Dga Seminar

JMPS
J.M. PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD
DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

BY
LEE WAI MENG

PRINCIPAL CONSULTANT & DIRECTOR
CONTENTS
IEC 60422
MINERAL INSULATING OILS IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT -
SUPERVISION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDANCE.
GUIDANCE
IEC 60599
GUIDE TO INTERPRETATION OF DISSOLVED AND FREE
GAS ANALYSIS.
IEC 60567
SAMPLING OF GASES AND OIL FOR ANALYSIS OF FREE
AND DISSOLVED GAS.
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD CONTENTS

Types Of Transformers
• The conservator tank is fixed to the main transformer tank

Free-breathing and breathes air from the atmosphere directly or through
t
transformer
f with
ith a silica gel dehydrating breather. In the conservator tank,
conservator tank. exposure to air is limited to the liquid in the conservator
tank.
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction - 1

Types Of Transformers
• A gas space above the liquid serves as a
Hermetically sealed cushion for internal pressure. This type of
tank with inert gas
transformer normally operates at a pressure of
cushion.
0.2 to 0.7 bar.
• The transformer is fully filled with liquid and

Hermetically sealed
sealed, l d Th
sealed. i / contraction
The expansion t ti pressure iis
corrugated fin walls
taken up by the flexible fins. This type of
tank of fully liquid filled
g
design. transformer normally operates at a pressure of
about 0.05 to 0.1 bar.
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction -2

Mineral Oil
• The use of mineral oil in transformers dates back to 1887. The
early
l oils
il were paraffin
ffi based
b d crudes.
d Th oxidation
The id ti off paraffinic
ffi i
oils leads to an insoluble sludge, which increases the viscosity.
This results in loss of heat transfer capabilities and transformer
Mineral oil in
overheating and reduction in life will occur. Therefore paraffin
transformer
crudes were successfully replaced with naphthenic oils.
Although naphthenic oils are more readily oxidised than
paraffinic, the oxidisation products are soluble in the oil and
therefore less of a problem.
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction -3

S l bilit Of Water
Solubility W t InI Oil
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction - 4

IEC 60422
Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment
g q p
Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment –
Supervision and maintenance guidance
Supervision and maintenance guidance
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 1

Insulating Oil Used
In Transformers
Insulating oil forms a very significant part of the
transformer insulation system acting as an electrical
insulation as well as a coolant to dissipate heat losses.
The reliable performance of insulating oil in transformer
depends upon certain basic oil characteristics.
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422- 2

Properties Of Transformers Oil
• High
g ddielectric
e ect c st
strength
e gt to withstand
t sta d tthe
e e
electric
ect c
stress imposed in service.
• Low viscosity so that its ability to circulate and
transfer the heat is not impaired.
• Low temperature
L t t properties
ti d
down t the
to th lowest
l t
temperature expected at installation site.
• Resistance to oxidation to maximize service life.

Factors Cause Oil To Degrade
• Exposure
p to air and is therefore subject
j to
oxidation.
• High temperatures accelerate degradation.
degradation
• Presence of metals which act as catalyst for
o idation
oxidation.
• Undesirable contaminants like water and solid
particles.

Properties
p Of Transformer Oil
Refining and Stability Performance and
Functional Properties
Properties Safety Properties
• Viscosity • Interfacial Tension • Oxidation Stability

• Pour Point • Sulfur Content • Density
• Water Content • Acidity • Flash Point
• Breakdown Voltage
• Dissipation Factor
• Color & Appearance

Viscosity
y
• The viscosity is describing the internal friction
between adjacent layers of oil
• The Viscosity shall not exceed 1800mm2/s at Lowest
Cold Start Energizing Temperature (LCSET).
• It is measured according to ISO 3104.
* ISO 3104:1994
Petroleum products -- Transparent and opaque liquids -- Determination
of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity

Viscosity
• The viscosity is an important controlling factor in the
di i ti off heat.
dissipation h t
• Thus lower the viscosity, easier the oil circulates
leading to improve heat transfer.
• Viscosity is affected by temperature.
• At lower temperatures, the resulting higher viscosity
of oil is a critical factor with no circulation and thus
possible over heating at the hot spots.

Pour-Point
• The pour-point of mineral insulating oil is the lowest
temperature at which the oil will just flow.
• Changes in pour-point as a result of topping up with
different type of oil.
• It is recommended that the pour-point should be
minimum 10K below the LCSET.
• It is measured in accordance with ISO 3016.
* ISO 3016:1994
Petroleum products -- Determination of pour point
* LCSET - Lowest Cold Start Energizing Temperature

Water Content
• A low water content of mineral insulating oil is
necessary to
t achieve
hi adequate
d t electrical
l t i l strength
t th and
d
low dissipation losses.
• High water content of insulating oil will cause the
breakdown voltage of the oil to decrease.
• The water content in the oil have a significant impact
on operating conditions and the lifetime of transformer.

Water Content
• Main sources of water content increase in transformer
insulation are:
• Ingress of moisture from the atmosphere
• Degradation of cellulose
• Typical value of water content shall be < 40mg/kg.
• It is measured in accordance with IEC 60814.
*IEC 60814 Ed. 2.0 b:1997

I
Insulating
l i liliquids
id - Oil-impregnated
Oil i d paper and
d pressboard
b d - Determination
D i i off water b
by automatic
i coulometric
l i KKarll Fi
Fischer
h titration
i i

Water Content In The Oil

Breakdown Voltage
• The breakdown voltage of transformer oil is a measure
of ability to withstand electrical stress.
• Dry and clean oil exhibits an inherently high breakdown
voltage.
• Measurement of breakdown voltage primarily indicate
the presence of contaminants such as free water and
solid
lid particles.
ti l
• Typical
yp value of the breakdown voltage
g shall be > 30kV.
*IEC 60156 Ed. 2.0 b:1995
Insulating liquids - Determination of the breakdown voltage at power frequency - Test method

Dissipation Factor
• The dissipation factor is a measure of dielectric
losses caused by the oil.
oil
• Increased dissipation factor shows contamination
off the
th oilil by
b moisture,
i t particulars
ti l or soluble
l bl
contaminants or poor refining quality.
*IEC 60247 Ed. 3.0 b:2004

Insulating liquids - Measurement of relative permittivity, dielectric dissipation factor (tan d) and d.c. resistivity.

Color & Appearance
• The colour of insulating oil is given by a numerical
value based on comparison
p with colour standards.
• It is not critical property but useful comparative
evaluation.
• Rapid increasing or high colour number indicates of
oil degradation or contamination.
contamination
• The appearance of oil may show cloudiness or
sediments which indicate contaminants.
contaminants

Interfacial Tension
• Interfacial tension is a measure of the molecular
attractive force between oil and water molecules at
their interface.
• L
Low interfacial
i t f i l tension
t i sometimes
ti i di t
indicates th
the
presence of undesirable contaminants.
• Minimum specification for new oil is 40 dyne/cm.
• Interfacial tension is measured in accordance with
ISO 6295.
*ISO 6295:1983
Petroleum products -- Mineral oils -- Determination of interfacial tension of oil against water -- Ring method
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422- 15

Sulfur Content
• Sulfur content are present in transformer oil
depends on crude oil origin, and degree and type
of refining.
refining
• At high temperature (>300°C) Sulfur containing
oil molecules decompose and react with metal
surface to form metal sulfides.
• Such reactions take place in switching equipment
and will impact the conductivity of contacts.
• Sulfur content is measured following ISO 14596.
*ISO 14596:2007
Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content
JMPS J.M.PANG & .SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 16

Acidity
• The acidity (neutralization value) of oil is a
measure off the
th acidic
idi constituents
tit t or contaminants
t i t
in the oil.
• Acids and other oxidation products will affect the
dielectric property of the oil in conjunction with
water and solid contaminants.
contaminants
• High acidity accelerates the degradation of the
paper and causes corrosion of the steel tanks.

Acidity
• The rate of increase in acidity of oil in service is a
good indicator of the ageing
g g g rate.
• The acidity level is used as a general guide for
determining when oil should be replaced or
reclaimed.
• Oil analysis
l i services
i normally
ll suggests
t changing
h i
the oil when acidity approaches 0.3mgKOH/g.
• Acidity is measured following IEC 62021-1.
*IEC 62021-1 Ed. 1.0 b:2003

Insulating liquids - Determination of acidity

Oxidation Stability
• The ability of mineral insulating oil to withstand
oxidation under thermal stress.
• It gives general information about the life
expectancy of the oil under service conditions.
• The property mainly depends on the refining
process and how it is applied to a given feedstock.
• Oxidation stability is measured in accordance with
IEC 61125.
*IEC 61125 Amd.1 Ed. 1.0 b:2004

Unused hydrocarbon-based insulating liquids - Test methods for evaluating the oxidation stability

Density
• In cold climate zone, density of the oil shall be low
enough
g to avoid that ice resulting g from freezing
g of
free water is floating on the oil surface.
• This phenomenon possibly leading to fault
condition developing in flashover of conductors.
• Maximum allowed density is 0.89g/cm3
0 89g/cm3 at 20
20°C
C.
• Density is measured in accordance with ISO 3675
but ISO 12185 as well is accepted.
accepted
*ISO 12185:1996
Crude petroleum and petroleum products -- Determination of density -- Oscillating U
U-tube
tube method
*ISO 3675:1998
Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products -- Laboratory determination of density -- Hydrometer method

Flash Point
• Flash point is the lowest temperature to which oil
must be heated before its vapor
p will ignite
g but not
continue to burn.
• Breakdown of the oil by electrical discharges or
prolonged exposure to very high temperatures
produce lower molecular weight hydrocarbon to
cause lowering flash point.
point
• Safe operation of electrical equipment requires an
adequately
d t l high
hi h flash
fl h point.
i t

Flash Point
• A low flash point may be an indication of the
presence of volatile combustible p
p products in the
oil.
• This may result from contamination by a solvent
or cause of an extensive sparking discharges.
• A figure of minimum 135135°C
C is used for flash
point in the standard.
• The flash point is measured in accordance with
ISO 3675.
*ISO 3675:1998
Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products

Definition Of Unused Oil
• The transformer is supplied
pp to final user alreadyy
filled with mineral oil which has already contact
with insulating materials.
• Thus it is no longer consider as unused oil and
its properties have to be regarded even though
the transformer itself may not be energized.
energized

Recommended Limits For Oil Prior
T Energization
To E i i
Highest voltage / kV
Property
< 72.5 72.5 – 170 > 170
Appearance
pp Clear, free from sediment and suspected
p matter
Color (Scale given in ISO 2149) Max. 2.0 Max. 2.0 Max. 2.0
Breakdown Voltage (kV) > 55 > 60 > 60
Water Content (mg/kg) 20 < 10 < 10
Acidity (mg KOH/g) Max. 0.03 Max. 0.03 Max. 0.03
Resistively at 90 °C
C (GΩm) Min 60
Min. Min 60
Min. Min 60
Min.
Interfacial Tension (mN/m) Min. 35 Min. 35 Min. 35
Table 1 - Extracted from IEC 60422, Table 3.

Categories of Equipment

Application & Interpretation of Tests
Category Recommended action limits
Property (refer table 2)
Recommended action Notes
Good Fair Poor
Dark colour is a symptom of chemical

Clear and contamination or ageing.
Dark and/or
Colour and appearance All without visible As dictated by other tests
turbid Turbidity is a symptom of high water
contamination
content.
O, A, D > 60 50 - 60 < 50
B, E > 50 40 - 50 < 40 Good: continue normal sampling.
C > 40 30 - 40 < 30 Fair: more frequent sampling. Check other

parameters eg. water, particle content and
Breakdown voltage (kV) Tap changer of neutral end tap changers on O, A, B, C perhaps DDF/resistivity and acidity.
transformers. < 25
F Poor: recondition oil or alternatively, if more
Single phase or connected tap changers on O, A, B economical because other tests indicate severe
transformers. < 40 ageing, replace oil.
G < 30
O, A, D <5 5 - 10 > 10 Warning: when oil temperature during

Good: continue normal sampling. sampling is at or above 20˚C, values in
B, E <5 5 - 15 > 15 Fair: more frequent sampling. Check other mg/kg as measured should always be
parameters eg. Breakdown voltage, particle corrected to 20˚C before comparing them
Water Content (mgH2O/kgoil at 20˚C) C < 10 10 - 25 > 25 content and perhaps DDF/resistivity and acidity. to the corrected limit values of Table 4.
Poor: check source of water,, recondition oil or When the oil temperature during
F As per appropriate transformer.
transformer
alternatively, if more economical because other li is
sampling i less
l than
th 20˚C or whereh no
tests indicate severe ageing, replace oil significant amounts of cellulosic
G Not a routine test. insulation are present, refer to Annex A.
O, A, D < 0, 10 0, 10 – 0, 15 > 0, 15 Good: continue normal sampling.

Fair: more frequent sampling. Check the
B, E < 0, 10 0, 10 – 0, 20 > 0, 20
presence of sediment and sludge.
C < 0, 15 0, 15 – 0, 30 > 0, 30 Poor: starting from a value 0, 15 the owner may
Acidity(mgKOH/goil ) wish to produce a trend analysis based on
specific Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Risk
Assessment (RA). A decision may then be
F, G Not a routine test. made at which point to reclaim the oil or
alternatively, if more economical and other tests
indicate severe ageing, replace the oil.

Application & Interpretation of Tests
Category Recommended action limits
Property (refer table 2)
Recommended action Notes
Good Fair Poor
At 20˚C
O, A > 200 20 - 200 < 20
B, C > 60 4 - 60 < 40
D > 800 250 - 800 < 250 Good: continue normal sampling.
Fair: more frequent sampling. Check other
E > 60 7 - 60 <7 Not a routine test.
parameters.
Resistivity (GΩm)
At 90˚C Poor: reclaim oil or alternatively, if more
economical because other tests indicate severe
O, A, > 10 1 – 10 <1 ageing replace oil
ageing, oil.
B, C >3 0, 2 – 3 < 0, 2
D > 50 10 – 50 < 10
E >3 0, 4 - 3 < 0, 4 Not a routine test.
Good: continue normal sampling.

Fair: more frequent sampling. Not a routine test. May be done as
O, A, B, C, D > 28 22 - 28 < 22
Poor: check the presence of sediment and desired.
Interfacial tension (m/Nm) sludge.
E Not a routine test
F, G Not applicable Refer to manufacturer’s best practice.
Table 3 (continued) - Extracted from IEC 60422, Table 5.

Corrective Actions
Cause of oil Change Symptomps Corrective Actions
• High Water Content

• Low Breakdown Voltage Value
Physical Reconditioning
• High Particles Content
• Turbid (not clear)
• High Color Value
• Low Interfacial Tension
Reclaiming /
Chemical • High Acidity Value
Change the Oil
• High Dissipation Factor Value
• Presence
P off Sediment
S di t or Sl
Sludge
d

Reconditioning And Reclaiming Of Oil
• If any of the tests indicates that the insulating oil is
not in satisfactory condition as stipulated by the
standard it may be restored by reconditioning or
standard,
reclaiming it; or it may be completely replaced.
• Reconditioning is the removal of moisture and solid
materials by mechanical means such as filter,
presses, centrifuges or vacuum dehydrators.
• Reclaiming is the removal of acidic and
contaminants and products of oxidation by chemical
and absorbent involving Fuller’s earth, either alone
or in combination with other substances.

UNITS ESTER OIL SILICONE OIL MINERAL OIL
GENERAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20˚C g/ml 0.97 0.96 0.88
Kinematic viscosity at 20˚C mm²/s 70 50 (at 25˚C) 22
Kinematic viscosity at 100˚C mm²/s 5.25 15 2.6
Pour point ˚C -60 < -50 -50
Flash point ˚C 275 > 300 160
Autoignition temperature ˚C 438 435 280
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Neutralisation value mgKOH/g < 0.03 < 0.01 < 0.03
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Breakdown voltage kV > 75 50 > 70
FLUID
U COCOMPARISON
SO TABLE
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD COMPARISON- 1

IEC 60599
Guide to the interpretation of dissolved and free gas analysis
p g y
Amendment 1
Mineral oil‐impregnated electrical
equipment in service
equipment in service ‐
Guide to the interpretation of dissolved
and free gas analysis

Dissolved Gas Analysis
Dissolved gas analysis is probably the most widely
used diagnostic tools for detecting and evaluating
faults in transformers. Properly used it can be a
powerful tool in a well disciplined maintenance
program.
g

Dissolved Gas Analysis
The DGA method requires
q removal of an oil sample
p
from the transformer with care to avoid any
contamination. Then the sample
p must be analysedy
either in the laboratory or on-site using a DGA
analyser.
y

Mineral Oil Used In Transformers
The oil used in transformer is usually a highly
refined mineral oil that is stable at high
temperatures and has excellent electrical insulation
properties. Mineral oil is a blend of different
hydrocarbon molecules containing Carbon and
Hydrogen molecules.

Decomposition of Oil
Scission of some of these bonds may occur by electrical
and thermal faults, and through complex reactions gas
molecules form such as
H2 (Hydrogen), CH4 (Methane),
C2H6 (Ethane), C2H4(Ethylene) and C2H2 (Acetylene).

Bond
o d Energy
e gy Table
ab e
T
Type off Bond
B d E
Energy (kJ/mole)
C–H 338
C–C 607
C=C 720
C≡C 960

H2 (Hydrogen)
ONSTITUENTS
CH4 (Methane)
C2H6 (Ethane)
GAS CO
C2H4 (Ethylene)
C2H2 (Acetylene)
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

FAULT TEMPERATURE (˚C)
G
Gases Generated
G t d During
D i B Breakdown
kd off Di
Dielectric
l t i Oil

CO
UENTS
S CONSTITU
GAS (Carbon Monoxide)
CO2
(Carbon Dioxide))
100 200 250 300 400 500

FAULT TEMPERATURE (˚C)
( C)
Gases Generated During Breakdown of Cellulose Insulation

Other Sources Of Gas
Gases mayy be g
generated in some cases not as a
result of faults in the equipment but through rusting or
other chemical reactions involving steel, uncoated
surfaces or protective paints. Hydrogen may be
produced by reaction of steel with water and oxygen.
oxygen

IEC Fault Codes
Fault Code Fault Description
PD Partial Discharge
D1 Discharge
g of low energy
gy
D2 Discharge of high energy
T1 Thermal fault, t < 300°C
T2 Thermal fault, 300°C < t < 700°C
T3 Thermal fault, t > 700°C
Table 1 - Extracted from IEC 60599,
60599 Table 1
1.

Types Of Gases Measured
Name Symbol
Nitrogen N2
Oxygen O2
Hydrogen H2
Carbon monoxide CO
Carbon dioxide CO2
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Ethylene C2H4
Acetylene C2H2

IEC Gas Ratio
Each of the six broad classes of faults leads to a
characteristic pattern of hydrocarbon gas composition
can be translated into a DGA interpretation table
based on three basic gas ratios:
C2H2 CH4 C2H4

C2H4 H2 C2H6

DGA Interpretation Table
C2H2 CH4 C2H4
Cases Characteristic fault
C2H4 H2 C2H6
PD Partial discharge NS1)) < 0.1 < 0.2
D1 Discharges of low energy > 1 0.1 – 0.5 > 1
D2 Discharges of high energy 0.6 – 2.5 0.1 – 1 > 2
T1 Thermal fault (t < 300 °C) NS1) > 1 < 1
Thermal fault
T2 < 0.1 > 1 1 – 4
((300 °C < t < 700 °C))
T3 Thermal fault (t < 700 °C) < 0.22) > 1 > 4
1)
NS = Non‐significant whatever the value

G
Graphical
hi l Representation
R t ti off Gas
G Ratio
R ti
C2H2 C2H2
C2H4 C2H4
D1
D1
2.5 2.5
D1/D2 D1/D2
1.0 1.0
D2 D2
0.6 0.6
0.2 0.2
T3
01
0.1 01
0.1
T2 T3
T2
0.01 0.01
PD T1 PD/T1 T1
CH4 C2H4
Key 0.1 0.5 1 0.1 0.2 1 2 4
H2 C2H6
PD Partial discharges
D1 Di h
Discharges of low energy
fl
D2 Discharges of high energy Figure 1 - Extracted from IEC 60599, Figure B.1
T1 Thermal fault, t < 300 °C
T2 Thermal fault, 300 °C < t < 700 °C
T3 > 700 °C
Thermal fault t > 700
Thermal fault, t C

C2H2 / H2 Ratio
On Load Tap p Changer
g ((OLTC)) operations
p produce
p
gases corresponding to discharges of Low Energy,
D1. The p pattern of g
gas decomposition
p in OLTC is
specific and different from regular D1 in the main
tank. C2H2 / H2 ratios
ta at os higher
g e tthan
a 2 to 3 in tthe
e main
a
tank are considered as an indication of OLTC
contamination.

O2 / N2 Ratio
Dissolved O2 and N2 mayy be found in oil as a result of
followings:
¾ Contact with atmospheric air in the
conservator of air-breathing equipment.
¾ Through leaks in sealed equipment.
equipment

O2 / N2 Ratio
In service, this ratio decrease as result of oxidation
and / or paper ageing if O2 is consumed more
rapidly.
p y Ratio less than 0.3 are ggenerallyy considered
to indicate excessive consumption of oxygen.

CO2 / CO Ratio
The formation of CO2 and CO from oil-impregnated
paper insulation increases rapidly with temperature.
Incremental CO2 /CO ratios less than 3 are g
generally
y
consider as an indication of probable paper
involvement in fault.

Duval’s Triangle
In the Duval’s Triangle Method, three gases
(Methane, Ethylene, Acetylene) are chosen and
listed in decreasing order of chemical saturation of
the molecules. The levels of the three gases are
then displayed in triangular plot as following:

Duval’s Triangle
PD
Key
PD Partial discharges
D1 Discharges of low energy T1
D2 Discharges of high energy 20
T1 < 300 °C
Thermal fault t < 300
Thermal fault, t C 80
T2 Thermal fault, 300 °C < t < 700 °C T2
T3 Thermal fault, t > 700 °C
40
%CH4 60 %C2H4
100 x D1 60
%C2H2 = For x = [C2H2] in ml/l 40
x + y + z
100
100 y D2
%C2H4 = For y = [C2H4] in ml/l D+T 80
x + y + z 20 T3
100 z
%CH4 = For z = [CH4] in ml/l
x + y + z
80 60 40 20
%C2H2
Figure 2 - Extracted from IEC 60599, Figure B.3

Dissolved Gas In Oil
During a fault, the production rate of gases of all
types is closely linked to the rate of energy liberated.
Thus the low rate of energy liberation in partial
discharges or in low-temperature hotspot will cause
gases to evolve slowlyy and there is everyy p
g probability
y
that all gas produced will dissolve in the oil.

Free Gas From Oil
The higher rate of energy liberation of a high-
temperature which can cause an evolution of gas
rapid enough to result in gas bubbles. These will
usually partially dissolve in the oil but some gas
may well reach the gas collecting relay or gas
cushion.

Typical Concentration Values
for Transformers (ppm)
Transformer
H2 CO CO2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2
Type
Furnace 200 800 6000 150 150 200 -
Distribution 100 200 5000 50 50 50 5

Table 3 - Extracted from IEC 60599, Table A.4

Rate of Gas Increase
If there is no increase in ggas concentration over the
last analysis, chances are that the fault has
disappeared.
pp Rate of ggas increase depends
p veryy
much on equipment type and age, types of identified
faults, air
air-breathing
breathing and load pattern, and volume of
insulation involved.

Rate of Gas Increase
An increase in g gas concentrations of more than 10%
per month above typical concentration values is
generally
g y considered a p prerequisite
q for p
pronouncing
g
the fault is active. Much higher rates of gas increase
such as 50% per week and evolving towards faults of
higher energy are generally considered very serious.

Typical Rate of Gas Increase
for Transformers (ppm/year)
C2H2 H2 CO4 C2H4 C2H6 CO CO2

All
– 35 – 132 10 – 120 32 – 146 5 – 90 260 –1060 1700 – 10000
Transformers
Table 4 - Extracted from IEC 60599, Table A.3

DGA Interpretation Flow Chart
START
NO Trending
Mineral Oil?
YES
Refer IEC 60599:2007 YES
Table A.4
Is ppm within
guidelines?
NO
Refer IEC 60599:2007 PASS
1 Gas ratio method
1. Gas ratio method
2. Duval’s triangle
FAIL
Use PASS
Historical trending
FAIL
END
Resample required

DGA INTERPRETATIONS
TUTORIALS
Insulating Oil Lab Report Sample - 1
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Tutorial – Q1

Insulating Oil Analysis Report Sample - 1
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Tutorial – A1





Insulating Oil Analysis Report Sample – 3(continued)
Trending
e d g of
o Gas Obtained
Obta ed From
o Lab
ab Report
epo t
Trending of Gas Ratio (Appendix 1-2)






Trending of Gas Obtained From Lab Report
Trending of Gas Ratio (Appendix 4-7)

IEC 60567
Sampling of gasses and oil for analysis of free and dissolved gases
p g g y g
Oil filled electrical equipment ‐
Sampling of gasses and oil for analysis
of free and dissolved gases ‐ Guidance

Sampling Of Oil From Oil-Filled
Equipment
It is important to bear in mind that receiving a

qualitative and a representative sample in crucial for
obtaining a reliable diagnosis of the electrical
equipment.
q p Even the most sophisticated
p extraction or
diagnosis methods cannot overcome faulty samples.

Sampling Of Oil From Oil-Filled
Equipment
Precautions should be taken to deal with any sudden

release of oil and avoid oil spillage when sampling oil.
oil
There are two common methods of sampling of the oil:
• By syringe
• By bottle

S
Sampling
li Of Free
F Gases
G By
B Syringe
S i
Figure 1 – Sampling of gas by syringe

S
Sampling Of Free Gases
G By Vacuum
Figure 2 – Sampling of free gases by vacuum

M th d 1:
Method 1 Sampling
S li ByB Syringe
S i
Figure 3 – Sampling of oil by syringe

Method 2: Sampling
S By Bottles
Figure 4 – Sampling
S off oil bottles

Gas Chromatography
Dissolved gas
Gas
Oil sample
l t d tto free
converted f
chromatoghraphy
gas
or
Free gas from Gas

gas relay chromatoghraphy

Gas Chromatography
A gas chromatograph uses two detection methods
methods.
Hydrocarbon gases
Flame Ionisation detects Methane, Ethane,
Ethylene, Acetylene,
Detection (FID) Carbon monoxide,
Carbon dioxide
Gas Chromatograph
Thermal detects Hydrogen,

Conductivity Oxygen,
Detection (TCD) Nitrogen

DGA INTERPRETATIONS
TUTORIALS
DGA INTERPRETATIONS - Tutorial
T torial 1

T torial 2

T torial 3

T torial 4

T torial 5

T torial 6

DGA INTERPRETATIONS - Tutorial 6 (continued)
TR 02-01
Friday, Sept 21, 2007
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Tutorial – Q6-1

DGA INTERPRETATIONS - Tutorial 6 (continued)
JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Tutorial – Q6-2

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JMPS

J.M. PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD

DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

LEE WAI MENG

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD CONTENTS

• The conservator tank is fixed to the main transformer tank

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction - 1

• The transformer is fully filled with liquid and

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction -2

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction -3

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD Introduction - 4

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 1

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422- 2

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 3

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 4

• Viscosity • Interfacial Tension • Oxidation Stability

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 5

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 6

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 7

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 8

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 9

*IEC 60814 Ed. 2.0 b:1997

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 10

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 11

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 12

*IEC 60247 Ed. 3.0 b:2004

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 13

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 14

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422- 15

JMPS J.M.PANG & .SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 16

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 17

*IEC 62021-1 Ed. 1.0 b:2003

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 18

*IEC 61125 Amd.1 Ed. 1.0 b:2004

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 19

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 20

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 21

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 22

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 23

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 24

Table 2 - Extracted from IEC 60422, Table 2.

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 25

Dark colour is a symptom of chemical

B, E > 50 40 - 50 < 40 Good: continue normal sampling.

C > 40 30 - 40 < 30 Fair: more frequent sampling. Check other

O, A, D <5 5 - 10 > 10 Warning: when oil temperature during

O, A, D < 0, 10 0, 10 – 0, 15 > 0, 15 Good: continue normal sampling.

Table 3 - Extracted from IEC 60422, Table 5.

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 26

O, A > 200 20 - 200 < 20

E >3 0, 4 - 3 < 0, 4 Not a routine test.

Good: continue normal sampling.

E Not a routine test

F, G Not applicable Refer to manufacturer’s best practice.

Table 3 (continued) - Extracted from IEC 60422, Table 5.

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 27

• High Water Content

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 28

JMPS J.M.PANG & SEAH (PTE) LTD IEC 60422 - 29