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Normal Equations

The document discusses normal equations, which are formed by multiplying each observation equation by the coefficient of the unknown quantity and adding the results. For equations of equal weight, the normal equations are found by multiplying each observation equation by the coefficient of the unknown and adding. For equations of different weights, the normal equations are formed by multiplying each observation equation by the product of the coefficient and the weight of that observation and adding. An example is provided to demonstrate finding the normal equations for x, y, and z for a set of three observation equations with both equal weights and different weights.

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Renjith S Anand
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208 views12 pages

Normal Equations

The document discusses normal equations, which are formed by multiplying each observation equation by the coefficient of the unknown quantity and adding the results. For equations of equal weight, the normal equations are found by multiplying each observation equation by the coefficient of the unknown and adding. For equations of different weights, the normal equations are formed by multiplying each observation equation by the product of the coefficient and the weight of that observation and adding. An example is provided to demonstrate finding the normal equations for x, y, and z for a set of three observation equations with both equal weights and different weights.

Uploaded by

Renjith S Anand
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computation of indirectly observed

quantities- Normal equations


NORMAL EQUATIONS
• A normal equation is the one formed by multiplying each equation by
the coefficient of the unknown whose normal equation is to be found
and by adding the equation thus formed.

• As the number of normal equations is the same as the number of


unknowns, the most probable values of the unknowns can be found
from the equations.
Contd…
Contd…
Rules for Normal Equations
For equations of equal weights
• To form normal equation for each of the unknown quantity,
multiply each observation equation by the algebraic
coefficient of that unknown quantity in that equation and add
the result

For equations of different weights


• To form normal equation for each of the unknown quantity,
multiply each observation equation with the product of the
algebraic coefficient of that unknown quantity in that equation
and the weight of that observation and add the result.

161
Qn.1.(a) Form the normal equations for x, y and z in the following
equations of equal weight.

3x + 3y + z -4 = 0 …..(1)

x+2y+2z- 6 = 0 …..(2)

5x +y+4z – 21= 0 …..(3)

(b) If the weights of the above equations are 2,3 and 1 respectively, form
the normal equations for x, y and z.
Solution.
(a) The normal equation of an unknown quantity is formed by
multiplying each equation by the algebraic coefficient of that
unknown quantity in that equation and adding the result.
9x + 9y + 3z - 12 = 0

x + 2y + 2z - 6=0

25x + 5y + 20z - 105 =.0

Normal equation for x is 35x + 16y + 25z -123 =0


9x + 9y + 3z – 12 =0
2x + 4y + 4z – 12 =0
5x + y + 4z – 21 = 0

Normal equation for y is 16 x +14 y +11 z – 45 = 0


3x + 3y + z – 4 = 0
2x + 4y + 4z – 12 = 0
20x + 4y + 16z – 84 = 0

Normal equation for z is 25 x +11 y +21 z – 100 = 0


W=2

Contd… W=3

W=1

• Hence the normal equations for x, y and z are


35 x +16 y + 25 z – 123=0
16 x +4 y + 11 z – 45=0
25 x +11y + 21z – 100=0

(b) In equations (1), (2) and (3) the products of coefficients of x and
weight of respective equations are : (3 * 2), (1 * 3) and (5 * 1).Hence

18 x +18 y + 6 z – 24=0 (from 1)


3 x + 6 y + 6 z – 18=0 (from 2)
25 x + 5 y +20 z –105=0 (from 3)
Normal equation for x is 46 x +29 y + 32 z -147 = 0
W=2
Contd… W=3

W=1

• Similarly, the product of coefficient of y and weight of each


equation, in the original equations are ( 3*2), (2 * 3) and (1 * 1)
respectively. Hence,
18 x +18 y + 6 z – 24= 0 (from 1)
6 x +12 y + 12 z – 36= 0 (from 2)
5 x + y + 4 z – 21= 0 (from 3)

Therefore, Normal equation for y is 29 x +31 y +22 z -81 =0


W=2

W=3
Contd… W=1

And , the product of coefficient of z and weight of each equation, in the


original equation are (1 * 2), (2 * 3) and (4 * 1) respectively. Hence ,
6 x +6 y + 2 z – 8=0 (from 1)
6 x +12 y + 12 z – 36=0 (from 2)
20 x +4 y + 16 z – 84=0 (from 3)

Normal equation for z is 32 x +22 y +30 z -128 =0


Contd…

Hence the normal equations for x, y and z are as


follows:
46 x + 29 y + 32 z- 147 = 0
29 x +31 y +22 z - 81 = 0
32 x +22 y +30 z- 128 = 0

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