 is less than S2
(B) Coding deliberately introduces redundancy
(C) S1 is equal to S2
into messages
(C) Coding increases the information rate (D) Depends on rate of symbols/second

(D) Coding increases the channel bandwidth AD [GATE - EC - 2011]

28. An analog signal is band-limited to 4 KHz.
AC [IES – EC - 2008] Sampled at the Nyquist rate and the samples are
24. The entropy of a digital source is 2.7 bits/symbol. quantized into 4 levels. The quantized levels are
It is producing 100 symbols per second. The assumed to be independent and equally probable.
source is likely to be which one of the following ? If we transmit two quantized samples per second,
(A) A binary source the information rate is
(B) A quaternary source (A) 1 bit/sec (B) 2 bits/sec
(C) An octal source
(C) 3 bits/sec (D) 4 bits/sec
(D) A hexademical source
AB [GATE - EC - 1989]
AA [IES – EC - 2008] 29. A source produces 4 symbols with probabilities
25. A good line code should have which of the 1 1 1 1
following ? , , and . For this source, a practical
2 4 8 8
1. Favourable psd
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coding scheme has an average codeword length (B) 2 1 3 4
of 2 bits/symbols. The efficiency of the code is : (C) 4 3 1 2
(A) 1 (B) 7/8 (D) 2 3 1 4
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/4 A0.80-0.82 [GATE–S3–EC–2016]
35. A binary communication system makes use of the
AB [GATE - EC - 1990]
symbols “zero” and “one”. There are chnnel
30. An image uses 512  512 picture elements. Each
errors. Consider the following events:
of the picture elements can take any of the 8
distinguishable intensity levels. The maximum x0 : a "zero" is transmitted
entropy in the above image will be x1 : a "one" is transmitted
y0 : a "zero" is received
(A) 2097152 bits (B) 786432 bits
y1 : a "one" is received
(C) 648 bits (D) 144 bits The following probabilities are given:
AC [GATE - EC - 2001] 1 3 1
P ( x0 )  , P( y0 | x0 )  , and P ( y0 | x1 )  .
31. A video transmission system transmits 625 2 4 2
picture frames per second. Each frame consists of The information in bits that you obtain when you
a 400  400 pixel grid with 64 intensity levels per learn which symbol has been received (while you
pixel. The date rate of the system is know that a “zero” has been transmitted) is
______ .
(A) 16 Mbps (B) 100 Mbps
(C) 600 Mbps (D) 6.4 Gbps A–1.01- –0.99 [GATE–S3–EC–2016]
36. An information source generates a binary

32.
AB [GATE - EC - 2006]
A source generates three symbols with
 
sequence n .  n can take one of the two
probabilities 0.25, 0.25, 0.50 at a rate of 3000 possible values −1 and +1 with equal probability
symbols per second. Assuming independent and are statistically independent and identically
generation of symbols, the most efficient source distributed. This sequence is precoded to obtain
encoder would have average bit rate is another sequence n , as  n   n  k  n  3 . The
(A) 6000 bits/sec (B) 4500 bits/sec
(C) 3000 bits/sec (D) 1500 bits/sec
 
sequence n is used to modulate a pulse g(t) to
generate the baseband signal
AA [GATE - EC - 2008]
X (t )   n  n g (t  nT ) ,

33. A memory less source emits n symbols each with
a probability p. The entropy of the source as a
function of n 1, 0  t  T
where g (t )  
(A) increases as log n 0, otherwise
(B) decreases as log (1/n)
1
(C) increases as n If there is a null at f  in the power spectral
3T
(D) increases as n log n
density of (𝑡), then 𝑘 is ________
AC
A1.74-1.76 [GATE–S3–EC–2016]
34. Match List I with List II and select the correct
37. A discrete memoryless source has an alphabet
answer using the code given below the lists:
{a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 } with corresponding probabilities
List – I List – II  1 1 1 1  . The minimum required average
 , , , 
A. Source 1. Reduce ISI 2 4 8 8
encoder codeword length in bits to represent this source
B. Channel 2. Synchronization for error-free reconstruction is ________
encoder
C Line 3. Message protection A1.8-2.2 [GATE–S1–EC–2016]
coder 38. Consider a discrete memoryless source with
D. Equalizer 4. Maximization of alphabet S  {s0 , s1 , s2 , s3 , s4 ,....} and respective
information transmitted probabilities of occurrence
Code: 1 1 1 1 1 
P   , , , , ,... . The entropy of the
 2 4 8 16 32 
A B C D source (in bits) is _____
(A) 4 1 3 2
A0.025-0.030 [GATE–S1–EC–2016]
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39. A digital communication system uses a repetition
code for channel encoding/decoding. During
transmission, each bit is repeated three times (0 is
transmitted as 000, and 1 is transmitted as 111). It
is assumed that the source puts out symbols
independently and with equal probability. The
decoder operates as follows: In a block of three
received bits, if the number of zeros exceeds the
number of ones, the decoder decides in favor of a
0, and if the number of ones exceeds the number
of zeros, the decoder decides in favor of a 1. The channel is :
Assuming a binary symmetric channel with (A) lossless
crossover probability p = 0.1, the average
(B) noiseless
probability of error is ________
(C) useless
AC [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
40. Which one of the following graphs shows the (D) deterministic
Shannon capacity (Channel capacity) in bits of a
memoryless binary symmetric channel with
crossover probability p?
-------0000-------

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

AC [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
41. Consider a binary memoryless channel
characterized by the transition probability
diagram shown in the figure.

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* B A D B D C C * *
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B B C A * B D A B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D B C C A B B D B B
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
C B A C * * * * * C
41
C

9. -0.01 to 0.01
10. 1.99 to 2.01
16. 2.8876&3.8876
35. 0.80-0.82
36. –1.01- –0.99
37. 1.74-1.76
38. 1.8-2.2
39. 0.025-0.030

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08
Delta Modulation
AD [GATE - EC - 2007] 5. In a DM (delta modulation) system the granular
1. In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion (idling) noise occurs when the
can be reduced by (A) Modulation signal increase rapidly
(A) decreasing the step size (B) Pulse rate decreases
(B) decreasing the granular noise (C) Modulating signal remains constant
(C) decreasing the sampling rate (D) Pulse amplitude decrease.
(D) increasing the step size
AC [IES – EC - 2000]
AC [IES – EC - 2003] 6. The ramp single m (t) = ‘at’ is applied to a delta
2. Thermal noise is passed through an ideal low- modulator with sampling period TS and step
pass filter having cut-off frequency at f c   Hz. size  . Slope overload distortion would occur if
The autocorrelation value of the noise at the
output of the filter is given as (A) <a (B) >a
(A) A delta function at t = 0 (C)  < aTs (D)  > aTs
(B) Gaussian over the range   t   AB [GATE - EC - 2006]
(C) Sinc function over the range   t   7. The minimum step-size required for a Delta-
Modulator operating at 32K samples/sec to track
(D) Triangular function over the range the signal (here u(t) is the unit-step function) x(t)
1 / 2  t  1 / 2 = 125t(u(t) – u(t – 1)+(250–125t) (u(t – 1)–u(t–
AA [GATE – EC1 – 2015] 2)) so that slope – overload is avoided, would be
3. A sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz frequency is applied (A) 210 (B) 28
to a delta modulator. The sampling rate and step-
size  of the delta modulator are 20,000 samples (C) 26 (D) 24
per second and 0.1 V, respectively. To prevent
slope overload, the maximum amplitude of the AB [GATE - EC - 2003]
sinusoidal signal (in Volts) is : 8. The input to a linear delta modulator having a
step size   0.628 is a sine wave with
1 1 frequency f m and peak amplitude Em. If the
(A) (B)
2  sampling frequency f s  40 KHz , the combination
2 of the sine-wave frequency and the amplitude,
(C) (D)  where slope overload will take place is

Em fm
AC [IES – EC - 1992]
4. In delta modulation which of the following (A) 0.3V 8 KHZ
drawbacks are existing? (B) 1.5 V 4 KHZ
1. Slope overload (C) 1.5 V 2 KHZ
2. Serration noise (D) 3.0 V 1 KHZ
-------0000-------
3. Granular noise
(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
AC [IES – EC - 1995]
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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D C A C C C B B

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09
Miscellaneous Digital
AA32 [GATE – EC2 – 2015] AA [IES – EC - 1995]
1. A sinusoidal signal of amplitude A is quantized 6. The autocorrelation function of white noise is
by a uniform quantizer. Assume that the signal
utilizes all the representation levels of the (A) A delta function
quantizer. If the signal to quantization noise ratio (B) A constant
is 31.8 dB, the number of levels in the quantizer
is _______ (C) Gaussian

AC [IES-EC-2013] (D) Exp (  |  |) with usual notation.

2. An analog signal is band limited to 4 kHz. It is AA [IES – EC - 1994]
sampled at the Nyquist rate and samples are 7. In push button keypad dialing in telephony,
quantized into 4 levels. The quantization levels touching a button generates a tone which is a
have probabilities 1/8,1/8,3/8 and 3/8. The
information rate of the source is : (A) Combination o two frequencies
(A) 15400 bps (B) 4000 bps (B) Single frequency
(C) 14400 bps (D) 16000 bps (C) Chirp tone

Common Data for the Next Two Questions : (D) Sequence of pulses.

A binary system linking teletypewriters to a computer AC [IES – EC - 1994]

operates at a mean frequency of 1080Hz shifting to 980 8. Bandwidth of colour television transmission of
Hz when a one is transmitted and to 1180 Hz for a zero. the order

AA [IES – EC - 1991] (A) 100 kHz (B) 1 MHz

3. The maximum permitted data rate for this system (C) 6 MHz (D) 10 MHz.
is :
AA [IES – EC - 1995]
(A) 200 bits/second 9. A message signal band limited to 5 kHz is
(B) 200 baud sampled at the minimum rate as dictated by the
sampling theorem. The number of quantization
(C) 100 baud levels is 64. If the samples are encoded in binary
(D) 1080 bits/second form, the transmission rate is

AA [IES – EC - 1991] (A) 60 kbps (B) 50 kbps

4. In Case a zero – crossing detector used in this (C) 32 kbps (B) 10 kbps
system indicates a time of 510 microseconds, the
state received would be. AC [IES – EC - 1997]
10. The use of non – uniform quantizer leads to
(A) 1 (B) 0
(A) Reduction in transmission bandwidth
(C) 1/0 (D) 0/1
(B) Increase in maximum SNR
AD [IES – EC - 1991] (C) Increase in SNR for low level signals
5. The function of paddlers in ratio receivers is to
(D) Simplification of quantization process
(A) Improve sensitivity
(B) Reduce image frequency rejection AB [IES – EC - 1997]
11. The baud rate is :
(C) Reduce noise
(D) Improve tracking (A) Always equal to the bit transfer rate
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(B) Equal to twice the bandwidth of an ideal (B) Low – pass filter and crystal controlled
channel oscillator
(C) Not equal to the signalling rate (C) High – pass filter and voltage controlled
oscillator
(D) Equal to one – half the bandwidth of ideal (D) Low – pass filter and voltage controlled
channel oscillator
AA [IES – EC - 1998] AD [IES – EC - 2001]
12. In a communication system, each message (1 or 17. To permit the selection of 1 out of 16
0) It transmitted three times in order to reduce the equiprobable events, the number of bits required
probability of error, the detection is based on the is
majority rule at the receiver, If Pe is the
probability of bit error, the probability of error for (A) 2 (B) log10 16
this communication system will be : (C) 8 (D) 4
(A) 3 p 2 e  2 p 33 AB [IES – EC - 2002]
18. Match List I with List II and select the correct
(B) 1  p 2 e  p 3 e answer using codes given below the lists:
List I List II
(C) p 3e
A. Television 1. Either AM or
(D) p e (1  pe )
2 FM used
B. Radio 2. Both AM and
AD [IES – EC - 1998] FM are used
13. The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal g(t) = 10
cos (50 t) cos2 (150 ) where ‘t’ is in seconds, is C. Radar 3. PCM is used
(A) 150 samples per second D. Data 4. Digital system
communication
(B) 200 samples per second
Codes:
(C) 300 samples per second
A B C D
(D) 350 samples per second.
(A) 4 3 1 2
AA [IES – EC - 2000]
(B) 2 1 3 4
14. A band – pass signal has significant frequency
components in the range of 1.5 MHz to 2 MHz. If (C) 4 1 3 2
the signals to be reconstructed from its sample, (D) 2 3 1 4
the minimum sampling frequency will be
AC [IES – EC - 2004]
(A) 1 MHz (B) 2MHz
19. The sum of two signals
(C) 3.5 MHz (D) 4 MHz
e1  3sin(4103 t )
AA [IES – EC - 2000]
15. Generally, a transversal type equalizer with 5 taps and e2  5 sin(2   256t )
can take of distorted signal due to inter symbol
is sampled at 1024 Hz. The sampled signal is
interference in the received signal at
passed through a low pass filter with cut-off at
(A) 4 sampling instants 2048 Hz. The output of this filter will contain
components at
(B) 5 sampling instants
(A) 256 Hz and 103 Hz
(C) 9 sampling instants
(B) 256 Hz and 1024 Hz
(D) 10 sampling instants (C) 256 Hz only
AD [IES – EC - 2000] (D) 1024 Hz only
16. The essential blocks of a phase lock loop (PLL)
are phase detector, amplifier AD [IES – EC - 2005]
20. A continuous signal has voltage range – 2V to
(A) High – pass filter and crystal controlled +2V. If this is quantized to 8 bits, what does the
oscillator resulting signal have?
(A) 255 levels of step size 4/255
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(B) 256 levels of step size 4/8 (A) Before the signal is reconstructed
(C) 8 bits plus 2 levels at -2 and +2 volts (B) After the signal is reconstructed
(C) Before the signal is sampled
(D) 8 bits per sample if properly sampled
(D) After the signal is sampled
AB [IES – EC - 2005]
AB [IES – EC - 2009]
Signal x(t )  3sin 2 10 t  2sin 2 660t. At
3
21. 25. Which of the following statements about the
what sampling frequency should this signal be matched filter in a communication receiver are
sampled to avoid aliasing? correct?
(A) 2  660 Hz The Matched filter maximizes the output S/N
ratio.
(B) 2  1000 Hz (1) Its impulse response depends on the signed
(C) 2[1000+660] Hz shape.
(2) It maximizes the SNR at the detection instant.
(D) 2[1000 – 660] Hz (3) It produces ISI.
AD [IES – EC - 2006] (4) It may produce phase error if synchronization
22. Quantization process used in analog to digital is improper.
conversion process is a Select the correct answer from the codes given
(A) One-to-many mapping which causes loss of below:
information (A) 1 and 4 only (B) 1 and 2 only
(B) Many-to-one mapping. It causes a loss of (C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 4
information at the transmitter which can be
recovered at the receiver AB [IES – EC - 2009]
26. A signal occupies a band 5 kHz to 10 kHz. For
(C) One-to-one mapping
proper error free reconstruction at what rate it
(D) Many-to-one mapping. The loss of should be sampled?
information at the transmitter cannot be
recovered at the receiver (A) 10 kHz
(B) 20 kHz
AA [IES – EC - 2007]
23. The constellation diagram of a modem has four (C) 5 kHz
states as shown in the figure given below. What
(D) (10 + 5)  2 kHz
is the bit rate of this modem?
AA [IES – EC - 2009]
27. For good quality signal transmission all
frequency components should have the same
transmission delay, td and same phase shift-  s .
What can be said about the statement?
(A) Correct
(B) True for td but not for s
(C) Not true for td but true for s
(D) Both td and s are not involved in quality

(A) Two times its baud rate AB [IES – EC - 2011]

(B) Four times its baud rate 28. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
(C) Same as baud rate answer using the code given below the lists :
(D) Sufficient information is not given to give the List I List II
answer A. Pilot carrier 1. Delta modulation
AC [IES – EC - 2008] B. Tuned circuit 2. Frequency
24. As practical signals are time limited, they have modulation
infinite frequency bandwidth. Sampling of such
signals lead to aliasing. To avoid aliasing, an C. Slope overload 3. PCM
anti=aliasing filter is used D. A to D 4. Single sideband AM
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converter (D) None of the above
AB [GATE - EC - 1997]
Codes:
33. A deterministic signal has the power spectrum
A B C D given in figure. The minimum sampling rate
needed to completely represent this signal is
(A) 3 2 1 4
(B) 4 2 1 3
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 4 1 2 3

AA [IES – EC - 2011]
29. Figure shows a block diagram of a system to
recover sampled signal shown as input.
Input  A  B  Recovered Signal
Block A and B can be respectively (A) 1 KHZ (B) 2 KHZ
(A) Zero order hold and low pass filter (C) 3 KHZ (D) None
(B) Multiplier and high pass filter AD [GATE - EC - 2001]
(C) Envelop detector and sampler 34. A band limited signal is sampled at the Nyquist
rate. The signal can be recovered by passing the
(D) Tuned circuit and mixer
samples through
AB [IES – EC - 2011]
(A) an RC filter
30. Consider the following codes:
1. Hamming code (B) an envelope detector
2. Huffman code (C) a PPL
3. Shannon-Fano code (D) an ideal low-pass filter with the appropriate
4. Convolutional code bandwidth
Which of these are source codes? AA [GATE - EC - 2004]
(A) 1 and 2 only 35. In the output of a DM speech encoder, the
consecutive pulses are of opposite polarity during
(B) 2 and 3 only time interval t1  t  t2 . This indicates that during
(C) 3 and 4 only this interval
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (A) the input to the modulator is essentially
constant
AA [GATE - EC - 1994] (B) the modulator is going through slope
31. Increased pulse-width in the flat-top sampling, overload
leads to
(C) the accumulator is in saturation
(A) attenuation of high frequencies in (D) the speech signal is being sampled at the
reproduction Nyquist rate.
(B) attenuation of low frequencies in
reproduction AC [GATE - EC - 2010]
36. Consider the pulse shape s(t) as shown. The
(C) greater aliasing errors in reproduction impulse response h(t) of the filter matched to this
(D) no harmful effects in reproduction pulse is :
AC [GATE - EC - 1997]
32. The line code that has zero dc components for
pulse transmission of random binary data is
(A) Non-return to zero (NRZ)
(B) Return to zero (RZ)
(C) Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
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The peak amplitude of the filter output is
(A) 10 volts
(B) 5 volts
(A)
(C) 10 millivolts
(D) 5 millivolts
AC [GATE - EC - 2001]
40. The Nyquist sampling interval, for the signal sinc
(700t) + sinc (500t) is
(A) 1/350 sec (B)  / 350 sec
(B) (C) 1 / 700 sec (D)  / 175 sec

AC [GATE - EC - 2003]
41. A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude
of 1.536V is quantized into 128 levels using a
mid-rise uniform quantizer. The quantization-
noise power is
6
(A) 0.768 (B) 48 10 V
2
(C)
6
(C) 12  10 V
2
(D) 3.072 V

AD [GATE - EC - 2003]
42. If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital
signal, is 10 5 watt-sec and the one-sided power
spectral density of the white noise,
N0  106W / Hz, then the output SNR of the
(D)
matched filter is
(A) 26 dB (B) 10 dB
(C) 20 dB (D) 13 dB

AB [GATE - EC - 1990] AA [GATE - EC - 2004]

37. A 4GHz carrier is DSB-SC modulated by a low 43. Consider a binary digital communication system
pass message signal with maximum frequency of with equally likely 0’s and 1’s. When binary 0 to
2MHz. The resultant signal is to be ideally transmitted the voltage at the detector input can
sampled. The minimum frequency of the lie between the levels 0.25V and +0.25 V with
sampling impulse train should be: equal probability; when binary 1 is transmitted,
the voltage at the detector can have any have
(A) 4 MHZ (B) 8 MHZ
value between 0 and 1 V with equal probability.
(C) 8 GHz (D) 8.004 GHz If the detector has a threshold of 0.2 V(i.e., if the
received signal is greater than 0.2 V, the bit is
AA [GATE - EC - 1992] taken as 1), the average bit error probability is
38. Source encoding in a data communication system
is done in order to (A) 0.15 (B) 0.2
(A) enhance the information transmission (C) 0.05 (D) 0.5

(B) band pass filters and envelope rate detectors AC [GATE - EC - 2004]
44. Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200Hz,
(C) conserve the transmitted power 600Hz and 600 Hz are sampled at their respective
(D) discriminator detection. Nyquist rates, encodes with 12 bit words, and
time division multiplexed. The bit rate for the
AD [GATE - EC - 1999] multiplexed signal is
39. The input to a matched filter is given by (A) 115.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps
10sin(2 106 ),0  1  104 sec (C) 57.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps
S(t) = 
0 , other wise. AC [GATE - EC - 2004]

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45. Choose the correct one from among the
alternatives A, B, C, D after matching an item (D)
from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in
Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
1. FM P: Slope overload
Common Data for the Next Two Questions :
2. DM Q:  -law
A symmetric three-level midtread quantizer is to be
3. PSK R: Envelope detector designed assuming equiprobable occurrence of all
quantization levels.
4. PCM S: Capture effect
AB [GATE - EC - 2005]
T: Hilbert transform 47. If the input probability density function is divided
U: Matched filter into three regions as shown in figure, the value of
‘a’ in the figure is :

(A) (B) (C) (D)

1-T 1-S 1-S 1-U
2-P 2-U 2-P 2-R
3-U 3-P 3-U 3-S
4-S 4-T 4-Q 4-Q

AC [GATE - EC - 2005] 1 2
(A) (B)
46. A signal as shown in the figure is applied to a 3 3
matched filter. Which of the following does
represent the output of this matched filter?
1 1
(C) (D)
2 4
AA [GATE - EC - 2005]
48. The quantization noise power for the quantization
region between a and a in the figure is :
4 1
(A) (B)
81 9
5 2
(A) (C) (D)
81 81
AC [GATE - EC - 2006]
49. The minimum sampling frequency (in
samples/sec) required to reconstruct the following
signal from its samples without distortion
3 2
(B)  sin 2 1000t   sin 2 1000t 
x (t )  5   7 
 t   t 
would be :
(A) 2  103 (B) 4  103
(C) 6  103 (D) 8  103
(C) AB [GATE - EC - 2006]
50. In the following figure the minimum value of the
constant “C”, which is to be added to y1 (t ) such
that y1 (t ) and y2 (t ) are different, is

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that 3 consecutive decision boundaries are ‘-1’, ‘0’ and
‘1’.


(A)  (B)
2
AA [GATE - EC - 2007]
2  54. The values of a and b are
(C) (D)
12 L (A) a = 1/6 and b = 1/12
Common Data for the Next Two Questions : (B) a = 1/5 and b = 3/40
Let g(t) = p(t)*p(t), where * denotes convolution and
(C) a = 1/4 and b = 1/16
p(t) = u(t) – u(t – 1) lim with u(t) being the unit step
x 
(D) a = 1/3 and b = 1/24
function
AD [GATE - EC - 2007]
AC [GATE - EC - 2006]
55. Assuming that the reconstruction levels of the
51. The impulse response of filter matched to the
quantizer are the mid-points of the decision
signal s(t )  g (t )   (t  2) * g (t ) is given as:
boundaries, the ratio of signal power to
quantization noise power is
(A) s (1  t ) (B)  s (1  t )
152 64
(C)  s(t ) (D) s(t ) (A) (B)
9 3
AA [GATE - EC - 2006] 76
52. An Amplitude modulated signal is given as (C) (D) 28
X AM (t )  100( p (t )  0.5 g (t )) cos  c t in the 3
interval 0  t  1. One set of possible values of Common Data for the Next Three Questions :
the modulating signal and modulation index A speech signal, band limited to 4 kHz and peak
would be voltage varying between +5 V and -5V, is sampled at
the Nyquist rate. Each sample is quantized and
(A) t, 0.5 (B) t, 1.0 represented by 8 bits.
(C) t, 2.0 (D) t2, 0.5 AB [GATE - EC - 2008]
AC [GATE - EC - 2007] 56. If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using bipolar
53. The raised cosine pulse p(t) is used for zero ISI in pulses, the minimum bandwidth required for
digital communications. The expression for p (t) distortion free transmission is
with unity roll-off factor is given by (A) 64 kHz (B) 32 kHz
sin 4 Wt
P (t) = . (C) 8 kHz (D) 4 kHz
4 Wt (1  16W 2 t 2 )
AC [GATE - EC - 2008]
1 57. Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed
The value of p(t) at t = is :
4W between its peak values, the signal to noise ratio
at the quantizer output is,
(A) 0.5 (B) 0
(A) 16 dB (B) 32 dB
(C) 0.5 (D) 
(C) 48 dB (D) 64 dB
Statement for Linked Answer Question for Next
Two Questions : AB [GATE - EC - 2008]
An input to a 6-level quantizer has the probability 58. The number of quantization levels required to
density function f(x) as shown in the figure. Decision reduce the quantization noise by a factor of 4
boundaries of the quantizer are chosen so as to would be :
maximize the entropy of the quantizer output. It is given (A) 1024 (B) 512
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(C) 256 (D) 64 PN k ( n )  0.5  e  |n|
(This has mean zero and variance
AB [GATE - EC - 2009] 2 /  ). Assume transmitted bits to be equiprobable and
2

59. A communication channel with AWGN operating threshold z is set to a/2 = 106V .
at a signal to noise ratio SNR >>1 and band width
B has capacity C1. If the SNR is doubled keeping
B constant, the resulting capacity C 2 is given by
(A) C 2  2C1
(B) C 2  C1  B
(C) C 2  C1  2 B
AB [GATE - EC - 2010]
1
(D) C 2  C1  0.3 B 63. The value of the parameter  (in V ) is
Common Data for the Next Two Questions :
(A) 1010 (B) 10 7
The amplitude of random signal is uniformly distributed
between 5V and 5V (C) 1.414  1010 (D) 2  1020

AC [GATE - EC - 2009] AD [GATE - EC - 2010]

60. If the signal to quantization noise ratio required in 64. The probability of bit error is
uniformly quantizing the signal is 43.5 dB, the
step size of the quantization is approximately (A) 0.5  e3.5 (B) 0.5  e 5
(A) 0.0333 V (B) 0.05 V (C) 0.5  e 7 (D) 0.5  1010
(C) 0.0667 V (D) 0.10 V Statement for Linked Answer Question for Next
AB [GATE - EC - 2009] Two Questions :
61. If the positive values of the signal are uniformly A four phase and an eight phase signal constellation and
quantized with a step size of 0.05 V, and the shown in the figure below.
negative value are uniformly quantized with a
step size of 0.1 V, the resulting signal to
quantization noise ratio is approximately
(A) 46 dB (B) 43.8 dB
(C) 42 dB (D) 40 dB
AC [GATE - EC - 2010]
62. The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal s(t) =
sin(500 t ) sin(700 t ) AD [GATE - EC - 2011]
 is given by 65. For the constraint that the minimum distance
t t between pairs of signal points be d for both
(A) 400 Hz (B) 600 Hz constellations, the radii r1 and r2 of the circles are
(C) 1200 Hz (D) 1400 Hz (A) r1  0.707 d , r2  2.782 d
Statement for Linked Answer Question for Next
Two Questions : (B) r1  0.707 d , r2  1.932 d
Consider a baseband binary PAM receiver shown (C) r1  0.707 d , r2  1.545d
below. The additive channel noise n(t) is white with
20
cover spectral density S N ( f )  N0 / 2  10 W/Hz. (D) r1  0.707 d , r2  1.307 d
The low-pass filter is ideal with unity gain and cut-off
frequency 1 MHz. Let Yk represent the random variable AD [GATE - EC - 2011]
66. Assuming high SNR and that all signals are
y (tk ).
equally probable, the additional average
Yk  N k if transmitted bit bk  0 transmitted signal energy required by the 8-PSK
signal to achieve the same error probability as the
Yk  a  N k if transmitted bit b  1 4-PSK signal is :
Where N k represent the noise sample value. The noise (A) 11.90 dB (B) 8.73 dB
sample has a probability density function, (C) 6.79 dB (D) 5.33 dB
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AB [IES – EC - 1992] Digital modulation techniques are used in satellite
67. In TV system, equalizing pulse are sent during communication system since
(A) Horizontal blanking (A) They are easier to handle
(B) Vertical blanking
(B) Large bandwidth utilization is possible
(C) Serrations
(C) They have a spectral efficiency
(D) Horizontal retrace
(D) They are less prone to interference
AA [IES – EC - 1993]
68. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct AD [IES – EC - 2005]
answer using the codes given below the lists 72. Four signals g1 (t ), g 2 (t ), g 3 (t ) and g 4 (t ) are to be
List – I List – II multiplexed and transmitted. g 1 (t ) and g 4 (t )
have a bandwidth of 4 kHz, and the remaining
A. Detection of a 1. Increase in band two signals have bandwidth of 8 kHz. Each
periodic signal in width sample requires 8 bit for encoding. What is the
noise minimum transmission bit rate of the system?
B. Recovery of a 2. Slope overload (A) 512 kbps (B) 16 kbps
Band limited error
Signal from its (C) 192 kbps (D) 384 kbps
uniformly
AC [IES – EC - 2006]
sampled values
73. Match List-I (Application of Signals) with List-II
C. Finer quantization 3. Nyquist’s rate (Definition) and select the correct answer using
of signals the code given below the lists :
List - I
D. Delta modulation 4. Cross correlation.
A. Reconstruction
B. Over sampling
Codes: C. Interpolation
A B C D D. Decimation
List-II
(A) 4 3 1 2
1. Sampling rate is chosen significantly greater
(B) 3 4 2 1 than the Nyquist rate.
(C) 4 3 2 1 2. A mixture of continuous and Discrete time
signals.
(D) 4 2 1 3 3. To convert the discrete time sequence back to
a continuous time signal and then resample.
AD [IES – EC - 1996]
4. Assign values between samples and signals
69. The amplifier which are inserted at intervals to
amplify the signal and compensate for Codes :
transmission loss on the cable are called?
A B C D
(A) Line amplifier
(A) 3 4 1 2
(B) Equalizing amplifier
(B) 2 1 4 3
(C) Companders
(C) 3 1 4 2
(D) Repeaters
(D) 2 4 1 3
AC [IES – EC - 2000]
AD [IES – EC - 2009]
70. In a signal error correcting Hamming code, the
74. An audio signal is band limited to 4 kHz. It is
number of message bits in a block is 26. The
sampled at 8 kHz. What will be the spectrum of
number of check bits in the block would be
the sampled signal?
(A) 3 (B) 4
(A) – 4 kHz to 4 kHz
(C) 5 (D) 7
(B) – 8 kHz to 8 kHz
AD [IES – EC - 2004] (C) Every 4n kHz and repeating
71. Which one of the following statements is correct?
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(D) Every 8 kHz and repeating as well as at (A) 5 10 cos(8 10 )t
6 3

zero (k integer)
(B) 5 10 cos(8 10 )t
5 3

AB [IES – EC - 2007]
(C) 5 10 cos(8 10 )t
1 3
75. Which one of the following is the code that is
very close to ‘trellis coded modulation?
(D) 10cos(8 10 )t  
3
(A) Combines analog and digital modulations
(B) Combines modulation and encoding AA[GATE-EC-1988] 
(C) Encodes following trellis diagram 81. The transfer function of a zero-order hold is
(D) Combines amplitude and frequency 1  exp(Ts)
(A)
modulation s
AA [IES – EC - 2010] (B) 1/ s
76. The spectrum of a band pass signal spans from 20 (C) 1
kHz to 30 kHz. The signal can be recovered 1
(D)
ideally from the sampled values when the [1  exp(Ts)]
sampling rate is at least
(A) 20 kHz (B) 60 kHz AC [GATE - EC - 1999]
82. The Nyquist sampling frequency (in Hz) of a
(C) 50 kHz (D) 40 kHz signal given by
AB [IES – EC - 2012] 6 10 sin c (400t )*10 sin c (100t ) is
4 3 6 3

77. In communication systems, noise due to

(A) 200 (B) 300
quantization error is
(A) Linear and signal dependent (C) 1500 (D) 1000
(B) Non – linear and signal dependent A3600 [GATE - EC - 1991]
(C) Linear and signal independent at low 83. A signal has frequency components from 300 Hz
frequencies only to 1.8KHz. The minimum possible rate at which
the signal has to be sampled is
(D) Non – linear and signal dependent at low _________samples/sec.
frequencies only
AD [GATE - EC - 2002]
AB [IES – EC - 2012]
A signal x(t) = 100 cos(24 10 )t is ideally
3
84.
78. The spectral density and autocorrelation function
of white noise is sampled with a sampling period of 50  sec and
then passed through an ideal low-pass filter with
(A) Delta and uniform
cut-off frequency of 15 KHz. Which of the
(B) Uniform and delta following frequencies is/are present at the filter
output?
(C) Gaussian and Uniform
(A) 12 KHZ only
(D) Gaussian and delta
(B) 8 KHZ only
AA [GATE - EC - 1998]
79. Flat top sampling of low pass signals (C) 12 KHZ and 9 KHZ
(A) gives rise to aperture effect (D) 12 KHZ and 8KHZ
(B) implies over sampling AC [GATE - EC - 2007]
(C) leads to aliasing 85. During transmission over a certain binary
(D) introduces delay distortion communication channel, bit errors occur
independently with probability p. The probability
AC [GATE - EC - 2002] of AT MOST one bit in error in a block of n bits
80. Consider a sampled signal is given by
y (t )  5  10  (t )  n    t  nt s 
6 
where n
(A) p
x(t )  10cos(8 10 )t and Ts  100  sec. When
3

(B) 1 p
n
y (t ) is passed through an ideal low pass filter
with a cut-off frequency of 5KHZ, the output of n1
(C) np(1  p)  (1  p)
n

the filter is
(D) 1  (1  p)
n

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AA [GATE – EC – 2014] (D) 10 k samples/s
86. The capacity of a band limited additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is given by c = AB [IES – EC - 2005]
91. A 12 channel TDM system where each channel
 p 
w log2  1  bits per second (bps), where signal 4 kHz is sampled at 8 kHz. What is the
  W 2
bandwidth requirement?
w is the channel bandwidth p is the average
(A) 12 kHz
power received and σ2 is the one sided power
spectral density of the AWGN. For a fixed (B) 12  4 kHz
P (C) 12  8 kHz
 1000, the channel capacity (in kbps) with
2
(D) 12  8  4 kHz
infinite bandwidth (w →∞) is approximately
(A) 1.44 (B) 1.08 AD [IES – EC - 2009]
92. The special range of a band pass signal extends
(C) 0.72 (D) 0.36 from 10 MHz to 10.4 MHz. What is the minimum
AB [IES – EC - 1994] sampling frequency required for reconstruction?
87. Hamming codes are used for error detection and (A) 20 MHz
correction. If the minimum Hamming distance is (B) 20.8 MHz
m, then the number of errors correctable is
(C) 20.4 MHz
(A) Equal to m
(D) 0.8 MHz
(B) less than m/2
AA [IES – EC - 2010]
(C) Equal to 2 m
93. The Nyquist rate for the signal
(D) Greater than m
x(t )  2cos(2000 t ) cos(5000 t ), is
AD [IES – EC - 1997]
88. If, in a particular digital communication (A) 7 kHz (B) 5 kHz
application the receiver designee is an optimum (C) 14 kHz (D) 10 kHz
coherent receiver, the channel noise is white and
bits are transmitted using rectangular pulses, then AC [GATE - EC - 1995]
which one of the following statements would be 94. A 1.0 KHz signal is flat-top sampled at the rate of
INCONSISTENT? The receiver is 1800 samples/sec and the samples are applied to
an ideal rectangular LPF with cut-off frequency
(A) A correlator of 1100Hz, then the output of the filter contains
(B) Matched filter receiver (A) only 800 Hz component
(C) An integrate and dump receiver (B) 800 Hz and 900 Hz components
(D) Sample, hold and dump receiver (C) 800 Hz and 1000 Hz components
AA [IES – EC - 1998] (D) 800 Hz, 900 Hz and 100 Hz components
89. For a given data rate, the bandwidth required with
m – array transmission is smaller than that for AB [GATE - EC - 1988]
binary transmission by 95. In a digital communication system, transmissions
of successive bits through a noisy channel are
log 2 m assumed to be independent events with error
(A) log2m (B)
m probability p. The probability of at most one error
in the transmission of an 8 – bit sequence is
2 log 2 m
(C) (D)
log 2 m 2 7 1  p 
(A) 7(1  p ) / 8
8 p /8
AD [IES – EC - 2005]
(B) (1  p)8  8 p(1  p)
7
90. An analog signal has significant spectral
components from 1 kHz to 5kHz. What is the
(C) (1  p)  (1  p)
8 7
Nyquist sampling rate for this signal?
(A) 5 k samples/s (D) (1  p)  p(1  p)
8 7

(B) 4 k samples/s
A* [GATE - EC - 1991]
(C) 8 k samples/s

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96. For the signal constellation shown in the figure,
the type of modulation is ________.

AA [GATE-EC-2019]
97. A single bit, equally likely to be 0 and 1, is to be
sent across an additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel with power spectral density
N0/2. Binary signaling, with 0  p(t) and 1 
q(t), is used for the transmission, along with an
optimal receiver that minimizes the bit-error
probability. Let 1 (t),  2 (t) form an orthonormal
signal set.
If we choose p (t ) = 1 (t ) and q (t ) =  1 (t ) , we
would obtain a certain bit-error probability Pb . If
we keep p (t )  1 (t ) , but take q(t )  E 2 (t ) ,
for what value of E would we obtain the same
bit-error probability Pb ?
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 0

-------0000-------

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* C A A D A A C A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A D A A D D B C D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B D A C B B A B A B
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A C B D A C B A D C
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C D A C C C B A C B
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
C A C A D B C B B C
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
B C B D D D B A D C
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
D D C D B A B B A C
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
A C * D C A B D A D
91 92 93 94 95 96 97
B D A C B # A

1. 32
83. 3600

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10
GSM/CDMA/BCM
AA [GATE - EC - 2007] independent identical binary symmetric channels
1. In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate (BSCs) each with crossover probability 1/2. The
is 1.2288 106 chips per second. If the output of BSCs is the random variables Y1 and
processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 100. Y2 as shown in the figure. The value of H (Y1) +
the data rate H (Y2) in bits is -.
(A) must be less than or equal to 12.288 103 bits
per sec
(B) must be greater than 12.288 103 bits per sec
A-0.01to0.01 [GATE – EC – 2014]
(C) must be exactly equal to 12.288 103 bits per
6. The capacity of a binary system channel (BSC)
sec
with coess our probability 0.5 is ------
(D) can take any value less than 122.88 103 bits
per sec AB [GATE - EC - 2007]
7. In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200
A7.90to8.01 [GATE – EC – 2014] kHz bandwidth using TDMA. A GSM based
2. In a code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth.
system with N = 8 chips the maximum number of Assuming a frequency reuse factor of 1/5, i.e. a
users who can be assigned mutually orthogonal five-cell repeat pattern, the maximum number of
signature sequences is ---------- simultaneous channels that can exist in one cell is
A400 [GATE – EC1 – 2015] (A) 200 (B) 40
3. The transmitted signal in a GSM system is of 200
kHz bandwidth and 8 users share a common (C) 25 (D) 5
bandwidth using TDMA. If at a given time 12
A0.4 [GATE – EC1 – 2015]
users are talking in a cell, the total bandwidth of
8. The input X to the Binary Symmetric Channel
the signal received by the base station of the cell
(BSC) shown in the figure is ‘1’ with probability
will be at least (in kHz) _______.
0.8. The cross-over probability is 1/7. If the
AA [GATE - EC - 2008] received bit Y = 0, the conditional probability
4. Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) that ‘1’ was transmitted is _______.
with probability of error being ‘p’. To transmit a
bit, say 1, we transmit a sequence of three 1s. The
receiver will interpret the received sequence to
represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The
probability that the transmitted bit will be
received in error is
(A) p  3 p (1  p)
3 2

3
(B) p

(C) (1  p)
3
AC[GATE-EC-2003]
9. The noise at the input to an ideal frequency
(D) p  p (1  p)
3 2
detector is white. The detector is operating above
threshold. The power spectral density of the noise
A1.9to2.1 [GATE – EC – 2014]
at the output is
5. A binary random variable X takes the value of 1
with probability 1/3. X is input to a cascade of 2 (A) raised-cosine (B) flat
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(C) parabolic (D) Gaussian Where u(.) is the unit step function is passed
through a transformation given in the figure
AD[GATE-EC-2003] below. The probability density of the function of
10. Let X and Y be two statistically independent of the transformed variable Y would be
random variables uniformly distributed in the
ranges (-1, 1) and (-2, 1) respectively. Let Z =
X+Y. Then the probability that  Z   2  is
1
(A) zero (B)
6
1 1
(D) (D)
3 12
1
Common Data for the Next Two Questions: (A) f y  y  
5
 u  y  2.5  u  y  2.5 
Let X be the Gaussian random variable obtained by
sampling the process at t  ti and let (B) f y  y   0.5  y   0.5  y  1
2

1 x2 (C) f y  y   0.25  y  2.5  
Q     e dy
2
0.25  y  2.5   0.5  y 


Auto correlation function R xx     4 e  0.2 

1  and
(D) f y  y   0.25  y  2.5  0.25  y  2.5
mean = 0
1
AD[GATE-EC-2003] 
10
 u  y  2.5  u  y  2.5 
11. The probability that  x  1 is :
AC[GATE-EC-2007]
(A) 1-Q(0.5) (B) Q(0.5) 15. If R    is the auto-correlation function of a real,
 1   1  wide-sense stationary random process, then
(C) Q   (D) 1  Q  
2 2 2 2 which of the following is NOT true?
(A) R     R    
AC[GATE-EC-2003]
12. Let Y and Z be the random variables obtained by (B) R     R  0 
sampling X  t  at t = 2 and t = 4 respectively. Let
W = Y – Z. The variances of W is (C) R      R   
(A) 13.36 (B) 9.36 (D) The mean square value of the process is R(0)
(C) 2.64 (D) 8.00
AB[GATE-EC-2009]
AB[GATE-EC-2004] 16. A white noise process x(t) with two-sided power
13. A random variable X with uniform density in the spectral density 1  1010 W / Hz is input to a filter
interval 0 to 1 is quantized as follows: whose magnitude squared response is shown
If 0  X  0.3 xq  0 below.

If 0.3  X  1, x q  0.7

Where x q is the quantized value of X.

The root-mean square value of the quantization

noise is
(A) 0.573 (B) 0.198 The power of the output process y(t) is given by
(C) 2.205 (D) 0.266 (A) 5  107 W (B) 1  10 6 W
AB[GATE-EC-2006] (C) 2  106 W (D) 1  10 5 W
14. A uniformly distributed random variable X with
AB[GATE-EC-2009]
probability density function
17. If the power spectral density of stationary random
1
f x  x    u  x  5  u  x  5  process is a sinc-squared function of frequency,
10 the shape of its auto-correlation is

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 is uniformly distributed in the interval  0, 2  .
The autocorrelation E  X  t1  X  t 2   is
(A)
(A) cos  2  t1  t 2  

(B) sin  2  t1  t 2  

(C) sin  2  t1  t 2  
(B)
(D) cos  2  t1  t 2  

A0.34 to 0.36[GATE-EC-2014]
21. The input to a 1-bit quantizer is a random variable
X with pdf f x  x   2e  2 x for x  0 and
(C) f x  x   0 for x < 0. For outputs to be of equal
probability, the quantizer threshold should be
________
A2.4 to 2.6[GATE-EC-2014]
22. A real band-limited random process X(t) has two-
sided power spectral density
(D)
10  3000  f  Watts / Hz for f  3kHz
6

Sx  f   
 0 otherwise
AA[GATE-EC-2012] Where f is the frequency expressed in Hz. The
18. A power spectral density of a real process X(t) for signal x(t) modulates a carrier cos16000  t and
positive frequencies is shown below. The values the resultant signal is passed through an ideal
of E  X 2  t   and E  X  t   , respectively are band-pass filter of unity gain of centre frequency
of 8 kHz and band-width of 2 kHz. The output
power (in watts) is__________
A0.16[GATE-EC-2014]
23. Let X 1 , X 2 and X 3 be independent and
identically distributed random variables with the
uniform distribution on [0, 1]. The probability
P  X 1  X 2  X 3  is __________

AB[GATE-EC-2015]
(A) 6000 / ,0
X n n 
n 
24. is an independent and identically
(B) 6400 / ,0
distributed (i.i.d) random process X n equally

(C) 6400 / , 20 /  / 2  likely to be +1 or -1. Yn n  is another random
n 

(D) 6000 / , 20 /   2 
process obtained as Yn  X n  0.5X n 1 . The
autocorrelation function of Yn n  denoted by
n 

AA[GATE-EC-2012] R y  k  , is
19. Let U and V be two independent zero mean
1
Gaussian random variables of variances and
4
1
respectively. The probability P  3V  2U  is (A)
9
(A) 4/9 (B) 1/2
(C) 2/3 (D) 5/9
AD[GATE-EC-2014]
20. Consider a random process
X  t   2 sin  2t    , where the random phase
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(A)
(B)

(C) (B)

(D)
(C)

A0.25[GATE-EC-2015]
25. A random binary wave y(t) is given by

yt   X p  t  nT    ,
n 
n where

p  t   u  t   u t  T , u t 
is the unit step
function and  is an independent random (D)
variable with uniform distribution in [0, T]. The
sequence consists of independent and identically
distributed binary valued random variables with
P X n   1  P X n   1  0.5 for each n.
AA [GATE–S1–EC–2017]
The value of the autocorrection 29. Let X(t) be a wide sense stationary random
 3T    3T   process with the power spectral density SX  f  as
R yy    E y  t  y  t   equals_______
 4    4   shown in figure (a), where f is in Hertz (Hz). The
random process X(t) is input to an ideal lowpass
A16.72 [GATE-IN-2016] filter with the frequency response
26. A signal m(t) varies from -3.5 to +3.5V with an
 1
average power of 3W. The signal is quantized
1, f  Hz
2
using a midtread type quantizer and subsequently Hf   
binary encoded. With the codeword of length 3, 0, 1
f  Hz
the signal to quantization noise ratio in dB is  2
________.
As shown in figure (b). The output of the lowpass
A0 [GATE–S1–EC–2017] filter is Y(t)
27. Let  X1 , X 2  be independent random variables.
X1 has mean 0 and variance 1, while X 2 has
mean 1 and variance 4. The mutual information
I  X1 ;X 2  between X1 and X 2 in bits is ______.

AB [GATE–S1–EC–2017]
28. In a digital communication system, the overall
pulse shape p(t) at the receiver before the sampler
has the Fourier transform P(f). If the symbols are
transmitted at the rate of 2000 symbols per (a)
second, for which of the following cases is the
inter symbol interference zero?

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(b)
Let E be the expectation operator and consider
the following statements:
I. E  X  t   E  Y  t 

II. E  X 2  t   E  Y 2  t 

III. E  Y 2  t    2

Select the correct option:

(A) only I is true
(B) Only II and III are true
(C) only I and II are true
(D) Only I and III are true
A2 [GATE–S2–EC–2017]
30. Consider the random process
X (t )  U  Vt ,
where U is a zero-mean Gaussian random
variable and V is a random variable uniformly
distributed between 0 and 2. Assume that U and
V are statistically independent. The mean value
of the random process at t = 2 is _____ .

-------0000-------

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A * * A * * B 0.4 C D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C B B C B B A A D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
* * * B * * 0 B A 2

2. 7.99to8.01
3. 400
5. 1.9 to 2.1
6. -0.01to0.01
21. 0.34-0.36
22. 2.4 – 2.6
23. 0.16
25. 0.25
26. 16.72

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11
Miscellaneous
AD [GATE – IN – 1992] AC [GATE – IN – 2008]
1. A band limited signal with highest frequency 6. If the bandwidth of low-pass signal of 3 kHz, the
content of 1000 Hz is undergoing sampling at bandwidth of g2  t  will be
uniform intervals. For recovery of the original
signal in an unambiguous way, the sampling 3
frequency should be necessarily greater than (A) kHz (B) 3 kHz
2
(A) 500 Hz (B) 100 Hz
(C) 6 kHz (D) 9 kHz
(C) 1500 Hz (D) 2000 Hz
AB [GATE – IN – 2008]
AA [GATE – IN – 1996]
7. Ten real, band-pass message signals each of
2. A linear phase low pass filter with a cut-off
bandwidth 3 kHz, are to be frequency division
frequency 1500 Hz shifts a 50 Hz signal by 3 m-
multiplexed on a band-pass channel with
sec. It will shift a signal of 150 Hz by
bandwidth B kHz. If the guard band is between
(A) 3 m-sec (B) 9 m-sec any two adjacent signals should be of 500 Hz
width and there is no need to provide any guard
(C) 1 m-sec (D) 30 m-sec
band at the edge of the band-pass channel the
AC [GATE – IN – 1997] value of B should be at least
3. The signal to noise(S/N) ratio of an amplifier (A) 30 (B) 34.5
developing an output of 10 V and a noise voltage
of 1 mV is (C) 35 (D) 35.5
(A) -40 dB (B) 40 dB AC [GATE – IN – 2009]
8. A 50% duty cycles square wave with zero mean
(C) 80 dB (D) 100 dB
used as a baseband signal in an ideal frequency
AA [GATE – IN – 2001] modulator with a sinusoidal carrier of frequency
4. A sample and hold circuit has two buffers, one at  c . The modulated signal is given as an input to
the input and the other at the output. The primary an ideal phase demodulation circuit(circuit that
requirement for the buffer are produces an output proportional to the difference
(A) the input buffer should have high slew rate in phase of the modulated signal from that of the
and the output buffer should have low bias carrier). The output of the circuit is
current. (A) a square wave
(B) the input buffer should have low bias current (B) a train of impulses with alternating signs
and the output buffer should have high slew
rate. (C) a triangular wave
(C) both the buffer should have low bias currents (D) a sinusoidal wave
(D) both the buffer should have high slew rates
AA [GATE – IN – 2010]
AC [GATE – IN – 2004] 9. A signal with frequency components 50 Hz, 100
5. The Nyquist rate of sampling of an analog signal Hz and 200 Hz only is sampled at 150
s(t) for alias free reconstruction is 5000 samples. samples/sec. the ideally reconstructed signal will
For signal x  t   s  t   the corresponding have frequency components of
2

Nyquist sampling rate in sample/sec is (A) 50 Hz only

(A) 2500 (B) 5000 (B) 75 Hz only
(C) 10000 (D) 25000 (C) 50 Hz and 75 Hz

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(D) 50 Hz, 70 Hz and 100 Hz which one of the following describes the eventual
trajectory of the particle?
A* [GATE – IN – 2011]
10. A square wave (amplitude  10 mV, frequency 5 (A) Helical motion in the ẑ direction.
kHz, duty cycle 50%) is passed through an ideal
(B) Circular motion in the 𝑥𝑦 plane.
low-pass filter with pass-band gain and cut-off
frequency of 0 dB and 10 kHz, respectively. The (C) Linear motion in the ẑ direction.
filtered signal is subsequently “buried” additively
into a zero-mean noise process of one-sided (D) Linear motion in the x̂ direction.
power-spectral density(PSD) of 25 pW Hz1 upto A0.24-0.26 [GATE–S3–EC–2016]
a frequency of 2 MHz. The PSD of the noise is 16. An ideal band-pass channel 500 Hz - 2000 Hz is
assumed to be zero beyond 2 MHz. The signal- deployed for communication. A modem is
to- noise ratio of output is designed to transmit bits at the rate of 4800 bits/s
(A) 0 dB (B) 0.1 dB using 16-QAM. The roll-off factor of a pulse with
a raised cosine spectrum that utilizes the entire
(C) 1.0 d (D) 3 dB frequency band is ______
AB [GATE – EC – 2012] A16 [GATE – EC – 2018]
11. Two independent random variables X and Y are 17. Consider a binary channel code in which each
uniformly distributed in the interval [-1, 1]. The codeword has a fixed length of 5 bits. The
probability that max [X, Y] is less than ½ is Hamming distance between any pair of distinct
codewords in this code is at least 2. The
3 9 maximum number of codewords such a code can
(A) (B)
4 16 contain is _________.
1 2 AA [GATE-EC-2019]
(C) (D) 18. A linear Hamming code is used to map 4-bit
4 3
messages to 7-bit codewords. The encoder
AA [GATE – IN – 2013] mapping is linear. If the message 0001 is mapped
12. A band-limited signal with a maximum frequency to the codeword 0000111, and the message 0011
of 5 kHz is to be sampled. According to the is mapped to the codeword 1100110, then the
sampling theorem, the sampling frequency in message 0010 is mapped to
kHz, which is not valid is
(A) 1100001 (B) 1111000
(A) 5 (B) 12
(C) 0010011 (D) 1111111
(C) 15 (D) 20
A22 [GATE – IN – 2015] -------0000-------
13. A signal is band-limited to 0 to 12 kHz. The  
signal spectrum is corrupted by additive noise
which is band-limited to 10 to 12 kHz.  
Theoretically, the minimum rate in kilohertz at
which the noisy signal must be sampled so that
the UNCORRUPTED PART of the signal
spectrum can be recovered is _____kHz.
A4 [GATE – IN – 2015]
14. The probability density function of a random
variable X is Px     e  x for x  0 and 0
otherwise. The expected value of the function
ge     e3x /4 is ________

AA [GATE–S3–EC–2016]
15. A uniform and constant magnetic field B  zB ˆ
exists in the ẑ direction in vacuum. A particle of
mass 𝑚 with a small charge 𝑞 is introduced into
this region with an initial velocity v  xv
ˆ x  zv
ˆ z.
Given that 𝐵, 𝑚, 𝑞, 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑧 are all non-zero,

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A C A C C B C A #
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B A 22 4 A * 16 A

16. 0.24 to 0.26

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12
Random Signals And Noise
AAB [IES – EC - 1991]
1. Noise voltage varies in a resistor as

(A) 4 K T R B (B) 4KTRB

(C) 2eIp (D) 2eIp R

AA [IES – EC - 1991]
2. Assertion (A): Flicker noise is most serious at
low frequencies.
3 2 3 2
Reason(R): Spectral density is highest at low (A) A N0 (B) A N0
2 4
frequencies
2 1 2
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (C) A N0 (D) A N0
explanation of A 2

(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct AD [IES – EC – 1993]
6. Which of the following are useful in comparing
explanation of A
the noise performance of receivers?
(C) A is true but R is false
1. Input noise voltage
(D) A is false but R is true.
2. Equivalent noise resistance
AD [IES – EC - 1992]
3. The power spectral density of white noise. 3. Noise temperature

(A) Varies as square root of frequency 4. Noise figure.

(B) Varies as increase of frequency Select the correct answer using the codes given
(C) Varies as square of frequency below :

(D) is constant with frequency (A) 1,2 and 3 (B) 1, 3 and 4

AD [IES – EC - 1993] (C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 4

4. If each stage had a gain of 10 dB, and noise
figure of 10 dB, then the overall noise figure of a AC [IES – EC – 1994]
two – stage cascade amplifier will be. 7. A source has two symbols x1 and x2 with
probabilities P1 and P2 respectively. If a new
(A) 10 (B) 1.09
source, with four symbols is generated from the
(C) 1.0 (D) 10.9 above source, then the new symbol probabilities
AA [GATE – EC2 – 2015] will be.
5. A zero mean white Gaussian noise having power (  Is a number such that 0 <  < 1)
N0
spectral density is passed through an LTI (A) P1, P2 , P1, P2
2
filter whose impulse response h(t) is shown in the
figure. The variance of the filtered noise at t = 4 (B) P1, P1, P2 , P2
is :
(C) (1   ) P1 ,(1   ) P2 ,  P1 ,  P2

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P1 P2 P1 P2 1
(D) , , ,  , 1  x  5,
4 4 4 4 f R|1 (r)   6
 0 otherwise,
AD [GATE – EC2 – 2015]
8. Let X {0,1} and Y {0,1} be two independent The minimum decision error probability is
binary random variables. (A) 0 (B) 1/12
If P(X = 0) = p and P(Y = 0) = q , then (C) 1/9 (D) 1/6
P(X+Y  1) is equal to
AD [IES – EC - 2000]
(A) pq(1 – p)(1 – q) 12. A telephone channel has bandwidth B of 3 kHz
(B) pq and SNR (S/  B) of 30 dB. It is connected to a
teletype machine having 32 different symbols.
(C) p(1– q) The symbol rate required for errorless
transmission is nearly
(D) 1 – pq
(A) 1800 symbols / sec
AB [IES – EC - 1994]
9. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct (B) 3000 symbols/ sec
answer using the CODES given below the lists. (C) 5000 symbols/ sec
List – I List – II (D) 6000 symbols/ sec
A Resistance 1. Current Noise
AA [IES – EC - 2001]
B. Diode 2. Partition Noise
S
C. Triode 3. Shot Noise  
13. The ratio for
 N WBFM 100% amplitude
D. PN Junction 4. Atmospheric S
Noise  
 N  AM
5. Johnson Noise. modulation with identical total transmitted power
Codes : (mf is modulation index of FM) is.
A B C D 9 2 3 2
(A) mf (B) mf
(A) 1 3 4 5 2 2
(B) 5 3 2 1 3 3 9 3
(C) mf (D) mf
(C) 5 3 2 4 2 2
(D) 1 5 3 2 AB [IES – EC - 1997]
AA [IES – EC - 2003] 14. The noise figure of a receiver is 1.6 at 1 7  C . Its
10. A random process obeys Poisson’s distribution. It equivalent noise temperature is.
is given that the mean of the process is 5. Then (A) 464.00 K (B) 174.00 K
the variance of the process is :
(C) 108.75 K (D) 181.25 K
(A) 5 (B) 0.5
AB [IES – EC - 2008]
(C) 25 (D) 0 15. The output of two noise sources each producing
AD [GATE – EC1 – 2015] uniformly distributed noise over the range –a to
1 +a are added. What is the p.d.f of the added noise
11. A source emits bit 0 with probability and bit 1 ?
3
2 (A) Uniformly distributed over the range –2a to +
with probability . The emitted bits are 2a
3
communicated to the receiver. The receiver (B) Triangular over the range –2a to + 2a
decides for either 0 or 1 based on the received
(C) Gaussian over the range  to 
value R. It is given that the conditional density
functions of R are as (D) None of the above
1 AA[GATE - EC - 2007]
 , 3  x  1, 16. If E denotes expectation, the variance of a
f R|0 (r)   4 and
 0 otherwise, random variable X is given by
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(A) E[ X ]  E [ X ]
2 2 The system which can perform the desired task
could be
(B) E[ X ]  E [ X ]
2 2
(A) first order low-pass R-L filer
2
(C) E[ X ] (B) first order high-pass R-C filter
2
(D) E [ X ] (C) tuned L-C filter
(D) series R-L-C filter
AB [GATE - EC - 1989]
17. Zero mean Gaussian noise of variance N is AC [GATE - EC - 2008]
applied to a half wave rectifier. The mean squared 22. Noise with double-sided power spectral density
value of the rectifier output will be: of K over all frequencies is passed through a RC
(A) Zero (B) N/2 low pass filter with 3-dB cut-off frequency of fc .
The noise power at the filter output is :
(C) N/ 2 (D) N
(A) K (B) K fc
AD [GATE - EC - 1997]
18. The power spectral density of a deterministic (C) K  fc (D) 
2
signal is given by [sin( f ) / f ] , where ‘f’ is
frequency. The autocorrelation function of this A3.9to4.1 [GATE – EC – 2014]
signal in the time domain is 23. The power spectral density of a real stationary
random process X (t) is given by
(A) a rectangular pulse
1 f
(B) a delta function  , W
S X  f   W .
(C) a sine pulse  0, f  W
(D) a triangular pulse
The value of the expectation E
AA [GATE - EC - 2001]
  1 
19. The PSD and the power of a signal g (t) are,
respectively, S g () and Pg . The PSD and the  X  t  X  t   is ----------.
  4W 
power of the signal ag(t) are, respectively
AD [GATE - EC - 1995]
(A) a Sg () and a Pg
2 2
24. For a narrow band noise with Gaussian
quadrature components, the probability density
(B) a2Sg () and aPg function of its envelope will be
(A) uniform (B) Gaussian
2
(C) aS g ( ) and a Pg (C) exponential (D) Rayleigh
(D) aS g (  AND aPg AC [GATE - EC - 1998]
25. The probability density function of the envelope
AA [GATE - EC - 2004] of narrow band Gaussian noise is
20. A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of
(A) Poisson (B) Gaussian
100MHz is transmitted to a receiver through a
cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective one- (C) Rayleigh (D) Rician
sided noise spectral density at the receiver is
AA [IES – EC - 2008]
10 20 Watt/Hz, then the signal-to-noise ratio at 26. Source S1 Produces 4 discrete symbols with equal
the receiver is probability. Source S2 produces 6 discrete
(A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB Symbols with equal probability. If H1 and H2 are
the entropies of sources S1 and S2 respectively,
(C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB
then which one of the following is correct?
AA [GATE - EC - 2006]
21. It is desired to generate a stochastic process (as (A) H1 is always less than H2
voltage process) with power spectral density (B) H1 is always greater than H2
16
S () =
16  2 (C) H1 is always equal to H2
By driving a Linear-Time-Invariant system by (D) H2 is 1.5 times H1 only
zero mean white noise (as voltage process) with A* [GATE - EC - 1991]
power spectral density being constant equal to 1.
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27. Two resistors R1 and R2 (in ohms) at (A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB
0 0
temperatures T K and T K respectively, are
1 2 (C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
connected in series; Their equivalent noise AD [GATE – EC – 2003]
temperature is __________ 0 K. 32. Let x(t) = 2cos  800t   cos 1400t  .x  t  is
AA [IES – EC - 1994] sampled with the rectangular pulse train shown in
28. An amplifier operating over the frequency range the figure. The only spectral components(in kHz)
of 18 to 20 MHz has a 10 K  input resistance. present in the sampled signal in the frequency
The RMS noise voltage at the input to the range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are
amplifier at ambient temperature of 270C is
(assume the Boltzmann constant value as 1.38 x
10-23 J/K)
(A) 18.2 Microvolt
(B) 17.2 Microvolt
(C) 16.2 microvolt
(D) 14.2 microvolt
AD [GATE – EC – 2014]
29. A real-valued signal x (t) limited to the frequency
W
band f  is passed through a linear time
2 (A) 2.7, 3.4 (B) 3.3, 3.6
invariant system whose frequency response (C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3
  j 4 f W
e f  AB [GATE – EC – 2004]
2
is   
H f  . The output of the 33. Consider the signal x(t) shown in the figure. Let
 0, W h(t) denote the impulse response of the filter
f 
 2 matched to x(t), with h(t) being non-zero only in
system is the interval 0 to 4 sec. The slope of h(t) in the
interval 3 < t < 4 sec is
(A) x  t  4  (B) x  t  4 

(C) x  t  2  (D) x  t  2 

AC [GATE – EC – 2014]
30. Consider a communication scheme where the
binary value signal X satisfies p {X = 1} = 0.75
and p {X = - 1} = 0.25. The received signal Y =
X + Z, where Z is a Gaussian random variable
with zero mean and variance σ2. The received 1 1
(A) sec (B)  1sec 1
signal Y is fed to the threshold detector. The 2
output of the threshold detector X̂ is: 1 1
1, Y    (C)  sec (D) 1sec 1
Xˆ   2
 to achieve a minimum
1, Y   . AC [GATE – EC – 2005]
probability of error P  
X  X , the threshold  34. Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the
wavelength of a beam of light with frequency
 should be
1014 Hz in glass. Assume velocity of light is
(A) Strictly positive 3  108 m / s in vacuum
(B) Zero (A) 3m (B) 3 mm
(C) Strictly negative
(C) 2 mm (D) 1 mm
(D) Strictly positive, zero or strictly negative
depending on the nonzero value of σ2 AC [GATE – EC – 2012]
35. In a baseband communications link, frequencies
AB [GATE – EC – 2002] upto 3500 Hz are used for signaling. Using a
31. At a given probability of error, binary coherent raised cosine pulse with 75% excess bandwidth
FSK is inferior to binary coherent PSK by and for no inter-symbol interference, the
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maximum possible signaling rate in symbol per 1 1
second is (C) (D)
8 16
(A) 1750 (B) 2625
AB [GATE – EC – 2013]
(C) 4000 (D) 5250 40. The optimum threshold to achieve minimum bit
AB [GATE – EC – 2012] error rate (BER) is :
36. A binary symmetric channel (BSC) has a 1 4
transition probability of 1/8. If the binary transmit (A) (B)
symbol X is such that P(X = 0)=9/10, then the 2 5
probability of error for an optimum receiver will 3
be : (C) 1 (D)
2
(A) 7/80 (B) 63/80
A0.24 to 0.26 [GATE – EC – 2014]
(C) 9/10 (D) 1/10
41. An analog voltage in the range 0 to 8 V is divided
AB [GATE – EC – 2012] in 16 equal intervals for conversion to 4-bit
37. A BPSK scheme operating over an AWGN digital output. The maximum quantization error
channel with noise power spectral density of (in V) is ________.
N 0 / 2 , uses equiprobable signals
AC [GATE – EC – 2014]
2E 2E 42. Consider a discrete-time channel Y = X +Z,
s1  t   sin  c t  and s 2  t    sin  c t 
T T where the additive noise z is signal – dependent.
over the symbol internal (0, T). If the local In particular, given the transmitted symbol
oscillator in a coherent receiver is ahead in phase X   a ,  a  at any instant the noise sample z is
by 45 with respect to the received signal, the chosen independently from a Gaussian
probability of error in the resulting system is
distribution with mean  X and unit variance.
 2E   E  Assume a threshold detector with zero thresholds
(A) Q   (B) Q   (C) at the receiver. When β = 0, the BER was found
 N0   N0  to be
 E   E 
Q (D) Q  Q  a   1  10 8
 2N  
 0   4N0 
 1  
 Q v  
2

AB [GATE – EC – 2013] eu /2 du,  and for

 2 v

38. The bit rate of digital communication system is R
v  1, use Q  v   ev /2 ) when β = - 0.3, the
2
k/bits/s. The modulation used is 32-QAM. The
minimum bandwidth required for ISI free BER is closest to
transmission is :
(A) 10-7 (B) 10-6
(A) R/10 Hz (B) R/10 kHz
(C) 10-4 (D) 10-2
(C) R/5 Hz (D) R/5 kHz
AB [IES – EC - 1995]
Common Data for the Next Two Questions : 43. The power spectral density of white noise is
Bits 0 and 1 are transmitted with equal probability. At (A) Exponential
the receiver, the pdf of the respective received signals
for both bits are shown below: (B) uniform
(C) Poisson
(D) Gaussian
AC [IES - EC - 1995]
44. The probability density function of the envelope
of narrow band noise is
(A) Uniform (B) Gaussian
AD [GATE – EC – 2013]
39. If the detection threshold is 1, the BER will be : (C) Rayleigh (D) Rician.
1 1 AC [IES – EC - 1995]
(A) (B) 45. The Fourier transform of a Gaussian pulse is
2 4
(A) Uniform
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(B) a pair of impulses (B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(C) Gaussian
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) Rayleigh (D) A is false but R is true.
AB [IES – EC - 1998] AB [IES – EC - 2005]
46. The Noise figure of an amplifier is 3 dB at 1 7  C . 50. Match List I (Type of Random Process) with List
It’s equivalent noise temperature will be about II (Property of the Random Process) and select
(A) 145 K (B) 290 K the correct answer using the code given below the
lists:
(C) 580 K (D) 870 K
List I List II
AC [IES – EC - 1999]
47. 13 d Bm is equivalent to (Type of Random (Property of the
Process) Random Process)
(A) 2 mW (B) 20 W
A. Stationary 1. Statistical averages
(C) 20 mW (D) 2 MW Process are periodic in time.
AA [IES – EC - 2002] B. Ergodic 2. Statistical averages
48. Assertion (A) : Process are independent of
time
The noise generated by a resistor depends upon
its operating temperature. C. Wide sense 3. Mean and
autocorrelation are
Reason(R) : stationary
independent of time
process
Average nose power generated in a resistor is
given by D. Cyclostationary 4. Time averages equal
Process corresponding
Pn  kT  f , ensemble average
Where, Codes:
A B C D
k  Boltzmann’s constant
(A) 3 1 2 4
T = Temperature in degree Kelvin
(B) 2 4 3 1
f = Bandwidth of interest. (C) 3 4 2 1
(D) 2 1 3 4
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
AA [IES – EC - 2006]
(B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct 51. Match List-I (Type) with List-II (Application)
explanation of A and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists :
(C) A is true but R is false
List - I
(D) A is false but R is true.
A. Speech signal
AB [IES – EC - 2003] B. Non-stationary
49. Assertion(A) :
Though raw binary bits can be transmitted over C. Random signal
communication channels, often coding is done to D. Chaotic signal
transmit the data in a more error-free and reliable
manner. List - II
Reason(R) : 1. The received signal of a radar system
monitoring variation in prevalent weather
Coding assigns unequal distribution of binary
condition.
digits to various symbols of the signals depending
upon probability. 2. One dimensional signal where amplitude
varies with time.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A 3. Signals of coupled system of non-linear
difference
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4. Ensemble of unpredictable wave-forms. (C) Depends on total number of messages.
Codes : (D) Depends on speed of transmission of the
A B C D message.
(A) 2 1 4 3 AA [GATE - EC - 1997]
(B) 4 3 2 1 55. A probability density function is given by p(x) =
K exp( x / 2),   x   . The value of K
2
(C) 2 3 4 1
(D) 4 1 2 3 should be

AB [IES – EC - 2008] (A) 1 / 2 (B) 2/

52. Match List-I (Type of Noise) and List-II (Its
property) and select the correct answer using the 1 1
code given below the list : (C)  (D)
2  2
List - I
AC [GATE - EC - 1998]
A. Shot noise
56. The amplitude spectrum of a Gaussian pulse is :
B. Thermal noise
(A) uniform
C. White noise
(B) a sine function
D. Narrow band noise
List - II (C) Gaussian
1. Noise generated in a resistor (D) an impulse function
2. Power spectral density is independent of AD [GATE - EC - 1998]
frequency. 57. The ACF of a rectangular pulse of duration T is :
3. Temperature-limited diode (A) a rectangular pulse of duration T
4. Noise at the output of a filter. (B) a rectangular pulse of duration 2T
Codes :
(C) a triangular pulse of duration T
A B C D
(D) a triangular pulse of duration 2T
(A) 2 4 3 1
AC [GATE - EC - 2001]
(B) 3 1 2 4 58. The PDF of a Gaussian random variable X is
(C) 2 1 3 4 given by
(D) 3 4 2 1 1  ( x  4) 2

px ( x)  e 18 .
AD [IES – EC - 2008] 3 2
53. Which one of the following is the correct
The probability of the event {X = 4} is
statement?
(A) 1/2
If the value of a resistor creating thermal noise is (B) 1 / (3 2  )
doubled, the noise generated is
(C) 0
(A) Halved (D) 1/4
(B) Doubled AD [GATE - EC - 1987]
(C) Unchanged 59. The variance of a random variable X is  x2 . Then
(D) slightly changed the variance of kx (where k is a positive
constant) is :
AA [IES – EC - 2012]
54. The average information associated with an (A)  x2 (B)  k  2
x

extremely likely message is zero. What is the (C) k  2

(D) k 2 x2
x
average information associated with an extremely
unlikely message? AD [GATE - EC - 1987]
60. White Gaussian noise is passed through a linear
(A) Zero
narrow band filter. The probability density
(B) Infinity function of the envelope of the noise at the filter
output is :
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(A) Uniform (B) Poisson (B) p  ( n  1)(1  p )
n 1
(C) Gaussian (D) Rayleigh (C) np(1  p)
n 1
(D) (1  p)  np(1  p)
n
AA [GATE - EC - 1988]
61. Events A and B are mutually exclusive and have
nonzero probabilities. Which of he following AA [GATE - EC - 2002]
statement(s) are true? 66. If the variance  x2 of d ( n )  x ( n )  x ( n  1) is
(A) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B ) one-tenth the variance  x2 of a stationary zero-
mean discrete-time signal x(n), then the
(B) P ( B )  P ( A)
C
normalized autocorrelation function
(C) P ( A  B )  P ( A ) P ( B ) R x x ( K ) /  x2 at K = 1 is

(D) P ( B )  P ( A)
C (A) 0.95 (B) 0.90
(C) 0.10 (D) 0.05
AB&C [GATE - EC - 1989]
AB [GATE - EC - 2005]
62. A part of a communication system consists of an
amplifier of effective noise temperature, 67. Noise with uniform power spectral density of N 0
T c  2 1 0 K , and a gain of 13 dB, followed by a W/Hz is passed through a filter
cable with a loss of 3 dB. Assuming the ambient H ()  2exp( jtd ) followed by an ideal low
0
temperature to be 300 K , we have for this part pass filter of bandwidth B Hz. The output noise
of the communication system, power in Watts is
(A) 2N0 B (B) 4N0 B
(A) effective noise temperature = 30 0 K
(C) 8N 0 B (D) 16N 0 B
(B) effective noise temperature = 36 0 K
(C) noise figure = 0.49 dB AC [GATE - EC - 2005]
68. An output of a communication channel is a
(D) noise figure = 1.61 dB random variable ‘V’ with the probability density
AB [GATE - EC - 1992] function as shown in the figure. The mean square
63. For a random variable ‘X’ following the value of ‘V’ is
probability density function, p(x), shown in
figure, the mean and the variance are,
respectively.

(A) 4 (B) 6
(A) 1/2 and 2/3 (B) 1 and 4/3
(C) 8 (D) 9
(C) 1 and 2/3 (D) 2 and 4/3
AB [GATE - EC - 2006]
AB,D [GATE - EC - 1992] 69. A zero-mean white Gaussian noise is passed
64. The autocorrelation function of an energy signal through an ideal low-pass filter of bandwidth 10
has kHz. The output is then uniformly sampled with
(A) no symmetry sampling period ts  0.03 msec. The samples so
(B) conjugate symmetry obtained would be
(C) odd symmetry (A) correlated
(D) even symmetry
(B) statistically independent
AD [GATE - EC - 2001] (C) uncorrelated
65. During transmission over a communication
(D) orthogonal
channel, bit errors occur independently with
probability ‘p’. If a block of n bits is transmitted, Common Data for the Next Two Questions :
the probability of at most one bit error is equal to
(A) 1  (1  p )
n

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Two 4-ary signal constellations are shown. It is given calculates the mean X as 3.5 and her teacher
that 1 and 2 constitutes an orthonormal basis for the calculates the variance of X as 1.5. Which of the
following statements is true?
two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in
N0 k 1 2 3 4 5
both the constellations are equiprobable. Let
2 P(X = k) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1
denote the power spectral density of white Gaussian
noise. (A) Both the student and the teacher are right
(B) Both the student and the teacher are wrong
(C) The student is wrong but the teacher is right
(D) The student is right but the teacher is wrong
AD [GATE - EC - 2009]
74. X(t) is a stationary process with the power
spectral density S x ( f )  0 for all f. The process
is passed through a system shown below.

AB [GATE - EC - 2007]
70. The ratio of the average energy of Constellation 1
to the average energy of Constellation 2 is
(A) 4 a 2 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) 8
Let S Y ( f ) be the power spectral density of Y(t).
AA [GATE - EC - 2007]
71. If these constellations are used for digital Which one of the following statements is correct?
communications over an A WGN channel, then (A) S Y ( f )  0 for all f
which of the following statements is true? (B) S Y ( f )  0 for |f| > 1 kHz
(A) Probability of symbol error for Constellation
1 is lower (C) S Y ( f )  0 for f  nf 0 , f 0  2kHz , n any
(B) Probability of symbol error for Constellation integer
1 is higher (D) S Y ( f )  0 for f  (2n  1) f 0 , f 0  1 kHz, n
(C) Probability of symbol error is equal for both any integer.
the constellations
AA [GATE - EC - 2011]
(D) The value N 0 will determine which of the 75. X(t) is a stationary random process with
two constellations has a lower probability of autocorrelation function R x ( )  e x p (    2 ).
symbol error This process is passed through the system shown
below. The power spectral density of the output
AC [GATE - EC - 2009] process Y(t) is
72. Consider two independent random variables X
and Y with identical distributions. The variables
X and Y take values 0, 1 and 2 with probabilities
1 1 1
, , and respectively.
2 4 4
What is the conditional probability
(A) (4 f  1) exp(f )
2 2 2
P ( X  Y  2 | X  Y  0) ?
(B) (4 f  1) exp( f )
2 2 2
1
(A) 0 (B)
16 (C) (4 f  1) exp(f )
2 2

1
(D) (4 f  1) exp(f )
2 2
(C) (D) 1
6
AC
AB [GATE - EC - 2009]
76. An ON/OFF system uses pulse waveforms as
73. A discrete variable X takes values from 1 to 5
described below
with probabilities as shown in the table. A student
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  At 
 s1 (t )  A sin   for 0  t  T
si (t )   T 
 s2 (t )  0 for 0  t  T

Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with a
power spectral density (psd) of 10 15 W/Hz is
added to the signal. Evaluate the probability of bit If the detection threshold is zero, then the
error when P ( s1 )  P ( s2 )  1 / 2 . Take A  0.2mV probability of error (correct to two decimal
and T  2s . places) is _______.

(A) Q  40  (B) Q  20  AB [GATE – EC – 2018]

    80. Consider a white Gaussian noise process N (t )
(C) Q  10  (D) Q  5  with two-sided power spectral density
    S N ( f )  0.5 W/Hz as input to a filter with
2
A99-101 [GATE–S3–EC–2016] impulse response 0.5e  t / 2 (where 𝑡 is in seconds)
77. Consider a random process X (t )  3V (t )  8 , resulting in output (𝑡). The power in 𝑌(𝑡) in watts
where V (t ) is a zero mean stationary random is
process with autocorrelation Rv ( )  4e 5|| . The (A) 0.11 (B) 0.22
power in X(t) is _______ (C) 0.33 (D) 0.44

AA [GATE–S1–EC–2016] A–0.5 [GATE – EC – 2018]

78. An analog pulse s(t) is transmitted over an 81. A random variable X takes values −0.5 and 0.5
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. 1 3
with probabilities and , respectively. The
The received signal is r(t) = s(t) + n(t), where n(t) 4 4
is additive white Gaussian noise with power noisy observation of 𝑋 is 𝑌 = 𝑋 + 𝑍, where 𝑍 has
N0 uniform probability density over the interval (−1,
spectral density . The received signal is 1). 𝑋 and 𝑍 are independent. If the MAP rule
2
passed through a filter with impulse response h(t). based detector outputs X̂ as
Let E s and E h denote the energies of the pulse
 0.5, Y  
s(t) and the filter h(t), respectively. When the Xˆ  
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is maximized at the  0.5, Y  ,
output of the filter (SNRmax), which of the then the value of  (accurate to two decimal
following holds? places) is _______.
2 ES
(A) E s  E h ; SNRmax  A11 [GATE-EC-2019]
N0 82. If X and Y are random variables such that
E E[2X+Y] = 0 and E[X+2Y] = 33, then E[X]+E[Y]
(B) E s  E h ; SNRmax  S
2N0 = _____ .
2 ES A17.40 to 17.60 [GATE-EC-2019]
(C) E s  E h ; SNRmax 
N0 83. Let a random process Y(t) be described as Y(t) =
2 Eh h(t) * X(t) + Z(t), where X(t) is a white noise
(D) E s  E h ; SNRmax  process with power spectral density Sx(f) = 5
N0
W/Hz. The filter h(t) has a magnitude response
A0.12-0.14 [GATE – EC – 2018] given by |H(ƒ)| = 0.5 for 5  f  5 , and zero
79. A binary source generates symbols X  {1,1} elsewhere. Z(t) is a stationary random process,
which are transmitted over a noisy channel. The uncorrelated with X(t), with power spectral
probability of transmitting 𝑋 = 1 is 0.5. Input to density as shown in the figure. The power in Y(t),
the threshold detector is 𝑅 = 𝑋 + 𝑁. The in watts, is equal to____ W (rounded off to two
probability density function f N ( n) of the noise 𝑁 decimal places).
is shown below.

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A0.1 to 0.1 [GATE-EC-2019]
84. A random variable X takes values -1 and +1 with
probabilities 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. It is
transmitted across a channel output is Y = X + N.
The noise N is independent of X, and is uniformly
distributed over the interval [-2,2]. the receiver
makes a decision
1, if Y  
Xˆ  
1 if Y  
where the threshold   [1,1] is chosen so as to
minimize the probability of error Pr[ Xˆ  X ] . The
minimum probability of error, rounded off to 1
decimal place, is _____.

-------0000-------

 
 
 

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Answer :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A D D A D C D B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D A B B A B D A A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A C * D C A # A D C
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B D B C C B B B D B
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
* C B C C B C A B B
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A B D A A C D C D D
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
A BC B BD D A B C B B
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
A C B D A C * A * B
81 82 83 84
* * * *

23. 3.9 to 4.1

41. 0.24 to 0.26
77. 99 to 101
79. 0.12 to 0.14
81. –0.5
82. 11
83. 17.40 to 17.60
84. 0.1

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