JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Experiment no .1 Date:
Object: Basic safety precautions. Introduction and use of measuring instruments – voltmeter,
ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Equipments Required:

S.No Name of Equipment Range

1 Voltmeter 0-10 V ,0-300V DC & AC
2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
3 Ammeter 0-10mA, 0-5A
4 Multi-Meter -
5 Real-Life Resistors As per requirement
6 Capacitors As per requirement
Inductors. As per requirement

Theory:
JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab
JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab
JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Fig.1 Ammeter
JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Fig.3 Voltmeter
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Resistance
The resistor is a passive component that opposes the flow of electrical current through it. The
amount of opposition to the flow of current is called the resistance of the resistor and is denoted
by the symbol “R“. Resistance is a measure of how easily or how difficult electrons can flow
through a particular path in an electrical circuit and is expressed as a value in units called Ohms.
One Ohm is the value of resistance that arises when a current of one ampere flows through a
resistor that has one volt across its terminals. Then the resistance of a resistor can be defined in
terms of the voltage drop across the resistor and the current flowing through the resistor as
related by Ohm’s law:

Resistor
Where: R is the resistance, V is the voltage across the resistor, and I is the current flowing
through the resistor. This relationship between the voltage and current called the V-I relationship
in a resistor is linear in both DC and AC circuits.

The power absorbed by a resistor is represented by:

 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

An ideal resistor will dissipate electrical energy without storing it as electric charge or as
magnetic energy.

Inductance
Inductance which has the symbol “L” and is measured in Henries (H), is the element used for
the storage of energy in the form of an electromagnetic field. Electromagnetic energy is stored
within the turns of a coil as long as a time varying current i(t) keeps flowing through the
inductor.Self-inductance, L is the property of an inductor which opposes any changes in the
current as defined by the constant of proportionality with the voltage generated in the coil being
proportional to the rate of change of current flowing through it with respect to time.

Inductor

An inductor is another passive device that can store or deliver energy but cannot generate it. An
ideal inductor is lossless, meaning that it can store energy indefinitely as no energy is lost as
heat. Inductors present a low impedance path to DC current and a high impedance path to AC
current. The impedance of an inductor called inductive reactance varies with frequency and in an
ideal inductor the current of the AC sine wave lags the voltage by 90o.
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Then we can define inductance, L as the measure of an inductor’s “resistance” to the change of
current with the larger the value of L, the lower the rate of change of current. Like resistance,
inductance is always a positive value.

Capacitance
Our final passive device is the capacitor. Unlike the inductor which stores its energy
magnetically, a capacitor stores its energy electrostatically as a charge across its plates. A
capacitor is made up of two or more conducting plates which are separated by a dielectric
material. Capacitance, “C” is the property of a capacitor which opposes any changes in the
voltage across it as defined by the constant of proportionality as the current flowing through it is
proportional to the rate of change of voltage across it with respect to time.
Capacitor

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is the ratio of the amount of charge, Q stored on its
plates to the voltage, V across its plates and is measured in Farads, symbol (C), ie, C=Q/V.
Capacitors present a low impedance path to AC signals but will block DC. The impedance of a
capacitor called capacitive reactance varies with frequency and in an ideal capacitor the voltage
of the AC sine wave lags the current by 90o. Like resistance, capacitance is always a positive
value.
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

CRO (Cathode Oscilloscope):

The cathode ray oscilloscope is the most versatile measuring instrument available. We can
measure following parameters using the CRO:
1. AC or DC voltage.
2. Time (t=1/f).
3. Phase relationship
4. Waveform calculation: Rise time; fall time; on time; off-time Distortion, etc.
We can also measure non-electrical physical quantities like pressure, strain, temperature,
acceleration, etc., by converting into electrical quantities using a transducer.

Major blocks:
1. Cathode ray tube (CRT)
2. Vertical amplifier
3. Horizontal amplifier
4. Sweep generator
5. Trigger circuit
6. Associated power supply.

Figure A: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRO

1. The cathode ray tube is the heart of CRO. The CRT is enclosed in an evacuated glass
envelope to permit the electron beam to traverse in the tube easily. The main functional units of
CRO are as follows:-Electron gun assembly, Deflection plate unit, Screen.
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

2. Vertical Amplifier is the main factor in determining the bandwidth and sensitivity of an
oscilloscope. Vertical sensitivity is a measure of how much the electron beam will be deflected
for a specified input signal. On the front panel of the oscilloscope, one can see a knob attached to
a rotary switch labeled volts/division. The rotary switch is electrically connected to the input
attenuation network. The setting of the rotary switch indicates what amplitude signal is required
to deflect the beam vertically by one division.
3. Horizontal amplifier under normal mode of operation, the horizontal amplifier will amplify
the sweep generator input. When the CRO is being used in the X-Y mode, the horizontal
amplifier will amplify the signal applied to the horizontal input terminal. Although the vertical
amplifier mush be able to faithfully reproduce low-amplitude and high frequency signal with fast
rise time, the horizontal amplifier is only required to provide a faithful reproduction of the sweep
signal which has a relatively high amplitude and slow rise time.
4. Sweep generator and Trigger circuit These two units form the Signal Synchronization unit
of the CRO.
5. Associated Power Supply: The input signal may come from an external source when the
trigger selector switch is set to EXT or from low amplitude AC voltage at line frequency when
the switch is set to LINE or from the vertical amplifier when the switch is set to INT. When set
for INT (internal triggering), the trigger circuit receives its inputs from the vertical amplifier.

MEASUREMENTS USING CRO:-

1.1 Measurement of Voltage Using CRO :

A voltage can be measured by noting the Y deflection produced by the voltage; using this
deflection in conjunction with the Y-gain setting, the voltage can be calculated as follows :

V = (no. of boxes in cm.) x (selected Volts/cm scale)

1.2 Measurement of Current and Resistance Using a CRO :

Using the general method, a correctly calibrated CRO can be used in conjunction with a known
value of resistance R to determine the current I flowing through the resistor.
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESAERCH CENTRE JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1FY3-26/ 2FY3-26: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

1.3 Measurement of Frequency Using a CRO :

A simple method of determining the frequency of a signal is to estimate its periodic time from
the trace on the screen of a CRT. However this method has limited accuracy, and should only be
used where other methods are not available. To calculate the frequency of the observed signal,
one has to measure the period, i.e. the time taken for 1 complete cycle, using the calibrated
sweep scale. The period could be calculated by
T = (no. of squares in cm) x (selected Time/cm scale)
Once the period T is known, the frequency is given by: f (Hz) = 1/T (sec.)

RESULT: - Thus the various passive elements of the circuit, measuring instruments and parts
of the CRO and their working were studied.