Experiment No.

6 Right Page - Pen

Aim:
To determine the focal length of a convex lens using a lamp and screen
on an optical bench arrangement.

Apparatus:
A metre scale, lens stand, convex lens, screen, wooden box with a slit
on one face and fitted with an electric bulb inside.

Procedure:
Find the approximate focal length of the lens by obtaining a distinct
image of a distant object on a screen. Record the distance between lens and
the screen.
Mount the lens and the screen along the metre scale. The slit in the
wooden box should face the lens. Adjust the height of the slit, lens and
screen such that they are in one line. Move the screen back and forth till a
sharp image of the slit is seen on the screen.
Record the distance between the slit and the lens ‘u’.
Record the distance between the lens and the screen ‘v’.
𝑢𝑣
Find the focal length using formula f = .
𝑢+𝑣
Take five sets of observations. Calculate the mean focal length. Shift
the screen till a sharp image is obtained to get sets of values of u and v.

Result:
The focal length of given convex lens is ____ cm.
Figure: Left Page - Pencil

Observation:
Approximate focal length of the convex lens = _____ cm

Observation Table:

Sr. u (in cm) v (in cm) 𝒖𝒗

f= (in cm)
No. 𝒖+𝒗
1
2
3
4
5

Mean focal length of convex lens = _____ cm

Experiment No. 7 Right Page - Pen
Aim:
To study the magnification produced by a convex lens for different
object distances.

Apparatus:
A metre scale, stand for convex lens, screen, wooden box with a slit on
one face fitted with electric bulb inside.

Procedure:
Take a convex lens of known focal length. Set up the apparatus as
shown in the diagram. Adjust the height of the slit, lens and a screen so that
the image of the slit is visible on the screen. Move the screen back and forth
till a sharp image of a slit is obtained on a screen.
Record the distance between the lens and the slit as ‘u’.
Record the distance between the lens and the screen as ‘v’.
𝑣
Calculate the magnification using the expression m = .
𝑢
Change the position of the lens and repeat the experiment. Obtain
three sets of observations.

Result:
The magnification produced by the convex lens of different object
distances has been studied.

Position of the object Magnification

Between infinity to 2F m<1
The image is diminished.
At 2F m=1
Image size = Object size
Between 2F and F m>1
Image is magnified.
Figure: : Left Page - Pencil

Observation:
Approximate focal length of the convex lens = _____ cm

Observation Table:

Sr. u (in cm) v (in cm) Inference

No.
1
2
3
Experiment No. 8 Right Page - Pen
Aim:
To determine the focal length of a convex lens using a plane mirror and
an index pin.

Apparatus:
Retort stand, plane mirror, a convex lens, a ruler and an index pin.

Procedure:
Place the plane mirror on the base of the retort sand. With polished
surface the mirror facing upwards. Place the convex lens on the mirror.
Mount an index pin horizontally on the clamp of the retort stand, adjust the
length of the pin such that the tip of the pin is vertically above the optical
centre of the lens. Adjust the height of the pin to remove parallax that is
when seen from above, there should be no relative motion between the pin
and its image. When such a position of pin is obtained, measure and record
the vertical distance ‘x’ between the tip of the pin and the upper surface of
the lens. Also, record the vertical distance ‘y’ between the tip of the pin and
plane mirror.
𝑥+𝑦
Find the focal length of lens using formula : f = .
2
Repeat the experiment to obtain two more sets of ‘x’ and ‘y’ values.
Find mean focal length.

Result:
The focal length of the given convex lens is _____ cm.
Figure: : Left Page - Pencil

Observation Table:

Sr. x (in cm) y (in cm) f=

𝒙+𝒚
(in cm)
No. 𝟐
1
2

Mean focal length of convex lens = _____ cm

Experiment No. 9 Right Page - Pen
Aim:
To study the resonance in air column and find the frequency of
vibrations of a particular length of air column.

Apparatus:
A wide mouth plastic cylinder, aluminium cylinder of lesser diameter
than plastic cylinder, retort stand, tuning fork, water and ruler.

Procedure:
Set up the given apparatus as shown in diagram. Strike the tuning
fork on a rubber hammer, Hold the vibrating tuning fork over the mouth of
the aluminium cylinder. (Do not touch vibrating tuning fork to cylinder) If
the sound is faint, change the length of the air column by raising or lowering
the aluminium cylinder. For a certain length of air column, a loud sound is
heard. Record the length of this air column which will be exhibiting resonant
vibrations.

Result:
_____ cm length of air column has a natural frequency of _____ Hz.
Figure: : Left Page - Pencil
Experiment No. 10 Right Page - Pen
Aim:
To verify Ohm’s Law and find the magnitude of resistance of the given
conductor.

Apparatus:
Battery, key, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, conductor, connecting wire.

Procedure:
Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the
sliding terminal of the rheostat at such a position that the current in the
circuit is maximum. For this value of current, record the voltmeter reading.
Change the position of the sliding terminal of the rheostat to obtain
another set of current and potential difference readings. In this manner,
obtain five sets of V and I values. Plot a graph of V – I. Find the slope of the
graph. The slope of the graph gives the magnitude of resistance of the
conductor.

Result:
The V – I graph is a straight line indicating that the potential
difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing in the conductor provided the resistance of the conductor remains
constant.
V is directly proportional to I (for R = constant)
The resistance of the given conductor is _____ Ω.
Circuit Diagram: : Left Page - Pencil

Observation:
1. Least count of ammeter = _____ mA
2. Least count of voltmeter = _____ V
3. No zero error in ammeter and in voltmeter.

Observation Table:

Sr. Voltmeter Ammeter

No. Reading Reading
(in V) (in mA)
1
2
3
4
5