05/09/2014

MATEMATIKA REKAYASA LANJUT

Jati Sunaryati

SILABUS
1. Review: vektor
2. Baris ruang berdimensi tak hingga
3. Metoda Grom Smidt
4. Deret Forier
5. Fungsi Vektor
6. Medan Vektor dan Medan Skalar
7. Integral Garis
8. Perkalian Langrange
9. Teorema Green
10.Integral Permukaan
11.Medan Tegangan

1
 05/09/2014

GREEN’S THEOREM
Let’s start off with a simple (recall that this means that it doesn’t cross itself) closed
curve C and let D be the region enclosed by the curve. Here is a sketch of such a
curve and region.

First, notice that because the curve is simple and closed there are no holes in the
region D. Also notice that a direction has been put on the curve. We will use the
convention here that the curveC has a positive orientation if it is traced out in a
counter-clockwise direction. Another way to think of a positive orientation (that
will cover much more general curves as well see later) is that as we traverse the
path following the positive orientation the region D must always be on the left.
Given curves/regions such as this we have the following theorem.

Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple, closed curve and let D be
the region enclosed by the curve. If P and Q have continuous first order partial
derivatives on D then,

Before working some examples there are some alternate notations that we need
to acknowledge.
When working with a line integral in which the path satisfies the condition of
Green’s Theorem we will often denote the line integral as,

Both of these notations do assume that C satisfies the conditions of Green’s

Theorem so be careful in using them.
Also, sometimes the curve C is not thought of as a separate curve but instead as
the boundary of some region D and in these cases you may see C denoted as  D.

Example 1 Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate

where C is the triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1, 2) with positive orientation.

27
 05/09/2014

Solution
Let’s first sketch C and D for this case to make sure that the conditions of Green’s
Theorem are met for C and will need the sketch of D to evaluate the double
integral.

So, the curve does satisfy the conditions of Green’s Theorem and we can see
that the following inequalities will define the region enclosed.

We can identify P and Q from the line integral. Here they are.

So, using Green’s Theorem the line integral becomes

Example 2 Evaluate

where C is the positively oriented circle of radius 2 centered at the origin.

Solution
Okay, a circle will satisfy the conditions of Green’s Theorem since it is closed and
simple and so there really isn’t a reason to sketch it.
Let’s first identify P and Q from the line integral

Now, using Green’s theorem on the line integral gives

28
 05/09/2014

where D is a disk of radius 2 centered at the origin.

Since D is a disk it seems like the best way to do this integral is to use polar
coordinates. Here is the evaluation of the integral.

Example: Use Green’s Theorem to find the area of a disk of radius a.

Solution
We can use either of the integrals above, but the third one is probably the easiest.
So,

where C is the circle of radius a. So, to do this we’ll need a parameterization of C.

This is

29
 05/09/2014

LINE INTEGRALS

1.Vector Fields : the concept of a vector field.

2.Line Integrals Part I : line integrals with respect
to arc length
3.Line Integral s Part II : third types of line
integrals, line integrals of vector fields
4.Green’s Theorem
5.Curl and Divergence

Given the vector field the curl is defined to be

There is another (potentially) easier definition of the curl of a vector field. We use
it we will first need to define the  operator. This is defined to be

We use this as if it’s a function in the following manner

So, whatever function is listed after the  is substituted into the partial derivatives.
Note as well that when we look at it in this light we simply get the gradient vector.
Using the  we can define the curl as the following cross product,

30
 05/09/2014

Example 1 Determine if is a conservative vector field

Solution
So all that we need to do is compute the curl and see if we get the zero vector or
not

Let’s now talk about the second new concept in this section. Given the vector field
the divergence is defined to be

There is also a definition of the divergence in terms of the  operator. The

divergence can be defined in terms of the following dot product.

Example 2 Compute div

Solution
There really isn’t much to do here other than compute the divergence

We also have the following fact about the relationship between the curl and the
divergence.

Example 3 Verify the above fact for the vector field

Solution
Let’s first compute the curl Now compute the divergence of this

31
 05/09/2014

We also have a physical interpretation of the divergence. If we again think of

as the velocity field of a flowing fluid then div represents the net rate of change
of the mass of the fluid flowing from the point (x,y,z) per unit volume. This can also
be thought of as the tendency of a fluid to diverge from a point. If div =0
then the is called incompressible.
The next topic that we want to briefly mention is the Laplace operator. Let’s first
take a look at,

The Laplace operator is then defined as

The Laplace operator arises naturally in many fields including heat transfer and
fluid flow.
The final topic in this section is to give two vector forms of Green’s Theorem. The
first form uses the curl of the vector field and is

where is the standard unit vector in the positive z direction

The second form uses the divergence. In this case we also need the outward unit
normal to the curve C. If the curve is parameterized by

The next topic that we want to briefly mention is the Laplace operator. Let’s first
take a look at,

The Laplace operator is then defined as,

The Laplace operator arises naturally in many fields including heat transfer and
fluid flow.
The final topic in this section is to give two vector forms of Green’s Theorem. The
first form uses the curl of the vector field and is,

Where is the standard unit vector in the positive z direction

The second form uses the divergence. In this case we also need the outward unit
normal to the curve C. If the curve is parameterized by

then the outward unit normal is given by,

32
 05/09/2014

Here is a sketch illustrating the outward unit normal for some curve C at various
points.

The vector form of Green’s Theorem that uses the divergence is given by

SURFACE INTEGRALS

1. Parametric Surfaces: a surface with

parametric equations.
2. Surfaces: a surface integrals of functions
3. Surface Integrals of Vectors Fields: surface
integrals of vector fields
4. Stokes’ Theorem
5. Divergence Theorem

33