Fourth Quarter

Earth and Space

Try this!
A. Write the word true on the line provided before each number if the statement is correct and false,
if otherwise.
_________ 1. You must roam and play outside during rainy season and heavy flooding.
_________ 2. During daytime, the Sun radiates energy producing much heat at noon.
_________ 3. The kids in the rural areas having no electricity uses moonlight while playing outside their
homes.
_________ 4. Most people use lotion to block the UV rays when going to the beach to swim.
_________ 5. Over exposure to the radiation from the sun causes skin cancer.
_________ 6. Experiments and further studies show that loam soil is the best kind of soil for different kinds
of plants.
_________ 7. The size of the particles of soil is one criterion to judge its ability to hold water.
_________ 8. Most people in the provinces with no water district yet utilize waters from deep walls.
_________ 9. Maria Cristina Falls in Mindanao generates power and electricity for the surrounding
community.
_________ 10. Water pollution causes death to fishes and other living things below rivers and oceans.

B. Choose the letter of the best answer then encircle the letter of your answer.
1. Body of water described as an inland body of usually fresh water, larger than a pool or pond, formed by
obstruction in the course of flowing water.
a) river c) lake
b) stream d) ocean
2. Safety measures to avoid skin cancer are the following EXCEPT ______________.
a) Use umbrellas when the sun strikes so hot.
b) Do not expose yourself to the sun’s rays from 9am to 5pm.
c) Use ordinary lotion on your skin and the sun bathe.
d) See a doctor if you see and feel that something is wrong with your skin.
3. Landform that is characterized by a natural raised part of the Earth’s surface and is often rounded.
a) hills c) valleys
b) mountains d) plateau
4. A mountain is a highland having a small summit and height of about 600 meters and more. Some of the
Philippine mountains are as follows EXCEPT ____________.
a) Mt. Apo c) Mt. Arayat
b) Mt. Everest d) Mt. Makiling
5. Rivers are permanent running waters that continuously flow through the years. They are important to
man and other living organisms because
a) they do not supply oxygen
b) they cannot be used for cleaning
c) they help in growth of plants
d) they cannot be used in transporting objects from one place to another
6. The type of weather that usually affects regular school activities where cancellation of classes happens
is the ____________.
a) fine weather c) rainy and stormy weather
b) fair weather d) none of these
7. The moon has intense brightness when it is in what phase?
a) first quarter c) half moon
b) full moon d) last quarter
8. Soil is defined as a natural resource formed from
a) hardened magma
b) mostly granite
c) the fast combining of volcanic rocks
d) the slow accumulation of the fragmented rocks

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9. Air pollution is an outcome of ____________.
a) wise use of water
b) disposal of solid waste like metals in landfills
c) emissions from car engines
d) oil spills from ships
10. What is the other name of a shooting star?
a) meteorite c) meteor
b) comet d) meteoroid
11. What planet is similar in size as of the Earth?
a) Mars c) Mercury
b) Venus d) Saturn
12. What causes night and day?
a) The Earth’s revolution around the sun
b) The moon’s revolution around the Earth
c) The Earth’s rotation on its axis
d) The moon’s rotation on its axis
13. The distance that light travels in a year is known as,
a) Apparent distance c) Armstrong year
b) Buzz year d) Light year
14. When you wake up facing South in the morning, the Sun is ______________.
a) to your left c) behind you
b) to your right d) in front of you
15. The following are examples of small running bodies of water EXCEPT ____________.
a) creeks c) brooks
b) rivulets d) falls

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 G This section aims to:
O 1. Describe the location of the Philippines with respect to the continents and
A oceans of the world.
L
S 2. Demonstrate how places on Earth may be located using a coordinate system.

Engage yourself

Activity 1 – Find Your Location on the Globe

Materials Needed
Computer or device with internet connection

Procedure
1. Surf the internet and go to Google Earth site.
2. Study how to locate your current position on this site.
3. Learn how to use the cursor in guiding the motion and direction of your search.
4. Follow every step or instructions on how to locate your position.
5. Get hold of a revolving globe and compare.
https://earth.google.com/web/search/Tokyo,+Japan/@35.62789962,139.89073928,3.65583229a,0d,60y,
344.74616457h,90.2217475t,0r/data=CigiJgokCVDauv-
nfThAEb1xOPkCdThAGVXgPKJhdVdAIYf1q4KTc1dAIhoKFjJoYnotZTMzTDhDV3Q5YWtlS0hhWXcQA
g

Guide Questions:
Write your exact location here based on the Google Maps site.
1. Specific Place or Address
______________________________________________________________________

2. Longitude
______________________________________________________________________

3. Latitude
______________________________________________________________________

Let’s dig deeper

Continent: Asia
Region: Southeast Asia
Coordinates: ’ ’E
Area: Ranked 73rd
300 000 km2 (120 000 sq mi)
99.38 % land
0.62 % water
Borders: None
Highest point: Mount Apo 2954 m (9691 ft)
Lowest point: Philippine Sea o m/ft (sea level)
Longest river: Cagayan River
Largest lake: Laguna de Bay

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https://www.google.com/search?q=philippine+archipelago&rlz=1C1JZAP_enPH910PH910&sxsrf=AL
eKk03k7Hqkq2q2g4AZJzKTUx4r9VGYFQ:1609588478770&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah
UKEwiSx4usmP3tAhWNyIsBHevmCjIQ_AUoAXoECBMQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=pdEkHPpO-
9WBVM&imgdii=jrod-ZQ1stm0rM

The Philippine archipelago is approximately 800 km from the Asian mainland and located between
Taiwan and Borneo. The Philippines is part of the largest continent which is Asia. A continent is one of the
Earth’s seven main divisions of land. The other continents are, from largest to smallest: Africa, orth America,
South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Together, the continents add up to about 148 million square
kilometres of land. Continents make up most but not all of the Earth’s land surface. A very small portion of the
total land area is made up of islands that are not considered physical parts of continents. New Zealand,
Polynesia, and the Hawaiian Islands are examples of land areas that are considered as micro-continents.

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 The location of objects or places on Earth’s surface is determined by means of a coordinate system which is
commonly known as longitude and latitude. Since Earth is rotating or spinning on its axis, the geographical
poles can be used as a point of reference known as the north-south reference. An imaginary line exactly
midway between the geographic north and geographic south poles is called the equator, which is situated at
zero degrees latitude.

The lines that run across the page of a map are

known as lines of latitude. Latitudinal lines run in an east-
west direction horizontal lines and serve as a reference for
north or south of the equator. These lines have a minimum
value of at the equator and a maximum value of 9 or
9 at the poles.

The lines that run up and down the surface are

called lines of longitude. Longitudinal lines run in a north-
south direction (vertical lines) and serve as a reference for
east or west of the prime meridian. These lines have a
minimum value of at the prime meridian and a maximum
value of east and west.

The rime eridian is designated at zero degrees longitude and passes through the town of
Greenwich in England. This imaginary line along the surface of Earth runs from the geographic North Pole to
the geographic South Pole and intersects the middle point of the equator.

Another imaginary vertical line that falls opposite the rime

eridian at E and longitudes is the nternational Date Line.
This line is situated halfway across Greenwich in London, England and
is considered as demarcation line that divides or marks the difference
between dates of days.

When you are on the left side of the International Date Line, you
will lose one day; when you are on the right side, you will gain one day.
For instance, going to the United Kingdom, you left the Philippines at
2:00 p.m. on Sunday; you will arrive in the U.K. at 7 a.m. on Sunday.
This means the Philippines is ahead by 7 hours from the U.K. Another
example is when it is 4:00 p.m. in Samoa on Tuesday, it is also 4:00
p.m. on a Wednesday right across the line, 550 miles away from Tonga.

Think about this

Activity 2 – Send Me Your Location

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 Keep this in Mind
Countries between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are the tropical countries. Tropical
countries experience a temperature to an average of above C. etween the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic
Circle are the polar or frigid zones where countries never go above C, while between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Arctic Circle is the North Temperate Zone. Between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle is the
South Temperate Zone. Countries in the North and the South Temperate Zones experience the four seasons—
winter, summer, spring, and autumn (fall). The closer the latitude is to the equator, the warmer the climate is.
The closer it is to the poles, the colder the climate is. Thus, there is a relationship between the latitude of a
country and its temperature and climate.
With the use of a globe or a map, the location of the Philippines can be described in two ways: by using
latitude or longitude and by identifying the bodies of water and landmasses that surround it.

Extend your understanding

Complete the table by determining whether the given set is well-defined, not well-
defined or null set. If well-defined, give the elements, three subsets and it’s cardinality.

A. Locate the following provinces using the latitude and the longitude.
1. Batanes ________________________
2. Ilocos Sur ________________________
3. Palawan ________________________
4. Cagayan De Oro ________________________
5. Zamboanga del Sur ________________________

B. Indicate the temperature of the following countries by identifying their location.

1. Philippines ________________________
2. Australia ________________________
3. Canada ________________________
4. Kazakhstan ________________________
5. China ________________________

C. Complete the sentence and explain further.

The Philippines is a tropical country because:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 This section aims to:
G 1. Recognize that soil, water, rocks, coal, and other fossil fuels are
O
A Earth materials that people use as resources.
L 2. Cite and explain ways of using Earth’s resources sustainably.
S

Engage yourself

Reflect from the video clip showing how soils originated from rocks.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kybPmB1zBUw

Let’s dig deeper

Rocks

Rocks are mixtures of mineral matter composed of

various substances formed in masses of large quantities in
the Earth’s crust by the action of heat, water, pressure, etc.
they are the building blocks of the Earth.

Classification Rocks

1. Igneous Rocks are solidified lava or magma. Examples of igneous rocks are granite, basalt, gabbro,
pumice, obsidian, and scoria.
2. Sedimentary Rocks are rocks that are exposed to weathering and erosion. They crumble into fine
pieces and are deposited as sediments in river beds and ocean floors. They are being compacted and
cemented together in layer form. Some common sedimentary rocks are shale, sandstone,
conglomerate, lignite, and limestone.
3. Metamorphic Rocks are those exposed to extreme heat and pressure beneath the surface. They may
be igneous or sedimentary. They are harder and denser than the previous two. Examples of this type
are slate/schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite, and hard coal.

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Pedology is the study of soil. Soil is the fertile part of the lithosphere composed of fine rocks and decayed
matter that supports plant life. It is where the plants get their nutrients, air, and water. Animals also depend on
the soil to grow because this is where they get the plants they eat.

Different Kinds of Soil

Residual Soil has not been moved from the original place. It is formed by chemical or physical weathering rock.

Transported Soil has been carried by wind, water, and other agents of erosion from one place to another. This
soil is also fertile as it consists of minerals from a variety of transported rocks.

Soil may also be classified according to the size and kind of materials it contains.

1. Loam soil has the right amount of gravel, sand, clay and mostly humus. This is ideal for plant growth as
it contains the nutrients needed by plants.
2. Sandy soil contains mostly sand and a little amount of clay. Some plants like peanuts thrive in sandy
soil.
3. Clay soil is made up mostly of clay and a little amount of sand and humus.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=im4HVXMGI68

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 Minerals

Minerals are solid compounds of important metals found

in nature embedded in rocks. They are generally crystalline in
nature and vary in their chemical and physical properties
according to the impurity composition. Mineralogy is the science
that deals with identification and classification of minerals.

Energy Resources

What are our energy resources? You might have heard of solar energy. This is an energy coming
from the sun. Is there a heat coming from the ground? That is called geothermal energy. If it comes from
water, it is called hydrothermal energy. Can we get energy from the wind? Yes, these are generated by
windmills. There is also natural gas.

Some of our gadgets already use solar energy. Some houses now use solar panels as source of
electricity.

Geothermal energy is energy that comes from the

Earth, and the Philippines ranks second as to
geothermal deposits.

Hydrothermal or hydroelectric power plants use water to generate electricity. Since the water is not really
consumed, flows afterwards to irrigation systems for agricultural lands. At least 7% of our country’s electric
energy supply comes from these power plants.

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 In Palawan, natural gas deposits are found.
Without these deposits, we would be importing more
petroleum for electricity generation because these
natural gas deposits already provide at least 40% of
power generation requirements in Luzon. Imagine the
amount of savings the Philippines gets from this.
Moreover, natural gas is considered clean because it
produces less carbon dioxide when burned, thus
reducing the increase in atmospheric temperature, which
is popularly known to us as global warming.

Windmills in Ilocos Norte are used to generate energy,

providing up to 40% of the energy needs of the whole
province. Why do you think this project is not duplicated in
other parts of the country? Do you think the environmental
condition of the province makes it possible to have windmills
and makes it not possible in other provinces?

Conserving and Protecting Natural Resources

A. Preserve forests and wild animals

To help in the preservation of forests, you need to prevent
forest fires, control the cutting of trees, and plant more trees
to replace the cut ones. In these ways, the natural habitat of
wild animals are also protected and preserved. Remember
that many different animals make forests as their home.
Many of these animals have become endangered and are
close to extinction because of the destruction of these
forests. So hunting and killing of these kinds of animals must
also be avoided.

B. Help in maintenance and preservation of Natural Parks and Bird Sanctuaries

You need to be actively involved in the maintenance and
safeguarding of national parks and bird sanctuaries. You have
to follow ordinances like avoiding or controlling the cutting of
trees and stopping the killing of birds and animals. Keeping
away from other acts punishable by law such as grazing or
cultivating of the land must be done. Always remember that
bird sanctuaries are areas where birds are protected and
encouraged to breed.

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 C. For the preservation of soil
How can you help in soil conservation? Plant trees.
They help hold the soil so it will not be washed off. If
trees are cut, be sure to replace them. Give back to
the soil what you have taken from it. Do not burn
leaves. Instead, make a compost pit and let them
decay there. Bury whatever refuse in the kitchen
(cuttings of vegetables and other biodegradable
wastes) in soil near your plants instead of throwing in
your trash can. They will become organic fertilizer. Do
not expose soil. Grass and other low-lying plants cover
the soil and protect it from being washed off.

D. For the preservation of minerals

Non-renewable resources like the minerals such as
coal, iron, limestone, and oil are found on Earth in
limited quantities only. There is therefore a need to
use these resources sensibly and wisely. Illegal
quarrying of limestone must be stopped and attempts
of quarrying must be reported to proper authorities for
necessary action. Optimize the use of limited mineral
resources and recycle them as much as possible.

E. Careful use of renewable energy

Renewable and non-polluting sources of energy—
solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal heat—can
be used instead of the energy coming from coal and
oil. The efficient use of renewable energy resources,
such as air, water, soil, and sunlight, is a must to
sustain the needs of ecosystem. A small change in
environment or variance in the quality of these natural
resources greatly affects life around it.

Think about this

Activity 1 – Watch Out! The Next Generation Deserves Them, Too!

At the end of this learning activity, you are expected to:

1. determine what human activities you observed in your surroundings (market, grocery, park, beach,
malls, riverside, and other places) are considered friendly and unfriendly to the environment.
2. suggest some ways to conserve and protect natural resources.

Observed Nature-Friendly Observed Nature-unfriendly

Activities Activities

11 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Keep this in Mind

All of these seen in our environment are gifts of nature, gifts that have to be taken cared by
conserving and protecting them.

We have to understand that some of these natural resources may be renewable, like the food that we
eat coming from plants and animals. The same plants may be planted after harvesting. Animals reproduce and
are replaced by their young ones. Water may dry, but during rains these are replaced.

However, some of these resources take years to be replaced. The process of soil formation takes
millions of years. Although there is an abundant source of copper, iron, and aluminium in the country, more and
more people are using these. Coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from plants and animals that had lived
millions of years, and it took millions of years before these turned into fossil fuels. All of these are non-
renewable within our lifetime.

12 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Extend your understanding

A. Match the energy resources in Column A with its description in Column B.

A B
Solar energy  it produces less carbon dioxide
when burned
Geothermal energy  this is an energy coming from the
sun.
Hydroelectric power  uses wind in providing up to 40% of
the energy needs
Wind energy  use water to generate electricity

Natural gas  energy that comes from the Earth’s

interior

B. Make a research about the following:

a. Make a list of plants that can be planted in different types of soil discussed in this lesson?

Loam soil Clay soil Sandy soil

b. Give at least 5 examples of minerals

1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________
4. _____________
5. _____________

13 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 This section aims to:
 Explain how some human activities affect the atmosphere.
 Discuss how energy from the Sun interacts with the layers of the
atmosphere.

Engage yourself
Activity 1 – Up, Up and Away!

Rank the pictures below from 1- 5 based on how high they can go up or based on how high they can be found.

Let’s dig deeper

Earth is surrounded by the atmosphere, which is the

body of air or gases that protects the planet by blocking the
harmful rays of the sun. Without our atmosphere, there would
be no life on Earth. Two gases make up the bulk of the
Earth’s atmosphere: nitrogen 7 % and oxygen %.
Argon, carbon dioxide, and various trace gases make up the
remainder. Most of our atmosphere is located close to the
Earth’s surface where it is most dense.

The atmosphere has five distinct layers that are

determined by the changes in temperature that happen with
increasing altitude.

1. Troposphere
a. t is the lower thermal subdivision of the atmosphere, extending from Earth’s surface to around to
16 km above the surface.
b. It is layer where weather disturbances, like typhoons and cyclones, occur.
c. Its air temperature drops with every rise in altitude.
2. Stratosphere
a. t is around to 5 km above the Earth’s surface.
b. Temperature increases slightly in the ozone layer.
c. On the lower part of this layer, planes fly to avoid weather disturbances in the troposphere.
d. It is considered as the primary site of ozone formation

14 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 3. Mesosphere
a. Temperature drops at this layer.
b. It is around 80 km above the ground.
c. It is where the coldest point in the atmosphere can be found.
4. Thermosphere/Ionosphere
a. It is around 80 km and above.
b. The air is very thin in this layer.
c. The sun’s energy strips the electrons from the atoms of nitrogen and oxygen in this layer.
d. It is important for radio wave transmission.
5. Exosphere
a. It is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and is also known as outer space.

The temperature varies within each layer while pressure decreases with altitude or height. In the
troposphere and the mesosphere, as the altitude increases, the temperature decreases. On the other hand, in
the stratosphere and the thermosphere, the temperature rises with altitude because of temperature inversion
caused by the sun’s ultraviolet rays and radiation. Furthermore, the first three atmospheric layers are separated
by boundaries known as pauses. The tropopause, the stratopause, and the mesopause lie above the
troposphere, the stratosphere, and mesosphere respectively. These boundaries indicate changes in
atmospheric temperature.

https://www.google.com/search?q=layers+of+the+atmosphere+clipart&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj2y8Wb0_3tAh
WCBaYKHcB3D_sQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=layers+atmosphere+clipart&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAgQHjoICAAQ
CBAHEB5QhtEEWK7sBGDO-
QRoBXAAeACAAY0EiAHAE5IBCzEuNy4yLjEuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&e
i=uZzwX7aLLoKLmAXA773YDw&bih=657&biw=1366&rlz=1C1JZAP_enPH910PH910#imgrc=IABtfr65Ti-86M

15 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Our atmosphere is an envelope of air that surrounds Earth. Similar to sea creatures that live at the
bottom of the ocean, humans live at the bottom of this vast sea of nitrogen, oxygen, and other trace gases.

In recent years, the study of the atmosphere has expanded because of advances in technology. Every
aspect of the atmosphere, from the ground to outer space, is now being studied through the umbrella term
atmospheric science. On the other hand, meteorology is a term more commonly applied to the study of the
lower atmosphere, where weather patterns are evident. The continuous changing of the lower atmospheric
condition is called weather, while the long-term weather condition in a specific place is called climate.

However, no matter how important the atmosphere is to organisms on Earth, anthropogenic practices or
pollution from human activities tend to contaminate the surroundings and damage the envelope of gas that
protects the planet from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Environmental issues such as the greenhouse
effect, ozone holes, and global warming are becoming serious concerns. Nowadays, humans realize the
magnitude of these occurrences to atmospheric conditions and to life in general.

Think about this

Activity 2— Folding Atmosphere

Materials Needed:

Art materials (bond papers, crayons, scissors, glue, pencil)

Your Tasks

Make a folding model of the layers of the atmosphere.

1. Prepare your materials.

2. Cut 6 circles with increasing sizes.
3. Label each with respect to the correct order of the
layers.
4. Add drawings of objects that can be found in the
specific layer.
5. Use crayons to make it more presentable.
6. Paste it on a piece of bond paper.
7. Take a picture of it then upload it in a media album
prepared.

Keep this in Mind

Earth’ s Atmosphere

Atmospheric Science

Meteorology

Weather Climate

16 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Extend your understanding

A. What is the corresponding altitude and temperature of each of the layers of the atmosphere?

Altitude Temperature

Troposphere ______________________ ______________________

Stratosphere ______________________ ______________________

Mesosphere ______________________ ______________________

Thermosphere ______________________ ______________________

Exosphere ______________________ ______________________

B. What could be the basis for the divisions of the layers of the atmosphere? Explain further.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
C. Explain why places in the Philippines with higher altitude like Tagaytay or Baguio experience colder
climate.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

17 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 G This section aims to:
O 1. Describe the effects of certain weather systems in the Philippines.
A
L 2. Account for the occurrence of land and sea breezes, monsoons, and
S inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ).

Activity 1—Weather Report

Be a weather newscarter today! Join the audition for the Pinoy Idol.

Procedure:
1. Imagine that you are in one of the prestigious media networks in our
country.
2. Dress yourself up with something that will make everyone remember you
as a weather forecaster. Invent your props.
3. Make a weather forecast on a rainy day. Report it to the class with a funny
accent mimicked from any cartoon character.

Weather Report
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s dig deeper

Even though the Philippines generally has a tropical climate,

the presence of rainfall divides the country’s climate into four types.

Table 13.1 The four types of climate in the Philippines

Type Description Region/Location

I Two pronounced wet and dry seasons: Western part of Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan,
wet season (June to November); dry Panay, and Negros
season (December to May)
II No dry season with pronounced Usually occurs in Catanduanes, Sorsogon,
maximum rain period from December to Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Samar
February
III Intermediate type with no pronounced
maximum rain period and short dry
season lasting from 1 to 3 months only
IV Uniformly distributed rainfall Regions affected are Batanes, northeast
Luzon, Southwest Camarines Norte,
Albay, Marinduque, Northern Cebu, Bohol,
and most of Central, Eastern, and
Southern Mindanao

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The Two Seasons of the Philippines

The dry season occurs in the {hilippines from December to June. During
this period, the country does not experience any monsoon and the dry trade
winds blow from the northeast. Occasional afternoon rain showers are
experienced to cool down the hot weather. This season is ideal for visiting
Banaue rice Terraces and Cagayan Valley in Northern Luzon. In May, crowds of
tourists are expected to stay at the Summer Capital of the Philippines—Baguio
City.
In July, the wet season arrives and the rains pour more frequently until
November. Monsoons or seasonal winds bring stormy days; the Southwest
Monsoon, or Habagat, specifically attracts typhoons from the Western Pacific,
which strengthens the winds and downpours in the Philippines.

Every year, about twenty storms pass nearby or around the country and an average of six tropical
storms or typhoons make their landfall in the Philippines. Northern Luzon gets hit the most with an average of
3.7 storms in a year. Central Visayas gets hit by an average of two storms a year and is rarely affected by the
strongest typhoons.

Moreover, a shift in the typhoon belt can render a change in the direction of typhoons and their landfall.
In recent years, the typhoons have greatly affected the islands of Visayas.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA) is a government agency in the Philippines that administers meteorological
research and services. PAGASA conducts weather forecasts and other and public
advisories regarding impending typhoon landfalls and flooding tendencies in different parts
of the country. The public can access this information through radio and television
broadcasts, newspapers, news websites, and social media.

Monsoons
The monsoons or seasonal winds are directional changes in the flow of the dominant winds of a region.
The monsoons produce the wet and the dry seasons throughout many tropical countries such as the
Philippines.

In this country, there are two prevailing monsoons; (a.) the Northeast Monsoon or Amihan that comes
in October to February and brings cold air; and (b.) the Southwest Monsoon or Habagat, which normally
comes in May to September and brings moderate to heavy rains.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a

region in the atmosphere where hot and cold trade winds
in the Northern and the Southern hemispheres meet,
resulting in rain showers that may lead to flash floods in
affected areas.

Storms are often produced where the warm air and

the cold air converge along a front. Because of this, the
water vapor in the cloud moves upward, condenses, and
freezes until it results to in precipitation (e.g., storms,
rainfall, drizzle).

As a tropical country surrounded by seas and oceans, the Philippines becomes highly susceptible to
storms and typhoons. The ocean water’s constant exposure to the sun makes it warm, resulting in the formation
of dense clouds, and eventually, typhoons near the archipelago.

A Time Magazine article in 2013 has affirmed that out of all the countries in the world, the Philippines is
the most exposed to storms. Recent reports on typhoon occurences have declared a typhoon belt shift that
switched the common direction of a storms’s landfall from Northern Luzon to Visayas, where super typhoon
Yolanda hit. One of the terribly damaged cities was Tacloban City in Leyte. Bicol is another region constantly hit
by typhoons. Typhoons moving from the Western North Pacific Ocean often land in Bicol because of its location
at the bottom of Luzon.

19 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Think about this

Activity 2—I Don’t See It but I Can Feel is Blowing!

Intended Learning Outcome

At the end of this learning activity, you are expected to explain what happens when air is heated.

Materials Needed
empty soft drinks bottle
balloon
pot of hot water

Your Tasks

Task 1 Stretch the balloon over the mouth of the empt bottle.
Task 2 Make a prediction. What do you think will happen if you put the empty bottle on the pot of hot
water?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Task 3 Now put the bottle in the pot of hot water. Let it stand for a few minutes. Now, record your
observations below and compare them afterwards with your prediction.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Keep this in Mind

The Movement of Wind

in the Atmosphere

Monsoons Intertropical
Land Breeze Sea Breeze
Convergence
Zone

Sea Breeze Front

Amihan Habagat

20 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Extend your understanding

A. Identify the statements if it describes Type I, Type II, Type III, or Type IV Climate.

It is experienced by the people in Western Part of Luzon, Mindoro,

Palawan, Panay, and Negros
Intermediate type with no pronounced maximum rain period

Regions affected are Batanes, Northeast Luzon, Southwest

Camarines Norte, Albay
Dry season (December to May)

Uniformly distributed rainfall

Short dry season lasting from 1 to 3 months only

No dry season with pronounced maximum rain period from

December to February.
Wet season (June to November)

People in Marinduque, Northern Cebu, Bohol, and most of Central,

Eastern, and Southern Mindanao may experience this.
Two pronounced wet and dry seasons

Usually occurs in Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Camarines Norte,

Camarines Sur, Samar

21 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 G This section aims to:
O 1. Collect, record, and report data on the beliefs and practices of the
A community in relation to eclipses.
L
S 2. Explain how solar and lunar eclipses occur during models.

Engage yourself

Activity 1 – Let’s Cast a Shadow, and Form Animals

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this learning activity, you are expected to:
1. make shadows of animals using the hands;
2. explain how shadows are formed; and
3. discuss how shadows affect the surroundings

Materials That You Need

flashlight
dark room
” x ” white cardboard

Your Tasks

Task 1 You can make your room or part of your house dark by closing the windows and putting dark
curtains.
Task 2 Have someone to hold the flashlight while another is holding the cardboard. Alternately form
shadow animals using your hands, while doing that, the one holding the flashlight may bring it
closer or farther from the hands of the performer.
Task 3 Take a picture of your performance and make a collage out of it. Put labels or names on what
animal is being projected. ait for the teacher’s instruction on where to submit it.

Let’s dig deeper

Earth and the moon, like other opaque objects or those that do not produce their own light, cas long
shadows into space. When a celestial body partly or completely comes into the shadow of another celestial
body, it results in an event called the eclipse .

Lunar Eclipse

A lunar eclipse happens when Earth’s shadow

obstructs the light from the sun, preventing it from reflecting on
the moon. Lunar eclipses occur only at full moon and when
Earth positions itself between the moon and the sun. Such an
event gives the moon a faint orange or reddish glow.

22 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 a. Partial Lunar Eclipse
Some eclipses are only partial. This means that the
moon is partly in Earth’s shadow and only a portion if its
lighted side can be witnessed from Earth. A partial lunar
eclipse usually occurs a couple of times a year.

b. Total Lunar Eclipse

A total lunar eclipse takes place when the moon is
totally in Earth’s shadow. A total lunar eclipse is
only possible when the sun, Earth, and the moon
are in perfect alignment with each other. This occurs only in few years.

Solar Eclipse

A solar eclipse occurs whenever the moon lies in the

plane of the ecliptic or the path of the sun as viewed from
Earth and casts a shadow on Earth’s surface.

a. Partial Solar Eclipse

In a partial solar eclipse, the moon, the sun, and Earth are only partly aligned. This is observed when
only the outer portion of the moon’s shadow or the penumbra is being cast on a certain part of
Earth’s surface.

b. Total Solar Eclipse

In a total solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow
approximately 275 kilometers wide. Within this
scope, one can see the moon slowly blocking the
sun. the total covering of the sun lasts only a short
period because of the continouos lunar movement.
A total solar eclipse is visible to people in the side
of the umbra or the dark part of the moon’s shadow.
In this event, twh sky begins to darken and the
surrounding temperature becomes cool.

A jaguar
eats the
moon
during a
total lunar
They are eclipse. A Vikings
believed to myth said
be bad that sky
omens for wolves
unborn chased the
children's sun and
futures. moon away.
Myths
about
Eclipses
A Korean
Flowers
myth said
bloom better
that fire dogs
when
bit the
planted
surface of
the sun and during a
solar eclipse.
the moon. Bakunawa, a
moon-eating
dragon, and
Miñokawa, a
sun-eating bird,
eat the moon
and the sun
respectively.

23 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 Keep this in Mind

Lunar Eclipse Both Solar Eclipse

Earth is between sun and moon A celestial body is blocking the The moon is between the sun
path between two other and the Earth
celestial bodies
Lunar eclipse happens during a Earth, sun, and the moon are Solar eclipse happen sduring
full moon either partly or perfectly aligned. new moon
Partial lunar eclipse occurs Partial solar eclipse occurs
when the moon is partly in when the moon’s shadow is
Earth’s shadow partly cast on Earth
Total lunar eclipse occurs when Total solar eclipse occurs when
the moon is completely in the moon casts a 275 km
Earth’s shadow shadow on Earth

Extend your understanding

A. Read each questions then circle the letter of the correct answer.
1. If a full moon occurs on January 2, 2018, the next full moon phase will occur on
__________________ 2018.
a. March 2 b. January 31 c. April 30 d. May 29
2. At which event below does the moon receive the least amount of sunlight?
a. a Mars eclipse c. an Earth eclipse
b. a solar eclipse d. a lunar eclipse
3. Which phase of the moon would most likely occur during a solar eclipse?
a. new moon b. first quarter moon
b. last quarter moon d. full moon
4. Which of the following statements describes an eclipse?
a. It is the total or partial obscuring of a celestial body.
b. It needs the interplay of a minimum of three bodies
c. It occurs because of the darkening of the light on one celestial body by another.
d. All of the above
5. hich term refers to the point of the moon’s orbit that is farthest from Earth?
a. apogee b. perigee c. aphelion d. perihelion
6. Which of the following describes Type II climate?
a. It has two pronounced wet and dry seasons
b. It has maximum rain period and short dry season
c. It has uniform distribution of rainfall
d. It has no dry season with pronounced maximum rain period from December to February.
7. Which best describes the reason why Earth has four seasons?
a. It revolves around the sun in about 365 days.
b. The sun shines directly on the equator throughout the year
c. Earth is near the sun during summer and far from the sun during winter
d. The .5 tilt of Earth’s axis is the primary reason for seasons.
8. Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?
a. Natural Gas c. Coal
b. Nuclear Energy d. Oil

24 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 9. Which of the following is an example of a non-renewable source of energy?
a. Solar energy c. Biomass power
b. Petroleum d. Geothermal Energy
10. Which body of water does not border the Philippine archipelago?
a. Dead Sea c. Celebes Sea
b. Sulu Sea d. Philippine Sea
B. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. How does a lunar eclipse occur? Use a diagram to show the positions of Earth, the moon, and the
sun during a lunar eclipse. Label the diagram properly.

2. How does a solar eclipse occur? Use a diagram to show the positions of Earth, the moon, and the
sun during a partial solar eclipse. Label the diagram properly.

A. Identify what is being described in each item. Write your answer on the space provided before
each number.
__________________ 1.) It is the process by which a new life is formed.
__________________ 2.) It is a type of reproduction where the body of an organism breaks
and develops into a new organism.
__________________ 3.) Propagation of a new potato is an example of this asexual
reproduction.
__________________ 4.) This is the male sex cell.
__________________ 5.) It is a mode of reproduction characterized by the union of sex
cells.
__________________ 6.) It is a process by which a single organism splits into two.
__________________ 7.) It is a process by which a new organism develops from a part of
the parent’s body.
__________________ 8.) This is a structure found in bacteria and algae that is essential for
asexual reproduction.
__________________ 9.) It is the female sex cell.
_________________ 10.) It is the transfer of a pollen from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower.

25 ǁS c i e n c e 7
 _________________ 11.) It is the process by which the egg cell and the sperm cell unite.
_________________ 12.) It means spore formation.
_________________ 13.) It is the reproduction without fusion of gametes.
_________________ 14.) It is the transfer of the pollen from the anther to the stigma of a
different flower.
_________________ 15.) It is the simplest form of sexual reproduction.

B. Match column A with column B. write your answers on the line provided.
A B
_________ 1.) Holds up the anther a. Angiosperms
_________ 2.) Connects the stigma to the ovary b. Anther
_________ 3.) Flowering plants c. Filament
_________ 4.) Carries the pollen d. Pistil
_________ 5.) Female reproductive organ of the flower e. Pollen
_________ 6.) Contains ovule f. Ovary
_________ 7.) Carries the sperm cell g. Ovule
_________ 8.) Contains the egg cell h. Stamen
_________ 9.) Male reproductive organ of the flower i. stigma
________ 10.) Where the pollen lands j. style

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