ASSIGNMENT NO.

COURSE: Basics of Information Communication Technology

PROGRAM: B.E.D (2.5)

COURSE CODE: 5403

Prepared By:

NAME: Roha Raheem

STUDENT ID: 19PLE17745

SEMESTER: Spring 2022

Submitted to:

MAM. SALIHA MEHBOOB

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

 QUESTION NO.1
Answer the following question properly:
a) What is meant by computer software?
Computer software
Software is a set of instructions that our program used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks. It is the opposite of hardware which describes the physical aspects of a computer. Software
is a generic term used to refer applications and programs that run on device. Software is a generic
term used for collection of data and instructions given to the computer to perform a specific task.
Software is logical part of computer that users cannot touch but used to make computer operate.
Types of software
Types of software include programming software which provides the programming tools software
developers need, middleware with sits between system software and application and drive software
which operates computer devices and peripherals.
Application software:
Application software helps the users to carry out a variety of tasks. application software is a set of
computer program used to perform user’s specific jobs. application can be self-contained, or it can
be group of programs that run the application for the users. example of modern application includes
office suites, graphics software and database management programs, word processor, web browser
add development tools image editor and communication platform.
System software:
System software helps the computer to carry out its basic operating task. System software is a
collection of computer programs that control operations of computer and devices. These software
programs are designed to run a computer application program and hardware. OS is the best
example of system software it manages all computer programs. another example of system
software includes computer language translators, system utilities and firmware.
Driver software:
Driver software provides programming interface to control and manage specific lower-level
interfaces that are often linked to a specific type of hardware or other low-level services. Driver
software is also known as device driver. Device drivers control the device and peripherals
connected to a computer. Some examples of device driver include game controllers, as well as the
software that enables standard hardware such as USB storage devices, keyboards and printers.
Middleware:
Middleware describes software that meditates between application and system software or two
kinds of application software. Some examples of middleware enable Microsoft Windows, excel
and word. It also enables newer applications to work with legacy ones.
 Programming software:
Computer programmers use programming software to write code. programming software and
programming tools enables developers to develop, right test and debug other software programs.
some examples of programming software include assemblers, compilers, interpreters and
debuggers.
(a) Differentiate between system software and application software?
System Software:
System software is a type of software that interface between application software and system. Low
level languages are used to write system software. System software maintains system resources
and give part of the application software to run. it is a general-purpose software.
Application software:
Application software is a type of software that runs as per user request. It is a specific purpose
software. High level languages are used to write the application software it runs on the platform
which is provided by system software.
Difference between System Software and Application Software
System Software Application Software
• System software maintain the system • Application software is built for
resources and give path for application. specific task.
• Low level is used to write system to • High level language are used
software. application software.
• It is general purpose software. • It is specific purpose software.
• Without system software, stop system • Without application software, system
cannot run. always runs.
• System software is operating system. • Application software is Photoshop.
• System software programming are • Application software Programming is
complex. simpler.
• System software maintains system • Application software is built specific
resources. task.
• System software installed at time of • Application software can install when
installing operating system. user required them.
• It is independent software. • It is dependent software.
• System software can run • Application software cannot run
independently. independently.
 (c) List down key functions performed by system software.
Key functions performed by system software
There are three major functions performed by system software:
Allot system resources:
➢ List of resources associated with system resource such as memory input and output.
➢ Memory management is done by operating system which is one of the system software.
Monitoring system activities:
➢ Security of system is protected by operating system.
➢ It even monitors the performance of the system.
Disk and file management:
➢ Operations like open, close, save and edit it are handled by system software.
➢ The allocation of space in the disk is also carried followed by OS.
(d) Explain the important features of spreadsheet package.
Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet is a data manipulation tool used for organization and analyze information in tabular
form. It is a kind of computerized Ledger that except data values in row and column and allow
user to perform calculation. It replicates physical spreadsheet by entering, displaying and
calculating data available in row and columns. Spreadsheet was developed as computerized
analogs of paper accounting worksheets. Data in spreadsheet are in numeric values as well as text,
reference add functions.
Basic features of spreadsheet programs
Functions:
Functions are building formula for create problems that have already created and stored in the
program. Function is used in spread sheets software to evaluate values and perform different kinds
of operations.
➢ Formula
➢ Commands
➢ Title bar
➢ Menu bar
➢ Text manipulation
➢ Printing
Row and columns:
Spreadsheet consists of rows and columns. Each row is assigned a number and each column is
assigned a letter. The intersection of row and column is called cell.
Cell:
The intersection of row and column is called cell. A cell is identified by its row and column
designators. For example, A2, B10 and J13.
Formula:
Formula the relationship between values of cell. It is used to apply mathematical equation among
data item of cells. For example, D2= B1+ C1.
Graphs and charts:
Data and information insert project can analyze in graphic form. spreadsheet allows the user to
display numeric data as well start or graph.
Basic tools and functions of spreadsheet:
➢ Function categorization
➢ Arithmetic function offers basic tools to process numerical data.
➢ Data functions are used to process and converts data.
➢ Financial functions are used to process monetary data.
➢ Statistical functions may have analysis tools and averaging tools.

QUESTION NO.2
(a) What is meant by operating system? define it in detail with the help of different examples.
Operating system
Operating system is a system software that manage computer hardware, software resources and
provide common services for computer programs. Operating system is a set of programs that
manage all components and operations when computer is turned on, operating system runs and
check all part of computer and functioning properly. Computer cannot do anything without
operating system.
Conceptual view of operating system:
Some important functions of an operating systems are as:
➢ Memory management
➢ Processor management
➢ File management
➢ Device management
➢ Security
➢ Job accounting
➢ Coordination between other software and users
➢ Control over system performance and error detecting aids
 Types of operating system
There are different types of operating systems:
Graphical user interface (GUI):
Graphical user interface provides its users in order to communicate with system or computer. in
this interface the icon, menu or graphical objects are used for issuing commands. User of GUI
operating system does not need memorize commands while interacting with computer. MS
window is an example of OS with a GUI interface. Another example of graphical user interface
includes windows and Linux etc.
Command line operating system:
Command line operating system basically provides command prompt in different commands. users
use these commands while their interaction with computer. Users of command line operating
system need to memorize different commands for various tasks. Examples of command line
operating system are DOS and Unix etc.
Examples of operating system
Some examples of operating systems are:
Microsoft Windows:
It is a series of graphical operating system developed, marketed and sold by Microsoft. The first
version of Windows was released in 1985 as GUI. The first version of Windows sold as a stand-
alone operating system was windows 95.
Linux:
Linux is built around the Linux kernel and is free and open-source software operating system. It is
one of the most operating popular operating system. It is also used by millions of desktop users
around the world.
Android:
It is mobile operating system developed by Google. It is based on the Linux kernel and primarily
photos screen mobile device such as smartphone and tablets.
iOS:
Another example of mobile operating system developed by apple. IOS successor to iPhone OS. it
is an operating system that powers the iPhone, iPad and iPad touch products.
Characteristics of operating system
Operating system usually categorize different characteristics such as technology, working state,
ownership as well as usage etc. There are number of operating systems become very famous at the
time of their releases such as disk operating system, window 95, window 98, window XP,
Windows Vista and Windows 7 etc. Different characteristics of formerly used operating system
may include:
➢ System reliability
 ➢ User-friendly interface
➢ Network features
➢ Important security features
➢ Remote desktop features
Popular operating system
Some popular operating systems are Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7.
Windows XP:
Windows XP is famous and highly operating system. It was produced by Microsoft. It is one of
the most famous versions of windows. It was released worldwide both in home and professional
versions in 2001. Window XP was basically a first consumer-oriented operating system.
Windows Vista:
Window Vista was produced by Microsoft. it was released in 2007. It can be used for personal
computers like home, desktops, tablets, laptop, Media Center and businesses etc. It is one of the
efficient operating system.
Windows 7:
Windows 7 was produced by Microsoft. It was released in 2009. It can be used for personal
computers like home and business desktops. Laptop and media centers PCs etc. It is also very
famous and highly compatible operating system.
(b) Explain the different functions of operating system?
Functions of operating system
Different functions of operating systems are:
Manage resources:
One of the major functions of operating system is to manage different resources of computer which
include mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer and storage devices or memory. Operating system
mostly used hierarchical file system where the file is organized into directories under a tree
structure.
Security:
Operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it
also prevents unauthorized access program and user data.
Control over system performance:
Monitors overall system must improve performance record the response between service request
and system response to have a complete view of system help. This can improve performance by
providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.
User interface:
Today almost every operating system provides graphical user interface where the graphic object
or icons are generally used to represent various features. GUI efficient interface where the user
issue different commands with the help of pointing device such as mouse or to click an icon, menu
etc.
Error detecting aids:
Operating system constantly monitors the system to detect error and avoid the functioning of
computer system.
Coordination between software and users:
Operating system also coordinate and assign interpreters, compiler and assembler and other
software or various users to the computer system.
Memory management:
Operating system manages primary memory or main memory. main memory is made-up of large
array or word is assigned a certain address. Operating system perform the following activities for
memory management such as device management and file management.
Run applications:
Most of operating system support multitasking. The term multimedia means ability to run
applications programs at a time. More programs are being loaded then operating system must
allocate various computer resources.
Built in utility programs:
Operating system may use utility programs for the purpose of repairing and maintenance. utility
programs are special programs which make the use of computer easier. Utility programs are also
known as system tools. Main example of utility tools may include Format, Scan disk, Disk cleanup
and Antivirus etc.
(c) Write short notes on the following topics:
(1) Popular operating system
(2) Network connection and IP settings
Popular operating system
Windows 10 is most popular operating system for desktop and laptop computers. another popular
operating system are window XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. Android is the most popular
smartphone operating system. iOS is the most popular tablet operating system. Variants of Linux
are most widely used in Internet of Things and smart devices.
Window XP:
Window XP is famous and highly compatible operating system. Windows XP is most popular
operating system. It was produced by Microsoft. It is one of the most famous versions of Windows.
The name XP is mainly abbreviated as eXperience. It was released in 2001.
Window Vista:
Windows Vista is most popular operating system. It was produced by Microsoft. It was released
in 2007. It can be used for personal computers like home and businesses, tablets, laptops media
and PC's. It is one of the most efficient operating system.
Windows 7:
Windows 7 is also most popular operating system. It was produced by Microsoft. It was released
in 2007. It can also be used for personal computers like laptops or media centers, home and
business desktops etc. It is also famous and highly compatible operating system. some
characteristics of Windows XP are faster startup, new visual style, user-friendly interface,
improved multimedia features, graphical user interface, networking features etc.
Network connection and IP settings
Network connection:
network connection describes the extensive process of connecting various parts of network to
another. For example, you row routers, switches gateway and how the process works.
IP settings:
IP stands for Internet Protocol which means set of rules and format of data and the network or
local network. IP addresses are the identifier that allows information between devices or networks
they contain location and make devices accessible for communication. IP address is numerical
label. It is basically assigned participated in computer network. IP address automatically select the
option and then press button OK. Your system will automatically get an IP address and you will
be able to use Internet.

QUESTION NO.3
(a) Identify basic elements of communication system.
Data communication system
Data communication is flow of electronic data among two nodes so communication medium.
manage the communication the nodes must be a part of communication system and linked with
each other why some media like cables or microwaves. communication system Is divided into
three fundamental principles that include:
Delivery:
The system must carry out data to correct end or destination. data must be received by the correct
recipient device.
Accuracy:
System was delivered the data with accuracy; therefore, it should be accurate as per sending
format.
Timeliness:
The system was delivered data in time. Late delivery of data may not be effective therefore time
delivery should be achieved.
Basic elements of communication system
Five basic elements of communication system are:
Message:
Message is the information that is communicated over the communication system. It includes text,
audio, video and images.
Sender:
Sender is a device that send messages. It is also called source, transmitter or sender. sender candy
computer, fax machine or mobile phone.
Receiver:
The node that received the data called receiver. It is also called sink. The receiver can be a
computer, mobile device or printer.
Protocols:
Protocol is a set of rules which govern the data transmission between sender and receiver. Without
protocol information is useless for receiver as a person understanding only or Urdu cannot
understand English messages. Messages sent over through communication protocols can only be
understood by the receiver.
Medium:
Medium is a pathway through which data is sent from one point to another. If the receiver and
transmitter are within building a wire can connect them. If they are located at different locations
maybe connect to telephone lines, fiber optics or microwaves.
(b) Differentiate between simplex, half duplex and full duplex.
Simplex mode:
Simplex mode of transmission as the mode of transmission in which there is only unidirectional
data. Simplex mode of transmission is treated as worst performing mode of transmission as it takes
longest time in data. Example of simplex mode of transmission are keyboard and monitor. in
simplex mode data flow only in One Direction. Type of transmission is used when data do not
need to flow in both directions another important example is television and radio transmission.
Half duplex:
Half duplex mode is the mode of transmission in which there is bidirectional flow of data but one
at a time. Performance of half duplex is better as compared to simplex but is lower as compared to
full duplex. Example of half duplex mode is walkies-talkies. Half duplex data flow in both
directions but not at same time. it means data can be either sent or received in turn wise. It is
transmitted one way at one time.
Full duplex:
Full duplex the mode of transmission in which again there is bidirectional flow of data center
consent as well as receive the data at the same time. Full duplex has best performance as compared
to simplex and half duplex mode of transmission. example of full duplex mode is telephone. in
duplex form data flows in both directions at same time. they allow both users to hear each other
and talk at the same time.
(c) What are important types of communication media? differentiate between analog and
digital transmission.
Communication media
The path through which data is transmitted from one place to another is called communication
media. Communication media refers to the meaning of delivering and receiving data and
information.
Types of communication media
There are different types of communication media:
Verbal communication
Verbal communication is the form of communication in which expressions or exchange of
information or messages through written or oral words. various subdivision methods of
communication are as:
Oral communication:
oral communication is the communication process in which messages or information is exchanged
or communicated with Sander and receiver or mass audience so the word of mouth.
Written communication:
written communication is the method of communication is the process of communication in which
method or information is exchanged or communicated with sender and receiver through written
form.
Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication media is the expression or exchange of information or messages
through without using any spoken or written word. some of nonverbal communication are as
follows:
Facial expressions:
this type of communication involves the use of facial signals across information. communication
channels are preferred method in personal communication as it requires full attention of the target
audience.
Body language:
This type of communication engages the human body. This communication process involves use
of body for effective communication.
 Outdoor media
Outdoor media is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, sign or placed inside and outside
of commercial buildings, shops and buses.
Radio
Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves which below those
of visual light. In electronic modulation the process of wearing one or more properties of high
frequency periodic wave form called carrier signal. Radio is very common and communication
media.
Difference between analog and digital transmission
Analog transmission Digital transmission

• Analog transmission data in a • Digital transmission data using distinct

continuous waveform. on of electrical state.
• Analog signals are represented by • Digital signals are represented By
continuous range of value. discontinuous values.
• Human voice is an example of analog • Computer memory is an example of
data. digital data.
• Analog communications are affected • Digital communications are not
by noise. affected by noise.
• Analog communication requires • Digital communication requires less
complicated hardware. complicated hardware.
• Analog transmission is low cost. • Digital transmission is high cost.
• It is less portability. • Portability is high.
• Privacy is low, so it is not highly • Privacy is high, so it is highly secured.
Secured. • Digital transmission is flexible.
• Analog transmission is less flexible. • Digital communication coding is
• Analog communication coding is not possible.
possible. • Digital communication error
• Analog communication error possibility is low.
possibility is high. • Noise immunity of digital is good.
• Noise immunity of analog is Poor.

QUESTION NO.4
Write short notes (in your own words) on the following topics:
• Compiler and linker
• Multimedia software
 • Multimedia presentation
• Graphics, text, video games and animations
Compiler and linker
Compiler:
Compiler is special program that translate programming language source code into machine code
or another programming language. Users right a program in high level language and uses specific
compiler design for language to execute program. Compiler scan the entire program first and
identify error and then translate program in machine code. Machine code is attributed by the
processor. Compilers create object code files.
Linker:
Linker is a computer program that takes one or more object files generated by compiler and
combined into one execute program. Linker or link editor is a computer system program that takes
one or more object files. Computer programs are comprised several components all these
components and modules are not confined with signal object file. When program comprise more
than one object file linker combines these files into signal unit executable program.
Multimedia software
Multimedia:
The term multimedia is derived from two different terms multi and medium. Multimedia can be
defined as combination of multiple media used to deliver information to the users digitally.
Multimedia software:
Educational software involves text, audio, video and animation is called multimedia software.
Multimedia is a essential element in many of other software applications. For example, in Word
processing desktop publishing documents can be enhanced with graphics and charts. multimedia
software can be entertaining as well as useful. There is a large selection of multimedia software
available for your enjoyment. multimedia software includes children learning like arts, health,
reference works and medicines, science, hobbies and video games. These types of software can
help learners to learn easily and improve their learning skills regarding their education. Multimedia
CDs are the best example where instructions are integrated through the form of text, image, video,
audio, graphics and animations. Most multimedia software comes on a compact disk (CD-ROM)
format. if we use multimedia software your system must meet certain minimum requirements set
forth by multimedia personal computer. Microsoft where purchased today certain multimedia
content multimedia software as a software used to sustain multimedia content.
Multimedia presentation
A presentation which involves audio or video clips as well as animations can be considered a pure
multimedia presentation. Types of presentation would very positively impact on audience because
with the help of audience and video clips presenter can present well and viewer can understand the
presentation easily. Multimedia presentation is one of the major multimedia applications.
Multimedia presentation consists of words, pictures, videos and an animated image and much
more. Multimedia presentation can be shown on stage or can be played locally using a media
player. Multimedia presentation can also be used in everywhere such as industrial areas,
educational areas and business sectors.
Multimedia presentation is used in college or schools to share information companies or industries
to explain various ongoing activities. Objects can be overlapped to make slides more attractive in
multimedia presentations. Still images can be created in multimedia presentations. using
multimedia, we can alert text style as well as size of the text. Layout the page using header and
footer in multimedia presentation. Text, sounds, images and graphics can be managed in order to
make multimedia presentation more powerful. Multimedia media presentation is an effective way
to spread ideas and to make aware of certain information to people.
Graphics, text, video games and animations
Graphics
Graphic is an image or visual representation of an object. computer graphics are simply image
display on computer screen. graphics are contrasted with text with this comprised crackers such as
number and letter rather than image. there are two or three dimensions of computer graphics. each
computer only spotted 2D monochrome graphics they were black and white. Most computers can
now display graphics in millions of colors. they are composed of simple grid of pixels which are
all in different colors. Raster graphics and vector graphics can be scaled to a large size without
losing quality.
In graphics there are two main level of abstractions such as pictures and images. Pictures can be
easily originated in the world which is external to the computer whereas images are basically
computer realistic version. It depends on two factors first one is the quality of system and secondly
the graphic designer skills to use software. Graphic can be divided it into two forms such as Raster
and vector based. Roster is basically an image file format which is used to save digital images
whereas the vector-based computer graphic is based on sketching or drawing different elements
and objects like circles, right angles and lines to create an appropriate image.
properties of graphics:
Graphics are usually selectable, editable or revisable. graphics are usually generated by graphics
added program. Graphics are two-dimensional figure this can be produced manually by drawing
or painting. Graphics format is constructed by the composition objectives such as lines, circles,
curves and arcs.
Text
Text is the most important component of multimedia. text is used set of sign or symbols. Text is
mainly generated directly by computer device. Text in multimedia can easily express and convey
specific information. It can work reinforcement for that information which is contained in various
other media items.
Text can be mainly used for:
➢ Label and captions
➢ Menu
➢ Labels and captions
➢ Content add navigation
 Video games
Video game is another important component of multimedia. there are many major characteristics
of this component which make multimedia effective and valuable. It is used portrayal time moving
pictures in multimedia project. It is the most powerful tool in multimedia. It can add very good
impact to multimedia application in order to make it more interactive, effective and valuable.
Video component clear essential role by:
➢ Capturing
➢ Processing
➢ Reconstructing movie pictures
➢ Recording
➢ Transmitting
Animation
Animation is a process where multiple snapshots are taken and manipulated by showing rapid
succession. Which create illusion that they are moving. this can turn using drawings, model,
computer images and more. Animation was drawing which were applied to transparent sheets and
then photographed. Animation is illusion of motion created by consecutive display of images or
elements. Multimedia becomes very interactive by using this component. visual effects like
dissolves or wipes are mostly used for primitive animation.
Animation mostly used to add some visual impacts any multimedia. It is major elements of
multimedia which attracts audience rapidly. It is used to further enhanced experience for users to
further understand information conveyed to them. If we use animation multimedia applications are
more interactive, valuable and effective in use.

QUESTION NO.5
(a) What are the important characteristics of programming language?
There are large number of high-level language available in software industry. Some languages are
very popular to their features, but one of obvious reason is the characteristics of the language.
Characteristics play important role in success of programming language. programmers refer one
language over another. Characteristic of programming language are included:
Readability:
Programming language must be simple, easy to learn and use and have good readability and be
human recognizable.
Complex structure:
Extraction must have characteristic for programming language in which ability room find the
complex structure and then add degree of usability comes.
Language:
Language should be capable of handling different programming approaches like structural and
object oriented.
Necessary tools:
Necessary tools for the development, testing, debugging and maintenance of program must be
provided by programming language.
Integrated development:
Programming language should be provided single environment known as integrated development
environment.
Well structured:
Programming language should be well structured and documented so that it is suitable for
application development. A portable programming language is always preferred.
Simple and user-friendly:
Programming language should be simple and user-friendly. Programming language must be
consistent in terms of scientists and semantics.
Clarity and unity:
Programming language provide conceptual framework for algorithm planning. It should provide
clear, simply add unified set of concepts that can used as primitives involving logarithms.
Support for abstraction:
Sustainable gap is remaining between the abstract data structure and operation that arise solution
to problem and their data structure and operations built into language.
Programming environment:
and appropriate programming environment add extra utility and make language to be implemented
easily like at the end ability of reliable and efficient well documentation and up creation and testing
by special editors.
Portability of programs:
Programming language should be portable means should be easy to transfer a program from which
they are developed to the other computer. For example, Fortran, C++ and Java.
Flexibility:
Program should be flexible enough to handle massive changes without having entire program. For
example, computer aided design software is used for different purposes such as engineering,
printing circuit board and design, technical drawing and industrial art etc.
Object oriented:
Language should be object oriented to provide its programmer with various features such as,
inheritance, information hiding and dynamic binding.
Design implementation:
Language must allow the programmer to focus on the design implementation of different
programming concept without requiring programmers to be well acquainted with background
details of the concept being used.
(b) What are the important parameters that influence the selection of programming language?
There are many different factors that can influence the choice of programming language some of
these are as follow:
Availability:
Availability in programming language just means to have suitable and correct features. Good
availability makes the production much easier, quicker and simpler.
Reliability:
Some programming language already have some features that are built to prevent the possibility
of crashing. Company needs to think about what spending the extra money for bad battery
reliability they may save money in the long run if a big problem did happen.
Application domain:
Language should be suitable for application domain. For example, COBOL is suitable for business
applications.
Multiple languages:
Multiple languages are available then expertise of the staff should be considered and only the
language should be selected for proper expertise are available.
Development tools:
The availability of program development tools like compiler, libraries should also be taken into
consideration.
Suitability:
It is important to make sure that programming language can work on our platform that is planned,
it is also important programming language will be able to have multiple number of users at the
same time.
Programmer experience:
programming languages present for developing the same program or same application and
programmer should choose a language add comfort level. programmer can also compromise with
the power of programming language.
Ease of development and maintenance:
Programmer always developed program using the language in which he feels comfort. object
oriented languages are preferred over the procedural oriented language because the court
developed in these languages can be maintained with great ease.
Strong community:
Language should have strong community support behind it. It should be selected to meet the
project deadline.
Targeted platform:
Language should be selected keeping in view of targeted platform where the application will be
executed.