STATS – REVIEWER Mean (Grouped)

Mean, Median Mode

Central Tendency
- a central reference value which is usually close
to the point of greatest concentration of the
measurements and may in some sense be
- thought to typify the whole set.
- most useful in educational research: the mean,
the median, and the mode.

Measure of Central Tendency

Mean
- most frequently used to measure of central
tendency.
- the average of the given data set.
- the only common measure in which all values
play an equal role in computations.
- To determine its values, you need to consider
all the values of any given data set.

Properties of Mean
1. A set of data has only one mean. Weighted Mean: Rating Scale
2. Mean can be applied for interval and ratio data. (Kagaya ng ginawa natin sa Selfitis)
3. All values in the data set are included in computing
the mean. Median
4. The mean is affected by the extreme in comparing - a point (not necessarily a score) in an array,
two or more data sets. above and below which one half of the scores in
5. Mean is affected by the extreme small or large values a distribution fall.
on a data set. - central value of an ordered distribution.
6. The mean cannot be computed for the data in a - median is only the middlemost score, it does
frequency distribution with an open-ended class. not make use of all the information in each and
7. Mean is most appropriate in symmetrical data. every score in a distribution.
- tends to disregard the actual numerical values
Formulas: of extreme scores.
- most appropriate measure of central tendency
to calculate when data are in ordinal form,
although on occasion it should also be used
when measured data (interval or ratio) result in
skewed distributions.
Properties of Median
1. The median is unique, there is only one median for a Mode
set of data. - value in a data set that appears most
2. The median is found by arranging the set of data from frequently.
lowest or highest (or highest to lowest) and getting the - extreme values n the data does not affect the
value of the middle observation. mode.
3. Median is not affected by the extreme small or large - a data may contain any mode if none of the
values. values is “most typical”.
4. Median can be computed for an-open ended The set of data can be:
frequency distribution. a. Unimodal - a data set that has only one value that
5. Median can be applied for ordinal, interval, and ratio has the highest frequency.
data. b. Bimodal - if the data has two values with the same
6. Median is most appropriate in a skewed data. greatest frequency, both values are considered the
mode and the data set is bimodal.
To determine median, arrange the scores in increasing c. Multimodal - if a data set have more than two
or decreasing order. Consider the two rules: modes.
1. If n is odd, the value of median is the middle ranked. d. No mode - cases when a data set values have the
2. If n is even, then the median is the average of the two same number of frequency.
middle ranked values.
Properties of Mode:
1. The mode is found by locating the most frequently
occurring value.
2. The mode is the easiest average to compute.
3. There can be more than one mode or even mode in
any given data set.
4. Mode is not affected by the extreme small or large
values.
Median (Grouped) 5. Mode can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio data.

Mode (Grouped)

Tip:
1. Mode Class = pinakamataas na frequency.
Tip:
1. Median Class = saan nakapaloob and half ng freq. (if
iaadd ang freq)
2. Yung E freq. before median class (numerator part),
iaadd lahat ng freq before median class.
Types of Distribution: Average Deviation / Mean Absolute Deviation
1. Symmetric Distribution (Grouped)
- data values are evenly distributed on both sides
of the mean.
- distribution is unimodal and the mean, median
and mode are similar and are the center of
distribution.
2. Positively Skewed (Right-skewed) mean > median > mode
- most of the values in the data fall to the left of
the mean and grouped at the lower
distribution; the tail is to the right.
- the mean is to the right of the median, and the
mode is in the left of the median.
3. Negatively Skewed (Left-skewed) mean < median < mode
- when the mass of the data values fall to the
right mean and group at the upper end of the
distribution, with the tail to the left end.
- the mean is to the left of the median, and the
mode is to the right of the median.

Standard Deviation
- statistical term that provides a good indication
of volatility. It measures how widely values are
dispersed from the average.
Dispersion
- difference between the actual value and the
average value.

Range
- simplest and easiest way to determine measure
of dispersion is the range.
- major disadvantage of the range is that it does
not include all of the observations.
Formula:
Range = Highest Value (HV) – Lowest Value (LV)

Variance Volatility
- important measure of variability - measure of risk, so this statistic can help
- the average of the squared deviations from the determine the risk an investor might take on
arithmetic mean. when purchasing a specific security.
(Ungrouped)
Formula: (Sample Variance) Sample Standard Deviation – using x^2
Simple Standard Deviation – using sample mean

Standard Deviation (Grouped)

Coefficient of Variation
- expresses the standard deviation as a
percentage of the mean.
Formula:
CV = SD / Mean x 100