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Failure 3

Creep is the deformation of a material over time under constant stress at elevated temperatures. It occurs below the material's yield strength and can lead to failure. There are three stages of creep: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The steady-state creep rate during secondary creep depends on stress, temperature, and material properties. Creep data is used to determine failure times, mechanisms, and map deformation regimes. Advanced processing can improve creep resistance by modifying grain structure.

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140 views10 pages

Failure 3

Creep is the deformation of a material over time under constant stress at elevated temperatures. It occurs below the material's yield strength and can lead to failure. There are three stages of creep: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The steady-state creep rate during secondary creep depends on stress, temperature, and material properties. Creep data is used to determine failure times, mechanisms, and map deformation regimes. Advanced processing can improve creep resistance by modifying grain structure.

Uploaded by

Eric William
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FAILURE OF MATERIALS

CREEP
- Deformation at elevated temperatures under static mechanical stresses is called creep.

- Turbine rotors in jet engines experience centrifugal stress.


- High-pressure steam lines.

- Undesirable phenomenon and is often the limiting factor in the lifetime of a part.

- For metals, important at T> 0.4Tm.

- Can be observed at stress levels below yield strength!

- Keep load constant!

- Increased temperature, T > 0.4 Tmelt

- Deformation (or strain) is measured and plotted as a


function of time.

- Deformation changes with time (time dependent).


CREEP
- Keep load constant! Strain changes with time!
- Initially, instantaneous elastic deformation. Then, creep starts!

1) Primary (or transient) creep: The slope of the curve diminishes with time. The material
is experiencing an increase in creep resistance or strain hardening (deformation becomes
more difficult as the material is strained).

2) Secondary (steady-state) creep: Strain rate is constant. Takes the longest duration.
Balance between the competing processes of strain hardening and recovery.

3) Tertiary creep:
- Acceleration of the creep rate and ultimate failure.

- Rupture can result from grain boundary separation,


formation of internal cracks, cavities, and voids.

- For tensile loads, a neck may form at some point


within the deformation region. These all lead to a
decrease in the effective cross-sectional area and an
increase in strain rate.

(elastic)
CREEP
- Metals: Most creep tests under uniaxial tension.

- Brittle materials: Uniaxial compression tests are more appropriate for brittle materials;
specimens can be cylinders or parallelepipeds having length-to-diameter ratios ranging
from about 2 to 4.

- For most materials, creep properties are virtually independent of loading direction.

- Most important parameter of a creep test is the


slope of the steady-state creep. It is the
engineering design parameter that is considered
for long-life applications, i.e. nuclear power plant
component that is scheduled to operate for several
decades, and when failure is not an option.

- However, for relatively short-life creep situations


(e.g., turbine blades in military aircraft and rocket
motor nozzles), time to rupture is the design
parameter.
STRESS AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
- Temperature and applied stress influence the creep characteristics.

- @ T<<0.4Tm , the strain is virtually independent of time.

- With either increasing stress or temperature:


(1) the instantaneous strain at the time of stress application increases
(2) the steady-state creep rate is increased
(3) the rupture lifetime is diminished
CREEP RUPTURE TEST
- The results of creep rupture tests are most commonly presented as the logarithm
of stress versus the logarithm of rupture lifetime.

- For some alloys and over relatively large stress ranges, nonlinearity in these curves is
observed.

- For a given stress, as deformation temperature increases rupture lifetime decreases.

Creep Rupture Test


SECONDARY CREEP RATE
- STEADY-STATE CREEP RATE is a function of stress and T.
n = stress exponent (material parameter)

Qc = activation
Steady-state energy for creep
strain rate (material
K2= material const. applied stress parameter)
- Theoretical creep mechanisms involve:
- stress-induced vacancy diffusion
- grain boundary diffusion
- dislocation motion
- grain boundary sliding.

- Each mechanism leads to a different value


of the stress exponent n (between 3-10).

- It has been possible to elucidate the creep


mechanism for a particular material by
comparing its experimental n value with Stress vs steady-state creep rate for an S-
values predicted for the various mechanisms. 590 alloy at four different temperatures.
DEFORMATION MECHANISM MAP (advanced-not in exam)
- Creep data of this nature are represented pictorially for some well-studied systems
in the form of stress–temperature diagrams, which are termed deformation
mechanism maps.
- A deformation mechanism map is a way of representing the dominant deformation
mechanism in a material loaded under a given set of conditions and thereby shows its likely
failure mode.

- These maps indicate stress–temperature


regimes (or areas) over which various
mechanisms operate.

- Constant strain rate contours are often also


included.

- Thus, for some creep situation, given the


appropriate deformation mechanism
map and any two of the three parameters—
temperature, stress level, and
creep strain rate—the third parameter may
be determined.
DATA EXTRAPOLATION FOR CREEP
• Failure: • Estimate rupture time
along grain boundaries. S 590 Iron, T = 800C, s = 20 ksi
g.b. cavities At 20 ksi, the
value of L (the
applied Larson–Miller
parameter) is
stress
24 x 103

• Time to rupture, tr
T(20  log t r )  L
24x103 K-log hr
temperature function of T(20  log t r )  L
applied stress
time to failure (rupture)
1073K
- Prolonged creep tests are impractical to conduct Ans: tr = 233hr
- Perform creep @T >> Trequired for shorter time periods! Then, extrapolate to predict
behavior in-service condition.
ALLOYS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE USE
- Several factors affect the creep characteristics of metals.
i.e. melting temperature, elastic modulus, grain size, etc.

- In general, the higher the melting temperature, the greater the elastic modulus, and the
larger the grain size, the better a material’s resistance to creep.

- Smaller grains permit more grain boundary sliding, which results in higher creep rates.

- Advanced processing techniques (i.e. directional solidification) can produce highly


elongated grains or single-crystal components, improving the creep life of a material.

The absence of grain boundaries actually gives


a decrease in yield strength, but more
importantly decreases the amount of creep
deformation (important for high temperature,
close tolerance part applications).

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