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FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING PERFORMANCE OF THE WORKING

STUDENTS OF PCLU

AN UNDERGRADUATE OF THESIS PRESENTED

TO THE FACULTY TO THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

VILLANUEVA, ERIKA MAE R.

DELA CRUZ, JASMIN M.

DECENA, JOHN JOSE A.

MANGALUS, CHRISTHOPER

2022
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CERTIFICATION

This undergraduate thesis entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING

PERFORMANCE OF THE WORKING STUDENTS OF PCLU”, prepared and

submitted by Erika Mae R. Villanueva, Jasmin M. Dela Cruz, John Jose A.

Decena and Christopher Mangalus, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the research thesis subject leading to the degree Bachelor of Science in

Criminology, has been examined and recommended for final Examination.

DR. ANABEL D. RIVA

Adviser

Approval sheet

Approved by the Panel for Oral Defense on June 10, 2021 with a rating of

_____________

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Criminological

research and statistic leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Criminology.

_ Mr. Nelson E. Fonbuena _

Dean, College of Public

Administration and Criminology

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research study would not have been possible without the help of the

people who support and guide us to finish this research study.

First of all the researcher want to thank God for making all these things

possible for us and for lighting our way through our journey in the research. We

also want to thank our instructor Dr. Anabel D. Riva for supporting us in making

this research. The researchers would not survive this research if it’s not because

of your constructive criticism that motivated us to strive harder to come up and to

have a good research paper.

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DEDICATION

This research study is dedicated to our loving families, to our classmates,

schoolmates and friends, and of course to our instructor who guide us to do our

best in conducting this research study and helping us to make a step to achieve

our dreams.

To God be the glory.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ............................................................................. i

Approval Sheet ................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ............................................................ iii

Dedication ........................................................................... iv

CHAPTER Page

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING ........................... 1

Introduction ....................................................... 1

Theoretical Framework……………………..

Conceptual Framework ...............................

Statement of the Problem ....................

Hypothesis ..........................

Scope and Limitation of the Study ...........

Significance of the Study ..............................

Definition of Terms .................

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Local Literature ....................

Foreign Literature ..................

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Local Studies .......................

Foreign Studies .....................

Synthesis of the Study.....................

3 METHOD OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURE

Research Method .....................

Research Design ......

Population of the Study............

Population and Sampling ................

Research Instrument...........

Data Gathering Procedures........

Statistical Treatment of Data .......

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………….

APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………….

CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………….

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ABSTRACT

Title: FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING

PERFORMANCE OF THE WORKING

STUDENT IN PCLU

Researchers: Villanueva, Erika Mae R.

Dela Cruz, Jasmin M.

Decena, John Jose A.

Mangalus, Christopher

Degree: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

School: POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE OF LA UNION

Year: 2022

Adviser: DR. ANABEL D. RIVA

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CHAPTER I

Introduction to the study

Background and Conceptual Framework of the study

Education is an important means by which an organized society achieves

stability and prosperity. Through the process of Education, the citizens are

imbued with proper attitudes, values and aspirations, necessary to gain

knowledge and skills that will help them achieve maximum self- realization. Our

own Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) has recognized the

crucial IMPORTANCE OF Education when it stated in the preface to the official

EDCOM report. “Education is essential to our life as a nation. This is the truism

that bears endless repetition”.

As stated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Section I that;

“The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education

at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible

to all’.

Professional educators know very well that the word “Learning” implies

both teaching and learning. It is the process of facilitating learning. Knowledge,

skills, values, beliefs, and habits of a group of people are transferred to other
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people, through storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, or research.

Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners

may also educate themselves in a process called autodidactic learning. Any

experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may

be considered educational. Education is commonly and formally divided into

stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college

university or apprenticeship. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.

Challenges are something that needs great mental or physical effort in

order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability. Something,

that by its nature or character serves as a call to make a special effort. Working

while studying has been trend ever since because of financial problem. It

became a source of income to people, to gain money to sustain their daily living

and school expenses. Some work multiple jobs, others do random work from

time to time, and there are those who don’t work and or have never worked a day

in their life.

Working hard sometimes leads to over-commitment and can result in the

fear of losing the game. They are sometimes stressed to complete their all tasks

in the given time. Students have to make schedules, from time to time, to work

out on multiple tasks. In short, they have to be spontaneous with their work-life

as well as student life. This may cause them to distance themselves from all

other social activities and are bound to be loyal to their professional work. They

are only committed to their work and therefore, spend only a few hours on their

studies.
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Most working students face many challenges in their busy everyday lives.

They encounter problems upon coping with their academic engaged time.

College working students are more likely to be left behind in their academic

environment. They could also feel out of place and have less time for their social

life since they are not always around in their class. Working students are trying to

meet multiple demands and roles as a student and at the same time, an

employee. This creates high level of stress and anxiety making them vulnerable

to sickness and failure in pursuing their college degree. Working students are

mostly sleep-deprived. Their work, plus studies never let them complete sleep

hours. For them, nights are long while mornings are dreaded. The only times

they feel more relaxing are the weekends.

Unfortunately, having to balance a social life, work, family and educational

time is very stressful. There’s always something going on and you frequently feel

as if you’re being pulled in every possible direction just passing time to see how

long you can last before you’re stretched too thin. This probably isn’t a very

healthy lifestyle. Work is really an important factor for the students who just can’t

afford to pay a single penny to their institute. It depends on you that how you

manage your workload and education in the meantime. Taking the stress of

every little thing is a big issue. Try to overcome your problems and challenges in

a best possible way.

During the pandemic and crisis of SARS II CoVid-19, we saw an increase

in number of Student working while studying. This study explores how the

student of PCLU taking criminology creates ways to maximize their time in

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working and in studying. This said study also aims to investigate and identify

criminology Students experiences while working. Working while studying is

driven primarily by financial necessity: to cover setbacks in various types of

understudy bolster; to supplement salary to give a superior understudy

comprehension; or to help towards future objectives. It is necessary for a working

student to know their priorities. Prioritizing everything helps in organizing and

managing every task, accordingly. A student can never appreciate the value of

independence until he/she takes the decision of pursuing a tough lifestyle.

Working while learning at the same time may be a big challenge but there is

always a way and solutions to everything.

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Theoretical Framework

One of the biggest adjustments for every college student who takes part

time job is mastering the art of being control of their own schedule. Time

management of every working student is very different from a normal college

student that is being enrolled at the school. Every student are required to attend

school for specific times each day, and every schedule for a working student is

largely set. In some cases some of the working student faces difficulties about

their time management.

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT OUPUT

PROCESS

Working Students Gathering of

difficulties information

through:
Performance and

Productivity
Surveys
Time Management
Questionnaires Basis for a
Time Schedule
Proposed
Their Mental Health
Statistical Intervention
Work Duties
Treatment of Plan
School Works
Data

Challenges
Analysis and
Encountered
Interpretation

Reading of materials of gathered data

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Figures 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The first frame shows the input of the study consisting of working students’

difficulties; time management in school and in work; and challenges encountered

as a working student. The second frame presents the processes of the study

which includes the gathering of data by survey questionnaires and any other

statistical tools, interpreting and analyzing them. The third frame presents the

expected output of the study which is the proposed action plan.

Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis

This study aimed to find out the Challenges Encountered of working

Students taking Bachelor of Science in Criminology Course in Polytechnic

College of La Union for S.Y 2021-2022.

Specifically, the study sought to find answers to the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the working students as to:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Years of Working

1.5 Job Position

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2. How do the respondents assess the factors affecting the learning performance

of the working student of PCLU in terms of the following:

2.1. Time management

2.2. Work Load; and

2.3. Financial Condition

3. Is there any significant differences on the assessment mode by the

respondents on the work performance of working student in relation to the above

mentioned variables?

4. What are the problems encountered by the respondents on the work

performance of working students in relation to the above cited variables?

5. What recommendations may be proposed to address the problem

encountered?

6. What criminal justice development program may be forward to enhance the

work performance of working student?

Hypothesis

Based on the specific problem stated, the null hypothesis is hereby given.

There is no significant relationship between the challenges encountered by

Bachelor of science in Criminology working students and those of non-working

students.
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Scope and Limitations

This study is focused on challenges encountered by students who work and

study at the same time. Furthermore, this research study is composed of one

hundred (100) Bachelor of Science in Criminology selected students as

participants. This study will be conducted in the College of Criminology of

Polytechnic College of La Union (PCLU). This study covers the academic year

2021-2022.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will provide useful data and would be beneficial to the

following:

Working Students - The result of this study will help them to manage their

responsibilities towards school and work so that their academic performance will

not be affected in favor of their work or vice-versa.

Parents - Through this study, they will have an idea on the challenges their

children are experiencing as a working student and to those parents of non-

working students this study will help them to realize that they need to fully

support their child in education and understand them moreover.

School Administrators - They will benefit from the results of this study by

applying the proposed action plan which will help minimize dropouts among

working students.
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Professors - The findings of this study will give them an idea on the problems

encountered by working students. Thus, they will understand them better.

Researchers - This will deepen the researchers' knowledge of the lives and

struggles of the working students in their quest for success.

Future Researchers - This study will enlighten future researchers, as this will

serve as their source and guide for future studies.

Definition of terms

The following terms that are used in the study were conceptually and

operationally defined to provide a common frame of reference:

Academic Performance – is the outcome of education - the extent to which a

student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals.

Academic Rigor - is the academic or intellectual challenge of a class.

Challenges - Something that by its nature or character serves as a call to make

a special effort, a demand to explain, justify, or difficulty in an undertaking that is

stimulating to one engaged in it. Neeta Baporikar, 2020 (igi.global.com)

In this study, “challenges” refers to difficulties, circumstances and any kind

of problems students encountered while working and studying at the same time.

Duty – is an obligation task, conduct services or function that arises from one’s

position in life or in a group.

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Education – is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of

knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

Encountered - To meet, especially unexpectedly; come upon: like encountered

an old friend on the street. To confront in battle or competition, or experience and

undergo. 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (thefreedictionary.com)

Employment – is a relationship between two parties , usually based on a

contract where the work is paid for, where one is the employer and the other is

the employee.

Financial Condition – the condition of (corporate or personal) finances

Job – a task or piece of work, especially one that is paid.

Mental health - Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-

being. It is all about how people think, feel, and behave. People sometimes use

the term “mental health” to mean the absence of a mental disorder. Adam

Felman, 2020 (medicalnewstoday.com)

Performance – Performance is a fact of life. In work or in play, indeed in any

activity where we input even momentary attention, performance can be felt or, at

least, deduced if necessary. By Paul Folan, et.al. (researchgate.net)

Productivity - means the balance between all factors of production that will give

the greatest output for the smallest effort. Peter Drucker, 1992

(linkinghub.elsevier.com)
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School works - the material studied in or for school, comprising homework and

work done in class. By Random House Kernerman 2010 (thefreedictionary.com)

Sleep-deprived - sleep deprivation is defined based on sleep duration, which is

the total amount of time a person spends asleep. In reality, though, being well-

rested is about more than just how many hours you sleep. As a result, the terms

sleep deficiency or sleep insufficiency are more frequently used to describe

factors that reduce the quantity and/or quality of sleep and keep a person from

waking up refreshed. Eric Suni, 2021 (sleepfoundation.org)

Social Life - the part of a person's time spent doing enjoyable things with

others

Stress – is the body reaction to any situation or events that places unusual

demand to the body.

Time management – is considered to be a skill that should be mastered by all

the individuals at all levels and in all walks of life. Some people keep extremely

busy schedules that arise out of their educational requirements, office work, job

duties or household chores. By Dr. Radhika Kapur, 2018(researchgate.net)

Time schedule – a plan of things that will be done and the times when they will

be done. 2021 (merriam-webster.com)

Work duties – Work responsibility is when an employee completes their entire

job duties stated within the job description and adheres to company policy and

procedures professionally and to the best of their ability. Your daily actions at
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work, your behavior at special work-related events, and how you treat other

employees all play a role in responsibility at work. 2021 (glassdor.com)

Workload – the perceived relationship between the amount of mental processing

capability or resources and the amount required by the task. Hart and Staveland,

1998 (link.springer.com)

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the gathered researches from different sources.

These studies will be used as a guide and support to our research about Working

Student’s Challenges.

Local Literature

As reported by The Freeman (2016), if the term “working student” does

not seem to elicit a sympathetic feeling anymore, it may be because the number

of these extraordinarily hard-pressed young people have grown so much that

they have already become commonplace. Or, in a poor country like the

Philippines, working students have come to be expected; otherwise, young

people would only seal their fate in the poverty they were born into. Life of

Filipino Teenager as Working Student (2018), these students need to balance

their time to their work and their studies. Being a working student is not easy but
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they work as a part job outside the school or sometimes inside the school

premises. We all know that Filipino student who works while studying is mostly in

a lower class of living. The family cannot support their children by sending them

to school and paid their tuition fees. So many Filipino students force to find a job

that can fit their schedule in the school.

Time Management and Academic Performance according to Mercanlioglu

2010, students who used time-saving techniques excelled academically.

Students who did not use time-saving techniques in their school assignments

performed worse academically. Prioritization, procrastination, and socialization

are three variables that some time management researchers consider when

describing the structure, and they may impact students’ performance. Because

they cannot organize things, students face issues such as disliking their

responsibilities and uncertainty, so they defer their responsibilities. As a result,

they will struggle to manage their tasks following their distracting and

procrastinating priorities Mohamed, Hamal, and Mohamed 2016. Priority is a

significant predictor of students’ better academic performance, according to

Sayari, Jalagat, and Dalluay 2017, but procrastination and socialization have no

bearing.

The graduate school is the research gear of HEIs (Inigo, 2017). According

to Aihara (2019), the productivity of the graduate students contributes to the

success of the graduate school. Without a productive graduate program in

science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), a research HEI

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would not flourish. On the other hand, a graduate HEI could not produce a PhD

degree without a fertile venue for research since PhD is a research degree

(PadillaConcepcion, Padlan, & Saloma, 2008; Inigo, 2017; Saloma, 2017). The

reality in the Philippine higher education setting is that college instructors devote

10% of their work on research while faculty members with a rank of professor

allot 50% of their workload to both research and extension work (Cocal, Cocal, &

Celino, 2017).

In the study of Quimbo and Salubo (2016), it was revealed that

educational qualification, benefits from research, and incentive scheme granted

by the University for Faculty Research are predictors of research self-efficacy

and productivity. This finding suggests that an institution of higher learning needs

to have a strong faculty development program, have an improved research

collaborations and productivity, as well as decent research incentive scheme for

faculty members. These policies will help in the promotion of research culture of

the institution.

The performance of scientific institutions like HEIs is gauged by the

scientific productivity of its researchers (Mulyanto, 2016). In the Philippines,

studies such that of Cocal, and Celino, 2017 and Etcuban, et al. (2016) reveal

that faculty members have low research productivity due to high teaching loads

and responsibilities attached to their office designations. Saloma (2017)

mentioned that the roster of faculty members in Philippine SUCs with potential to

conduct research is decreasing since they are given administrative positions after
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finishing research degrees or PhDs. The finding supports with Hesli and Lee

(2011) that publishing an Electronic copy available at:

https://ssrn.com/abstract=3876866 research as metric of productivity is

negatively affected by heavy teaching burden and with Gonzalez, Wester, and

Borders (2019) who mentioned that workload is one barrier that hinders faculty

members to conduct research. This condition, however, is not surprising as most

universities in the developing nations have low research productivity but have

maintained a resilient instruction function (Saloma, 2017; Sanyal & Varghese,

2006). According to Inigo (2017), the Philippines have an advanced mechanism

for ensuring quality for academic programs but lacks in terms of research

productivity.

Foreign Literature

In 2016, the share of 15- to 19-year-old students in OECD countries who

were working alongside their studies demonstrated a degree of variation. The

percentage engaged in formal study as well as employment ranged from less

than 10% in countries such as France, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and Chile, to more

than 40% in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland (OECD 2018). While

some countries have promoted policies encouraging youth to study without

working (e.g. the Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer programmed in Brazil),

others have designed programmed that encourage young people to work while in

school (e.g. the 1994 School-to-Work Opportunities Act in the US). This empirical
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evidence proposes the following question: Should we encourage students to

work in firms while they are enrolled in school? 

On the one hand, economic theory suggests that working alongside

academic study could smooth the school-to-work transition. First, young people

may acquire skills in the workplace that cannot be obtained at school. These

could be hard skills (e.g. knowing how to write reports) or soft skills (e.g. the

ability to work in teams or demonstrating punctuality), and could also be general

or sector-specific skills (Heckman et al 2006, Alfonsi et al. 2017, Adhvaryu et al.

2018). Second, early work experience can provide a signal to employers,

revealing prospective workers’ productivity or motivation, which could be

particularly relevant when a candidate’s school grades or final diploma lack

information on specific skill levels (Farber and Gibbons 1996, Altonji and Pierret

2001, Pallais 2017). Finally, employment may provide students with funding to

continue with their studies. On these other hand, work could subtract time from

study (Stinebrickner and Stinebrickner 2016), and unless students manage to

better organize their time, it may harm their academic outcomes and reduce the

human capital acquired at school (Eckstein and Wolpin).

Sallehuddin (2019) carried out a study to examine the relationship of

stress, workload, and time management between joint postgraduate students at

the University of Utara (UUM). The objective of the study to achieve the data was

collected from 103 postgraduate students of the UUM Graduate School. The

study showed that stress, workload, time management and student performance
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are not significant and positive on academic performance. This indicated that

stress affects part-time students’ academic success, regardless of whether they

will do well or not. They must strike a balance between their jobs, personal lives,

and educational pursuits. This finding was like what had been seen in the past

results. The researcher essentially suggests conducting training and courses for

students to help them learn how to assign the required amount of time for

learning different topics to reach better academic success standards.

A high level of workload needs to be sensitized in an academic

environment. In maximizing the student’s learning potential, the administration

needs to consider the effects of workloads on academic achievement, including

physical and psychological social factors. Therefore, the assessment and

assessment of the moderating factors must be considered to deal properly with

the issue of subject retakes. This could potentially increase the number of high-

quality graduates annually. Balancing academics with other activities such as

occupation has revealed a challenge and substantially affects the students’

performance in their studies. Most of the studies indicate that non-working

students have a higher chance of excelling than working students

(MartinSardesai, Guthrie 2018).

According to Yum, Kember, and Siaw, working students generally interact

with four domains. These domains are self, work, family, and social life. While the

ideal situation would be to have equal amounts of each domain, students often

find that one or two domains tend to take up the majority of their time. Within the
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self domain, working students have to sacrifice money and time in order to find a

balance between their work and school life. The social life domain also has a

tendency to suffer from the work/study domain. Students who work full or part

time find it easier to decline social outings with their friends which have been

linked to higher levels of depression in some students. For working students, the

work domain encompasses the majority of their time.

Local Studies

The study is based on Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Time Management,

which focuses on understanding one’s needs, the ability to differentiate these

needs, and the time spent on completing tasks so that these activities do not

overlap with other important aspects of one’s life. Working students’ lives are

inextricably linked to their ability to manage time for both work and studies

effectively. Students must concentrate on their studies to improve their grades.

They cannot, however, devote all of their time to studies because they must

support themselves. They should be able to focus on their work because their job

will help them continue their studies. Poor school performance may result from

failure to strike a balance between work and studies. As a result, they must

assess whether they can effectively manage their time to perceive themselves as

efficient students. While efficiency refers to the proper execution of specific tasks,

effectiveness refers to selecting the right job to be done well Mohamed, Hamal &

Mohamed 2016.
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According to Ali, 2017 the real challenge to balance between part time job

and study is that students may feel sleepy and reduce time from study. Some

may even see it hard to complete their school works and may be absent from

class. That is why he emphasized that it is important that working students

should have reasonable hours of work try their best to balance between work and

study related responsibilities. He also stated that there is an opinion that there

are several reasons drive students to do part time work and it does affect

academic performance to some extent.

According to Chantrea et al. (2017) the idea of working and studying at the

same time provides more advantages than disadvantages varies and depends

on the point of view of each individual. For some, they may view working while

studying as negative while some view it as positive. But for them as long as a

student commits in doing it the right way, anything is possible.

According to the findings of the study conducted by Williams (2017), the

reasons why students work is due to budgetary need, meet a quick or basic

necessity, and to help the understudies in their future objectives. This was

supported by the study of Furr and Elling (2016), where the reason why the

students work part-time is due to financial problem. Aside from these reasons,

there were also consequences of working while studying and that is according to

the findings of the study of Darolia (2017), where understudies take fewer

attributes in school because of work duties. As a result, the students’ lost

confidence to enroll and are dropping out and started to find a stable job. The
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U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2016), found 34.1 percent of high school

students that graduated between January and October 2013 are now part of the

workforce.

According to the study of Ruhm (2017), it is necessary to understand the

effects of working students in society because as the rate of working student

reached an abnormal state, job-hiring started to show the negative impacts that

were attributed to it since it lessens instructive fulfillment and scholarly execution

particularly among youthful laborers without school training. On the other hand, if

working at a young age proves to be a favorable aspect of the economy. Then

the high rate of working student could add to profit gaps observed later in life.

Since there are many possible conclusions, the researchers have to see the

lapses of this work so that the researcher will be able to explore the experiences

of the working students and to be able to understand fully what a working student

is.

Foreign Studies

The empirical literature has not reached a consensus on the effects of

working while in school on labor and education outcomes. The results change

depending on the methodology employed to address students’ selection into

employment (i.e. the selection issue associated with comparing students who

decide to work with those who choose not to work) – an issue that typically

confounds the effects of working while in school (Hotz et al. 2002, Ashworth et al

2017). In a recent paper (Le Barbanchon et al. 2019), we provide the first
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estimates that use randomized lotteries to address this selection issue. We

leverage a large-scale youth employment programmed offered by lottery in

Uruguay. The programmed targets students aged 16 to 20 throughout the

country, offering them a first-time formal work experience in the main state-

owned companies (e.g. the government-owned electricity company,

Telecommunications Company, national bank). Lottery winners receive an offer

for a part-time job (20-30 hours a week) that lasts between nine and 12 months

and typically consists of working in a clerical position, focused mainly on support

tasks. The programmed participants are must be enrolled in secondary education

or attending university at the time of application and throughout the duration of

the programmed.

A study conducted by Tetteh and Attiogbe (2019) indicated that combining

both work and schooling leads to less time for studies, which negatively affects a

student’s performance. Additionally, this study also found that finding time for

studies is difficult as the student has other work requirements, which affects the

student’s learning process. Various forms of employment affect learning in

different ways. Some students are employed on a full-time basis while others are

employed on a part-time basis.

Studies conducted by Santoso et al. (2020) found that students who can

possess a higher self-management skill can perform well both in school and at

work. The study emphasized the need for self- management in work while

learning students who can self-manage themselves have minimum academic

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stress compared to those who have lower self-management skills. Students with

low Self- management tend to be demotivated, and their performance is affected

negatively. The study found that the correlation between part-time employment

and academic success was poor (Hordosy et al. 2018)

A working student whose major responsibility is pursuing a given course to

its successful completion faces various difficulties and serious challenges no

matter how keen and successful one might be in planning. The major challenge

as earlier mentioned in the above discussion is the time factor. A student who

really combines working and studies will always have a shortage of time in either

of the two activities, that is, in either school or the place of work. The most

common side affected is academics, as the students will presume that it will be

easy to cover up with the rest. Balancing between the two activities is, therefore,

the major challenge to working students, which adversely affects their studies

(Sanchez et al., 2017).

Finally, studies recommended that working students settle for work plans

that allow a better balance between work and education. The balance can ensure

that employee 28 students do not compromise their studies. Most of the time,

students allocate more time on work duties than academic work. Time

management was a significant issue that affected the majority of the participants.

The concept of navigating between work, school, and home life was challenging

to the majority of the respondents of the study. Zhang et al., (2019) have echoed

these sentiments, where the findings were mainly out of favor for students
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learning while working. Zhang et al., (2019) argued that participating in studies

while working resulted in poor time management among students.

Synthesis of the Study

The variety of literature and studies cited in this academic undertaking

both foreign and local have added value and strengthened the framework of this

study.

The literature presented gives the readers an idea about the undertakings

of challenges encountered by working students. Working and studying at the

same time is not easy. There’s so many things need to be coped up with.

Working student is a student who is permitted to work while studying, and use

the money earned to pay for their studies and any other things or for a living. As

of now, amidst of Covid-19 pandemic the learning is through online. The great

thing about online study is that it’s incredibly flexible, enabling you to continue

working while acquiring new skills or expanding your current skills. Everything

you need is availability online, so you can access it whenever you’ve got time,

wherever you may be. As a student, the key to success is recognizing the

importance of time management, so you can keep on top of your studies when

work gets busy. Thankfully, there are lots of simple steps you can take to

maximize the time you have. Here are some of time management tips for

students that will help effectively during busy periods at work. About half of all

full-time college students have jobs outside of school. This number jumps to 80%

when it comes to part-time students. One study showed that 70% of college
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students are stressed about finance. With work, school, activities, and friends all

demanding attention, many students struggle with balancing and prioritizing the

different areas of their lives. We know that high levels of stress hurt our mental

health. With the growing rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health

concerns being seen on campuses across the country in mind. Those who work

while attending school demonstrate dedication.

Working can take time away from studying and social time so students

may find it difficult to adapt in the beginning but learning to prioritize helps a lot.

Building a schedule that can help keep working students on track can be very

important. Whether it is working for pay or landing an internship for a company

that emphasizes on the career choice of a student it is very important for working

students to remain focus in their studies. Aside of work being distracting, working

has its pros as well because it can help them gain experience. Students can put

their skills to practice, by using the tools taught in a classroom by an instructor.

Some may have the opportunity of working for a company that can help push

those boundaries that can help them for their future career. There are students

that have found their mentors at work, there are employees or employers that

see a student that is driven and will take time out of their busy schedule to help

guide them. Student’s Self Efficacy Academic self-efficacy refers to the students'

beliefs and attitudes toward their capabilities to achieve academic success, as

well as belief in their ability to fulfill academic tasks and the successful learning of

the materials.
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In conclusion, the related literature and the related studies discussed

different content and definitions but have the same point and knowledge.

Wherein, both apply in the importance of time management, self-management,

performance and productivity. Those working students must develop and

improve their time at work and time at school for them to become proficient in

terms of their time schedule, mental health, work duties, school works.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research method used and the operational

framework of the research specifically, population and sampling scheme,

description of the respondents, instruments used, data gathered procedure and

statistical treatment of data.

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Research Design

The research design used for the study is descriptive or survey research

design. The descriptive research method refers to the method used to describe

data and characteristics used to describe the population. The purpose of using

the descriptive research method is to acquire accurate, factual, systematic data

that can provide you with an actual picture of the data set that you are reviewing.

It is advice that the descriptive research method should not be used to create a

casual relationship, where one variable affects the other. (Pedraza, J.M. 2014).

The researcher’s employs descriptive research design to get the required

information needed to carry out further research. It is used to determine the

Challenges encountered of working students.

Population of the Study

The respondents of this study composed of 100 selected random working

students in Polytechnic College of La Union “college of criminology”.

Population and Sampling

The researchers employed clustered sampling in choosing the participants

for the study. In a clustered sample, subgroups of the population are used as the

sampling units which are then randomly selected to be included in the study. All

members of the chosen clusters are then included in the study. Those to be

involved in the study are the Working Students in Polytechnic College of La

Union “College of Criminology”. The researchers made sure that they were
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participants of the study, also guide and help them to address problems they

encountered in terms of different variables we had.

Research Instrument

The primary instrument used in this study is the self-constructed survey

questionnaire. The questionnaire includes a variety of question that will be

administered to the respondents. The first part is about the effect on working

students to interact with non-working students when it comes to performance and

productivity. The part two is how they can manage their time in terms of four (4)

variables such as mental health, work duties, and school works. The last part is

the problems they encountered as a student studying BS-Criminology using the

5-point liker scale ranging from Highly Encountered (5), Encountered (4),

Moderately Encountered (3), Least Encountered (2), and Not Encountered (1).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers utilized the following procedures to conduct the study.

In conduct of the study, the researcher made a letter request for the thesis

professor to conduct a survey. Letters will also be signed in approval to conduct

the study. Then, was the administration of the questionnaire checklist. Once

administered, it was retrieved and the survey will lead. The researcher requests

that the respondent answer the questionnaire with all honesty and clarifies to the

researcher some terms to the respondents so they can answer with full

knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the study. After the

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questionnaires were fully answered by respondents the researcher collected,

tallied and tabulated all the answers. Thereafter, the survey results were brought

to the statistician. The researchers analyzed and interpreted the results.

Statistical Treatment of Data

As soon as the researchers gathered the data, they were compiled,

sorted, organized and tabulated. They were subject to statistical treatment in

order to answer the questions proposed in the study. The following are the

statistical tools used in the study together with their corresponding formulas.

1. Likert Scale. The data were interpreted by using the 5- point Likert scale,

as the criterion which serves as the basis for the interpretation of the data.

The concept of the boundary of numerals used the following scales:

Option Scale Verbal Interpretation Symbol

5 4.20-5.00 Highly Practiced HP

4 3.40-4.19 Practiced P

3 2.50-3.39 Moderately Practiced MP

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2 1.80-2.49 Least Practiced LP

1 1.00-1.79 Not Practiced NP

2. Frequency and Percentage. This was used to determine the demographic

profile of respondents. This was used to determine the proportion of each given

data by using the formula.

% = (F/N) x 100

Where:

% = Percent

F = Frequency

N = Total number of cases

3. Weighted Mean. Was used to determine the problems and challenges

encountered by Working Students of BS-Criminology course in PCLU.

Formula:

WM = ∑ (w1f1 + w2f2...+wnfn)

N
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Where:

WM =weighted mean

f1 = frequency of first cell

w1 = weight of first cell frequency

f2 = frequency of second cell

w2 = weight of second cell

N = number of cases

References

http://it-in-industry.org/index.php/itii/article/view/455

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3876866

file:///C:/Users/Flexx11/Downloads/The%20Lived%20Experiences%20of%20UIC

%20SHS%20Working%20Students%20A%20Phenomenological%20Study

%20(4).pdf
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Tuliao, A. P. (2014). Mental health help seeking among Filipinos: a review of the

literature. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 5(2), 124-136,

DOI:10.1080/21507686.2014.913641

Tuliao, A. P., Velasquez, P. A., Bello, A. M. & Pinson, M. T. (2016). Intent to

Seek Counseling Among Filipinos: Examining Loss of Face and Gender. The

Counseling Psychologist, 44(3), 353-382. doi: 10.1177/0011000015627197

Picco, L., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., Pang, S., Shafie, S., Chua, B. Y., Vaingankar,

J. A., Ong, L. P., Tay, J. & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Attitudes Toward Seeking

Professional Psychological Help: Factor Structure and Socio-Demographic

Predictors. Frontiers Psychology, 7(574). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00547

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3880273

The Freeman (2016, August 31) Working Students. The Philippine Star.

Retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2016/08/31/1619016/

working-student

Life of Filipino Teenager as Working Student. (2018). Retrieved from

https://lookupgrade.com/en/blog/english-life-of-filipino-teenager-as-working-

student/

Ali, E. (2017). Impact of Part Time Work on the Academic Performance of

International Students Retrieved from

https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/28916/1/28916.pdf
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Muluk, S. (2017). Part-Time Job and Students’ Academic Achievement. Jurnal

Ilmiah

Peuradeun 5(3):361 DOI: 10.26811/peuradeun.v5i3.154

Chantrea, B., Chansophy, H. & Chantyta, H. (2017) Working and Studying at the

Same Time.

https://voxeu.org/article/effects-working-while-school?

fbclid=IwAR2yHtQ_gxX43QBDlEOoMbu-taSEYw1Geys_AnjNdb-

eQoFMPcTLQJNZxaA

https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/working-students-their-academic-

performance/docview/2342510620/se-2

https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2017.56024

http://nur.nu.edu.kz/handle/123456789/4872

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING PERFORMANCE OF THE WORKING

STUDENTS OF PCLU

PART I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Name (Optional:
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Email Address:

Directions: Please put a check (√) mark on the space that corresponds
to your personal profile.

A. Age
_____ 26 and above
_____ 23-25
_____ 19-22
_____ 18 and below

B. Year Level
1st Year
2nd Year
3rd Year
4th Year

C. Sex
_____ Male _____ Female

D. Civil Status
_____ Single _____ Live-in
_____ Single Parent _____ Separated
_____ Married _____ Widowed
E. Years of Working
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_____ 5 years and above

_____ 3-4 years
_____ 6 months- 2years
_____ 5 months and below

F. Job Position

Part II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING PERFORMANCE OF THE

WORKING STUDENTS OF PCLU

Direction:
Put a check (√) inside the box with a corresponding scale in every item provided.
Read each item carefully.
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Option Verbal Interpretation Range

5 Highly Practiced 4.20 - 5.00

4 Practiced 3.40 – 4.19

3 Moderately Practiced 2.50 – 3.39

2 Least Practiced 1.80 – 2.49

1 Not Practiced 1.00 – 1.79

2.1. TIME MANAGEMENT

Questions Indicator/Scale

Highly Moderately Least Not

Statements Practiced Practiced Practiced Practiced Practiced
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1.Work and
academic
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schedule are
manage
properly.
2. The school
works
complete on
time.

3. I leave
space in my
school and
work schedule
to deal with
the
unexpected.
4. I set
deadline for
academic
activities.

5. I’m aware
of deadline
and schedule
of my work to
meet them in
time.

2.2. WORK LOAD

Questions Indicator/Scale

Statements Highly Practiced Moderately Least Not

Practiced Practiced Practiced Practiced
(4)
(5) (3) (2) (1)
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1.The work
schedule has
conflict to
academic
schedule.
2.Some school
works are not
finished.

3.Workload is
manageable.

4. The
workload are
increased
every week.
5. Taking a
break after
school day
before going to
work.

2.3. FINANCIAL CONDITION

Questions Indicator/Scale
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Statements Highly Practiced Moderately Least Not

Practiced Practiced Practiced Practiced
(4)
(5) (3) (2) (1)

1. Financial condition
are manage properly.

2. The salary received

is enough for
everyday needs.

3. The salary received

was not enough to
save for other
expenses.
4. The salary received
goes for everyday
expenses.

5. Planning for any

changes in your living
expenses.

CURRICULUM VITAE

ERIKA MAE R. VILLANUEVA

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306 BITOY, ARAMAL SAN FABIAN PANGASINAN

Contact No: 09501073139

EMAIL: [email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS

AGE: 22 y/Old

DATE OF BIRTH: February 7, 2000

Place of Birth: San Fabian Pangasinan

HEIGHT: 5’3

WEIGHT: 56kgs

NATIONALITY: Filipino

MARITAL STATUS: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level

Polytechnic College of La Union

SY 2022- Present

Secondary Level

San Fabian National Highschool (Junior High School & Senior High School
Nibaliw East, San Fabian Pangsinan

SY 2013-2019

Primary Level

Aramal Elementary School

Aramal, San Fabian Pangasinan

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SY 2007-2013

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

 Responsible, honest, hardworking

 Teamwork and Collaboration
 Written Communication Skills
 Leadership
 Friendly

JASMIN M. DELA CRUZ

411 LUBAG, ARAMAL SAN FABIAN PANGASINAN

Contact No: 09514755664

EMAIL: [email protected]
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PERSONAL DETAILS

AGE: 20 y/Old

DATE OF BIRTH: June 9, 2001

Place of Birth: San Fabian Pangasinan

HEIGHT: 5’1

WEIGHT: 57kgs

NATIONALITY: Filipino

MARITAL STATUS: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level

Polytechnic College of La Union

SY 2022- Present

Secondary Level

Binday National Highschool (Junior High School)

Binday San Fabian Pangasinan

2013-2017

Polytechnic College of La Union (Senior High School)

San Nicolas Sur, Agoo La Union

SY 2017-2019

Primary Level
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Aramal Elementary School

Aramal, San Fabian Pangasinan

SY 2007-2013

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

 Teamwork and Collaboration

 Responsible
 Hardworking
 Friendly
 Trustworthy

JOHN JOSE A. DECENA

271 LONGOS CENTRAL SAN FABIAN PANGASINAN

Contact No: 09501879484

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EMAIL: [email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS

AGE: 21 y/Old

DATE OF BIRTH: October 2, 2000

Place of Birth: San Fabian Pangasinan

HEIGHT: 5’5

WEIGHT: 67kgs

NATIONALITY: Filipino

MARITAL STATUS: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level

Polytechnic College of La Union

SY 2022- Present

Secondary Level

San Fabian National Highschool (Junior High School & Senior High School)

Nibaliw East, San Fabian Pangsinan

SY 2013-2019

Primary Level

Longos Central Elementary School

Longos Central, San Fabian Pangasinan
SY 2007-2013
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SKILLS AND ABILITIES

 Responsible
 Friendly
 Trustworthy
 Honest

CHRISTOPHER MANGALUS

403, LUBAG, ARAMAL SAN FABIAN PANGASINAN

Contact No: 09122704992

EMAIL: [email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS

AGE: 22 y/Old

DATE OF BIRTH: October 18, 1999

Place of Birth: San Fabian Pangasinan

HEIGHT: 5’0

WEIGHT: 50kgs

NATIONALITY: Filipino

MARITAL STATUS: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level

Polytechnic College of La Union

SY 2022- Present
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Secondary Level

Binday National Highschool (Junior High School)

Binday San Fabian Pangasinan

2012-2016

Polytechnic College of La Union (Senior High School)

San Nicolas Sur, Agoo La Union

SY 2016-2018

Primary Level

Aramal Elementary School

Aramal, San Fabian Pangasinan

SY 2006-2012

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

 Loyal
 Trustworthy
 Honest
 Hardworking