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    Lecture 1

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    Mihai Mircea
    This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the science of energy, discussing different forms of energy like mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical. It also defines key concepts like heat, work, systems, surroundings, state parameters, processes, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document emphasizes that real processes are irreversible due to causes like friction, finite temperature differences, and mixing.

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    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Mihai Mircea
    37 views5 pages
    This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the science of energy, discussing different forms of energy like mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical. It also defines key concepts like heat, work, systems, surroundings, state parameters, processes, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document emphasizes that real processes are irreversible due to causes like friction, finite temperature differences, and mixing.

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    Lecture_1

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    This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the science of energy, discussing different forms of energy like mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical. It also defines key concepts like heat, work, systems, surroundings, state parameters, processes, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document emphasizes that real processes are irreversible due to causes like friction, finite temperature differences, and mixing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views5 pages

    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Mihai Mircea
    This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the science of energy, discussing different forms of energy like mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical. It also defines key concepts like heat, work, systems, surroundings, state parameters, processes, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document emphasizes that real processes are irreversible due to causes like friction, finite temperature differences, and mixing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Chap.1. COURSE OBJECT.

    BASIC CONCEPTS of THERMODYNAMICS


    1.1. Course Object
    Thermodynamics = science of energy, in the broadest sense
    Energy = a measure of the motion amount
    Motion can be – mechanical
    – thermal
    – electrical
    – chemical, etc.
    Thermodynamics appeared as science from research and
    experiments regarding the transfer conditions of heat to
    mechanical work. The starting point was the steam machine.
    The Energy forms are classified into two main categories:
    → ordered energies: can be totally transformed in mechanical
    work W
    i.e.: kinetic E, potential E, Eel
    → disordered energies: have a limited capacity to be
    transferred in mechanical work
    i.e.: U – internal E, Q – heat transfer
     the necessity to define the maximum fraction of an energy
    that can be transformed in W. This is the exergy.
    Anergy = the fraction of a disordered energy that cannot be
    transformed into W.
    It results that the energy is: E = Ex + An
    For - ordered forms of energy: Ex = E
    - disordered forms of energy: Ex < E
    2

    The exergy of disordered energies depends on:


    - the energy parameters
    - the surrounding parameters.
    The higher the degree of disorder in a system (the higher the
    entropy S level), the lower the ability of the system to perform
    L, expressed based on Ex.
    Thermodynamic analysis is based on two investigation
    procedures:
    ➢ the phenomenological method providing analysis at
    macroscopic scale.
    - uses the Thermodynamic Laws (principles) stated on
    experimental observations
     First Law: the conservation and transformation of
    energy principle
    - it is a quantitative law
    - it introduces the Energy
     Second Law: asserts the natural direction of
    spontaneous processes in nature
    - it is a qualitative law, stating that energy has quality
    - it introduces the Entropy
     Third Law (Nernst theorem): states the value of entropy
    at zero temperature
    ➢ the statistic method: analyses microstructure models.
    - it is used when the phenomenological method is not
    efficient or to complete it.
    Other methods – thermodynamic cycles: Carnot, Clausius
    – thermodynamic potentials: Gibbs/Helmholtz
    Engineering Thermodynamics = studies processes involving
    Q and W transfer.
    3

    1.2. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics


    1.2.1. Energy
    - E is a quantitative measure of bodies motion.
    In engineering applications, the way that the energy is
    transferred from one form to another is important.
    1.2.2. Heat and Work
    - do not characterize the thermodynamic state of a system
    - are forms of energy transfer, process quantities
    - appears only during interaction between bodies.
    Q - microphysical form of energy transfer between bodies
    as a result of thermal interaction by virtue of a
    temperature difference.

    W - macrophysical form of energy transfer between bodies


    as a result of mechanical interaction by virtue of a pressure
    difference (Thermodynamics) or movement (Physics)
    1.2.3. Thermodynamic System
    = a set of material bodies that interact with each other and
    with the surrounding by exchanging Q, W, and matter (m)
    a) open system: exchanges of Q, W, and m
    b) closed system: exchanges Q, L
    c) adiabatic isolated system: does not exchanges Q
    d) isolated system: does not exchanges Q, W, and m
    1.2.4. Surroundings
    = a set of bodies with which the system exchanges energy and
    substance.
    4

    In an isolated system, after a while, the state of energetic


    (mechanical and thermal) equilibrium is established.
    Internal equilibrium state  same pressure and
    temperature throughout the mass of the system.
    Mechanical/thermal equilibrium state  same
    pressure/temperature throughout the mass of the system.
    External equilibrium state  uniform pressure and
    temperature at the border between the system and its
    surroundings.
    1.2.5. Thermodynamic (State) Parameters
    - characterize the state of a system in equilibrium.
    a) intensive parameters: do not depend on the system mass
    : can be measured
    i.e.: pressure, temperature
    b) extensive parameters: depending on the system mass
    : one cannot measure them
    i.e.: - volume: V [m3] = m [kg]  v [m3/kg]
    - internal energy: U [J] = m [kg]  u [J/kg]
    - enthalpy: H [J] = m [kg]  h [J/kg]
    - entropy: S [J/K] = m [kg]  s [J/kg K]
    1.2.6. Thermal Equation of State
    The thermodynamic equilibrium state can be specified by
    several related state quantities.
    Typically, thermal agents evolving in thermodynamic systems
    have two degrees of freedom: p and T.
    The thermal equation of state connects these two parameters
    and the volume by:
    f (p, V, T) = 0
    5

    1.2.7. Thermodynamic Process


    = the succession of intermediate states between an initial and a
    final state.
    Final state ≡ initial state  closed process or cycle.
    Contrarily  open process.
    When a thermodynamic parameter is kept constant:
    isometric process: V = ct
    isobaric process: p = ct
    isothermal process: T = ct
    adiabatic process: δQ = 0
    Upon the process behavior in time:
    steady-state regime:
    unsteady-state regime: .
    Thermodynamic processes can be classified as:
    Reversible Process: if in both directions between an initial
    and a final state, the intermediate
    equilibrium states are the same.
    Irreversible Process: when different intermediate
    equilibrium states appears back and
    forth between two states.
    Real processes in nature and in thermal machines are
    irreversible, having as causes of irreversibility:
    - mechanical and gas-dynamic friction,
    - finite temperature/pressure differences in Q/W transfer proc.,
    - mixing or diffusion,
    - throttling when passing through valves,
    - irreversible burning of fuels,
    - nuclear disintegration.

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