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    Physics Sample Project Report

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    Xyz
    Gaurav Parihar designed an automatic street light control system for his class project under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Virendra Joshi. The system uses an LDR sensor that detects light levels and controls a relay to turn an LED on and off to represent a street light. When it gets dark, the LDR resistance increases which activates the relay and turns on the LED. During the day when there is more light, the LDR resistance decreases and the LED turns off. The system provides automatic control of street lights without needing manual operation.

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    Physics Sample Project Report

    Uploaded by

    Xyz
    31 views15 pages
    Gaurav Parihar designed an automatic street light control system for his class project under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Virendra Joshi. The system uses an LDR sensor that detects light levels and controls a relay to turn an LED on and off to represent a street light. When it gets dark, the LDR resistance increases which activates the relay and turns on the LED. During the day when there is more light, the LDR resistance decreases and the LED turns off. The system provides automatic control of street lights without needing manual operation.

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    Gaurav Parihar designed an automatic street light control system for his class project under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Virendra Joshi. The system uses an LDR sensor that detects light levels and controls a relay to turn an LED on and off to represent a street light. When it gets dark, the LDR resistance increases which activates the relay and turns on the LED. During the day when there is more light, the LDR resistance decreases and the LED turns off. The system provides automatic control of street lights without needing manual operation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views15 pages

    Physics Sample Project Report

    Uploaded by

    Xyz
    Gaurav Parihar designed an automatic street light control system for his class project under the guidance of his physics teacher Mr. Virendra Joshi. The system uses an LDR sensor that detects light levels and controls a relay to turn an LED on and off to represent a street light. When it gets dark, the LDR resistance increases which activates the relay and turns on the LED. During the day when there is more light, the LDR resistance decreases and the LED turns off. The system provides automatic control of street lights without needing manual operation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Project report

    AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT


    CONTROL SYSTEM

    Name of student: - Gaurav Parihar


    Class: - XII Science
    Teacher in charge: - Mr. Virendra Joshi
    Acknowledgement
    I would like to convey my sincere
    gratitude to almighty god. It is my
    utmost pleasure to express deep sense
    of gratitude towards Mr. Virendra Joshi,
    my Physics teacher, who directed me to
    complete this project successfully. I am
    also thankful to Mr. Mahendra and Mr.
    Raj, the Physics lab assistant. Their
    valuable guidance, support and
    supervision are responsible for helping
    this project attain its present form.
    I would wish to acknowledge my heart
    full thanks to Mrs. Anju Banga, the
    Principle of our school, my parents and
    friends who helped me to complete the
    project in time.
    INDEX
    INTRODUCTION
    BASIC PRINCIPLE
    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
    LIST OF COMPONENTS
    COMPONENTS DISCRIPTION
    WORKING
    PRECAUTIONS
    APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
    ADVANTAGES
    DISADVANTAGES
    CONCLUSION
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    INTRODUCTION
    Automatic street light is a simple and powerful
    concept which involves no needs of manual
    operation for switching ON and OFF. When
    there is a need of light it automatically switches
    ON. When darkness rises to a certain level then
    sensor circuit gets activated and switches ON
    and when there is other source of light i.e.
    daytime, the street light gets OFF. The
    sensitiveness of the street light can also be
    adjusted. In our project we have used an L.E.D
    as a symbol of street lamp, that will make easy
    to turn ON/OFF any electrical appliances that
    are connected through relay.
    Basic Principle
    LDR is a special type of resistance whose value
    depends on the brightness of the light which is
    falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm
    when in total darkness, but a resistance of only
    about 1k ohms when brightness illuminated. It
    responds to a large part of light spectrum. We
    know that voltage is directly proportional to
    conductance so more voltage we will get from this
    divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage
    in darkness. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage
    of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin
    3 gets high and LED which is connected to the
    output gets activated.

    Circuit representation of LDR


    Circuit Diagram
    LIST OF COMPONENTS

     Resistor 1KΩ -1
     Resister 330 Ω -1
     Small LED Strip -1
     9V Battery -1
     LDR -1
     Connecting Wires
     Breadboard
     Switch -1
    COMPONENT DISCRIPTION; -

    a) Battery: Here we have used a 9V


    battery as a power supply.
    b) Switch: Any general-purpose switch can
    be used. Switch is used as circuit
    breaker.

    c) L.D.R: (Light Dependent Resister):


    It is a special type of resister whose
    value depends on the brightness of light
    which is falling on it. It has resistance of
    about 1mega ohm when in total darkness,
    but a resistance of only about 5k ohms
    when brightness illuminated.
    d) L.E.D. (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE):
    A diode is a component that only allows
    electricity to flow-in one way. It can
    be thought as a sort of one-way street for
    electrons. Because of this characteristic,
    diode is used to transform or rectify AC
    voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes have two
    connections, an anode and a cathode.

    e) PCB (Printed Circuit Board):


    With the help of P.C.B it is easy to
    assemble circuit with neat and clean end
    products. P.C.B is made of Bakelite with
    surface pasted with copper track-layout.
    For each components leg, hole is made.
    Connection pin is passed through the hole
    and is soldered.
    WORKING: -
    In this circuit, we have used an LDR and 1KΩ
    Resistor, which is used to provide a variable
    voltage at the non-inverting input.
    As we know the property of LDR that during the
    day time, its resistance is low, the voltage at the
    non-inverting input is higher than the voltage at
    the inverting input. Hence, the output at the pin
    1 is high. As a result, the relay is OFF and the
    LED (or the bulb) will not glow.
    But in dimness or at night time, we know that
    resistance of LDR is high. Hence, the voltage
    at non-inverting input decreases than the
    inverting input. As a result, the output pin
    moves to low state, which further makes the
    relay to activate and the LED or bulb associated
    to it will glow.
    This is how our Automatic Street Light works
    on the principle of LDR.
    PRECAUTIONS: -
     Use a Sensitive LDR. You can test it
    using a multimeter.

     Output voltage of our project is 9volt.

     Each component should be soldered


    neat and clean. We should check for
    any dry soldered.

     Each component should be soldered


    neat and clean. We should check for
    any dry soldered.
    APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE: -

    APPLICATIONS: -
     Balcony/stair case/ parking Lightings.
     Street lights.
     Garden lights.

    Future aspects-
    Solar street light system with Automatic
    street light is a future perspective.
    Advantages: -
     LDRs are sensitive, inexpensive, and readily available
    devices. They have good power and voltage handling
    capabilities, similar to those of a conventional resistor.
     They are small enough to fit into virtually any
    electronic device and are used all around the world as
    a basic component in many electrical systems.
     Photo resistors are simply designed and are made
    from materials that are widely available, allowing
    hundreds of thousands of units to be produced each
    year.

    Disadvantages: -
     Can be more complicated to align detector pairs.
     Is sensitive to ambient light and require careful
    shielding.
     Photo resistors are only sensitive to light and no other
    force can power it without risking damage.
    CONCLUSION

    This project elaborates the design and


    construction of automatic street light control
    system. Circuit works properly to turn lamp
    ON/OFF. LDR sensor is the main conditions in
    working the circuit. If the conditions have been
    satisfied the circuit will do the desired work
    according to specific program. Each sensor
    controls the turning ON or OFF the lighting
    column. The lights have been successfully
    controlled by microcontroller. With commands
    from the controller the lights will be ON in the
    places of the movement when it's dark.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

     www.google.com.

     www.wikipedia.com.

     www.electronicshub.com.

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